A PCI-104 single-board computer. Single-board computers ( SBCs) are complete Computers built on a single Circuit board.

PC/104 (or PC104) is an embedded computer standard controlled by the PC/104 Consortium which defines both a form factor and computer bus. Mini-ITX is a 17 x 17 cm (or 693 x 693 Inches) low-power Motherboard Form factor developed by VIA Technologies. Embedded Platform for Industrial Computing (EPIC is a computer Form factor standard put forth by a combined effort from WinSystems VersaLogic Octagon Systems Micro/sys Nano-ITX is a computer Motherboard form factor first proposed by VIA Technologies at CeBIT in March 2003, and implemented in late 2005 COM Express, a Computer-on-module (COM form factor is a highly integrated and compact PC that can be used in a design application much like an integrated circuit ETX, standing for Embedded Technology eXtended, is a highly integrated and compact (3 ETX, standing for Embedded Technology eXtended, is a highly integrated and compact (3 Pico-ITX is a PC Motherboard form factor announced by VIA Technologies in January 2007 and demonstrated later the same year at CeBIT. Mobile-ITX is the smallest x86 compliant Motherboard Form factor. An embedded system is a special-purpose Computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with Real-time computing constraints Standardization (or standardisation) is the process of developing and agreeing upon technical standards. In Computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a Computer or between computers PC/104 is intended for specialized embedded computing environments where applications depend on reliable data acquisition despite an often extreme environment. Data acquisition is the sampling of the real world to generate data that can be manipulated by a computer The form factor is often sold by COTS vendors, which benefits many consumers who want a customized rugged system, without months of design and paper work. Commercial off-the-shelf ( COTS) is a term for Software or Hardware, generally technology or computer products that are ready-made and available for sale ^[1]

The PC/104 form factor was originally devised by Ampro Computers in 1987^[2], and later standardized by the PC/104 Consortium in 1992. ^[3] An IEEE standard corresponding to PC/104 was drafted as IEEE P996. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international Non-profit, professional organization 1, but never ratified. ^[4]

Unlike the popular ATX form factor which utilizes the PCI bus and is currently used for most PCs, the PC/104 form factor has no backplane, and instead allows modules to stack together like building blocks. The ATX (for Advanced Technology Extended) form factor was created by Intel in 1995. The Peripheral Component Interconnect, or PCI Standard (commonly PCI) specifies a Computer bus for attaching peripheral devices to a Computer IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. A backplane (or "backplane system" is a circuit board (usually a Printed circuit board) that connects several connectors in parallel to each other so The stacking of buses is more rugged than typical PCs. This is a result of mounting-holes in the corner of each module which allow the boards to be fastened to each other with standoffs.

The standard size of boards complying to the form factor is 3. 55 × 3. 775 inches (90. 17 × 95. 89 mm), while the height is typically constrained to the boundaries of the connectors. A constrained height region is intended to guarantee that modules will not interfere with their neighbors. Vendors often follow these design restrictions to ensure proper stacking of modules, although it is not uncommon to find boards which ignore the form factor requirements.

While a typical system (also referred to as a stack) includes a motherboard, analog-to-digital converter, and digital I/O (data acquisition) module, other peripherals are finding their way into the market including GPS receivers, IEEE 802.11 controllers, and USB controllers. A motherboard is the central or primary Printed circuit board (PCB making up a complex electronic system such as a modern Computer or Laptop An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is an electronic integrated circuit which converts continuous signals to In Computing, input/output, or I/O, refers to the communication between an Information processing system (such as a Computer) and the outside Data acquisition is the sampling of the real world to generate data that can be manipulated by a computer Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth IEEE 80211 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN computer communication developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802

Form factors

PC/104

The PC/104 computer bus (first released in 1992) utilizes 104 pins. These pins include all the normal lines used in the ISA bus, with additional ground pins added to ensure bus integrity. Industry Standard Architecture (in practice almost always shortened to ISA) was a Computer bus standard for IBM compatible computers Signal timing and voltage levels are identical to the ISA bus, with lower current requirements. Electrical tension (or voltage after its SI unit, the Volt) is the difference of electrical potential between two points of an electrical Electric current is the flow (movement of Electric charge. The SI unit of electric current is the Ampere.

