PBY Catalina
PBY-5 Catalina landing at NAS Jacksonville. Naval Air Station Jacksonville or NAS Jacksonville is a military Airport located four miles (6 km) south of the Central business district
Type	flying boat patrol bomber
Manufacturer	Consolidated Aircraft
Designed by	Isaac M. A flying boat is a specialised form of Aircraft that is designed to take off from and land on water using its Fuselage as a floating hull. A Maritime patrol aircraft, also simply patrol aircraft, or by the older term patrol bomber, is a Fixed-wing aircraft designed to operate for long An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing building testing selling and maintaining Aircraft, Aircraft parts The Consolidated Aircraft Corporation was founded in 1923 by Reuben H Laddon
Maiden flight	28 March 1935
Introduced	October 1936, USN
Retired	January 1957, USNR
Primary users	United States Navy United States Army Air Forces Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force
Produced	1936-1945
Number built	4,051 (est. The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. )
Unit cost	$90,000 as of 1935
Variants	Bird Innovator

The PBY Catalina was an American flying boat of the 1930s and 1940s. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Bird Innovator was an American four-engined executive amphibious airplane modified from a PBY Catalina by the Bird Corporation. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A flying boat is a specialised form of Aircraft that is designed to take off from and land on water using its Fuselage as a floating hull. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be It could be equipped with depth charges, bombs, torpedoes, and .50 Browning machineguns and was one of the most widely used multi-role aircraft of World War II. Depth Charge is a character in the Beast Wars: Transformers universe A bomb is any of a range of devices that typically rely on the Exothermic Chemical reaction of an Explosive material to produce an extremely The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below This article is about the.50 caliber M2 machine gun For the.30-06 M2 machine gun see M1919 Browning machine gun. For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including PBYs served with every branch of the US military and in the air forces and navies of many other nations. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States In the United States Army Air Forces and later in the USAF their designation was the OA-10, while Canadian-built PBYs were known as Cansos. The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II.

In World War II, PBYs were used as anti-submarine warfare aircraft, patrol bombers, convoy escorts, search and rescue aircraft, and transports. A convoy is a group of Vehicles (of any type but usually motor vehicles or ships traveling together for mutual support For the TV series of this title see Search and Rescue (TV series. A cargo aircraft (also known as freighters or freight aircraft) is an Fixed-wing aircraft designed or converted for the carriage of goods rather The PBY was the most successful aircraft of its kind, as no other flying boat was produced in greater numbers. The last active military PBYs were not retired from service until the 1980s. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Even today, over seventy years after its first flight, the aircraft continues to fly as an airtanker in aerial firefighting operations all over the world. Aerial firefighting is a method to combat Wildfires using aircraft

In the acronym PBY, "PB" stands for "Patrol Bomber", and "Y" is the code for "Consolidated Aircraft", as designated in the 1922 United States Navy aircraft designation system. Acronyms, initialisms, and alphabetisms are Abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name Until 1962 the United States Navy (and the United States Marine Corps used a system to designate its aircraft that included information about a craft's role and its manufacturer

Contents 1 Development 1.1 Background 1.2 Prototyping 1.3 Mass-produced U.S. Navy* variants 1.4 Naval Aircraft Factory production 2 Operational history 2.1 Roles in World War II 2.1.1 Anti-submarine warfare 2.1.2 Maritime patrol 2.1.3 Night attack and naval interdiction 2.1.4 Search and rescue 2.1.5 Early commercial use 2.2 Post-WWII employment 2.2.1 Catalina affair 3 Operators 4 Specifications (PBY-5A) 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links

Development

Background

The PBY was originally designed to be a patrol bomber, an aircraft with a long operational range intended to locate and attack enemy transport ships at sea in order to compromise enemy supply lines. Military supply chain management is a cross-functional approach to procuring, producing and delivering products and services The broad With a mind to a potential conflict in the Pacific Ocean, where troops would require resupply over great distances, the U. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions S. Navy in the 1930s invested millions of dollars in developing long-range flying boats for this purpose. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. Flying boats had the advantage of not requiring runways to take off and land, in effect having the entire ocean available as its runway. A runway ( RWY) is a strip of land on an Airport, on which Aircraft can take off and land. Several different flying boats were adopted by the Navy, but the PBY was the most widely used and produced.

Although slow and ungainly, PBYs distinguished themselves in World War II as exceptionally reliable. Allied armed forces used them successfully in a wide variety of roles that the aircraft was never intended for. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. They are remembered by many veterans of the war for their role in rescuing downed airmen, in which they saved the lives of thousands of aircrew shot down over the Pacific Ocean.

Prototyping

As American dominance in the Pacific Ocean began to face competition from Japan in the 1930s, the U.S. Navy contracted Consolidated Aircraft and Douglas Aircraft Corporation in October 1933 to build competing prototypes for a patrol flying boat. The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American Aerospace manufacturer, based in Long Beach California. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A prototype is an original type form or instance of something serving as a typical example basis or standard for other things of the same category A flying boat is a specialised form of Aircraft that is designed to take off from and land on water using its Fuselage as a floating hull. ^[1] Naval doctrine of the 1930s and 1940s used flying boats in a wide variety of roles that today are handled by multiple special-purpose aircraft. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The US Navy had adopted the Consolidated P2Y and Martin P3M models for this role in 1931, but both aircraft proved to be underpowered and hampered by short ranges and low maximum payloads. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Consolidated and Douglas both delivered single prototypes of their designs, the XP3Y-1 and XP3D-1, respectively. PB stood for Patrol Bomber, with Y being Consolidated Aircraft’s manufacturer identification. The Consolidated Aircraft Corporation was founded in 1923 by Reuben H Consolidated's XP3Y-1 was an evolution of the XPY-1 design that had originally competed unsuccessfully for the P3M contract two years earlier and of the XP2Y design that the Navy had authorized for a limited production run. Although the Douglas aircraft was a good design, the Navy opted for Consolidated's prototype because the projected cost was only $90,000 per plane.

Consolidated's XP3Y-1 design (company Model 28) was revolutionary in many ways. The aircraft had a parasol wing with internal bracing that allowed the wing to be a virtual cantilever, except for two small streamlined struts on each side. A parasol wing Monoplane is an aircraft design in which the wing is not mounted directly to the fuselage but rather the Fuselage is supported beneath it by A cantilever is a beam supported on only one end The beam carries the load to the support where it is resisted by moment and Shear stress. A streamliner is any vehicle that incorporates streamlining to produce a shape that provides less resistance to air. Stabilizing floats, retractable to form streamlined wingtips in flight, were another aerodynamic innovation. The two-step hull design was similar to that of the P2Y, but the Model 28 had a cantilever cruciform tail unit instead of a strut-braced twin tail. The cruciform tail is an Aircraft Empennage configuration that viewed edge-on looks much like a Cross. A twin tail is a specific type of Vertical stabilizer arrangement found on some Aircraft. Cleaner aerodynamics gave the Model 28 improved performance compared to earlier designs.

The powerplant for the prototype was two 825 hp (615 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1830-54 Twin Wasp engines mounted on the wing’s leading edges. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout An engine is a mechanical device that produces some form of output from a given input Armament comprised four 0. 30