PC/104-Plus

The PC/104-Plus form factor adds support for the PCI bus, in addition to the ISA bus of the PC/104 standard. The name is derived from its origin: a PC/104-Plus module has a PC/104 connector (ISA) plus PCI-104 connector (PCI).

PCI-104

The PCI-104 form factor includes the PCI connector, but not the ISA connector, in order to increase the available board real estate. The PCI-104 standard is incompatible with PC/104 boards.

PCI/104-Express

The PCI/104-Express form factor includes the x16 PCI Express (PCIe) bus, and the PCI connector. The 156-pin PCI/104-Express interface can be used with PC/104, EPIC, and EBX form factors.

EBX

EBX (Embedded Board eXpandable) is a single board computer form factor, 5. Embedded Board eXpandable (EBX is a standardized computer form factor 75” x 8. 00”. The EBX is based on the IEEE-P996 (ISA), PC/104, PC/104-Plus, PCI and PCMCIA. EBX supports PC/104 daughter boards.

EPIC

EPIC (Embedded Platform for Industrial Computing) is a single board computer form factor which, like EBX, supports PC/104 daughter boards but is smaller than EBX. It allows I/O connections to be implemented as either pin-headers or PC-style ("real world") connectors. The standard provides specific I/O zones to implement functions such as Ethernet, serial ports, digital and analog I/O, video, wireless, and various application-specific interfaces.

EPIC Express

EPIC Express is based on EPIC, but adds the PCI Express. Not to be confused with PCI-X, a different bus architecture Peripheral Component Interconnect Express, officially abbreviated as PCI-E

Stacks

A system composed of PC/104, PC/104-Plus, or PCI-104 modules is often referred to as a "stack". Although many stacks include modules which are all the same form factor, it is not uncommon to find PC/104 modules in a stack with PC/104-Plus modules.

Each stack must contain at least one motherboard or CPU, which acts as a controller for the peripheral components. The motherboard is often referred to as a single board computer (SBC), for it often has interfaces for all standard PC components (i. Single-board computers ( SBCs) are complete Computers built on a single Circuit board. e. keyboard, mouse, serial ports, etc. ). This controller must support the signaling buses used on all add-in modules. It's possible, however, that a peripheral card may perform a stand alone function without requiring a separate motherboard to control it.

There is no strict limit to the number of PC/104 cards which can coexist in one system. However, as more modules are added, the stack height increases, and signaling requirements may not be maintained. A PC/104 stack will usually have a motherboard controller which is also PC/104. Peripheral PC/104 cards can reside on either side of the CPU.

A stack which has any PC/104-Plus modules must be controlled by a PC/104-Plus motherboard controller. Not counting the PC/104-Plus controller, the number of PC/104-Plus peripheral cards in a stack may not exceed four module slices. This is due to the PCI specification, which allows four PCI components in a system. The Peripheral Component Interconnect, or PCI Standard (commonly PCI) specifies a Computer bus for attaching peripheral devices to a Computer (More PCI devices may be added if a bridge device is used. ) The same rule applies to PCI-104 stacks.

When the PCI bus connector is used (PC/104-Plus or PCI-104 modules), all peripheral PC/104-Plus modules must connect consecutively on one side of the controller due to the signaling requirements of the PCI bus. Each card with a PCI bus should include a mechanism to assign its position in reference to the controller. Note that this is not required for traditional backplane motherboards, because a card "knows" which slot it is in. A PC/104-Plus or PCI-104 system may also have PC/104 cards, which may be positioned on either side of the CPU farthest away from the PC/104-Plus card(s) (so the PCI bus is not broken).

Popular storage

These small and rugged PC/104 systems often require small storage devices. Popular storage devices include Compact Flash as well as solid state disk (SSD) devices. CompactFlash ( CF) is a Mass storage device format used in portable electronic devices A solid-state drive ( SSD) is a Data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store persistent Data. These are often more popular than mechanical (rotating) hard drives, which are larger, and are more susceptible to failure in harsh environments.

Timeline

See also

• VMEbus
• VPX
• CompactPCI

References

External links

• PC/104 Embedded Consortium
• PC/104 Specifications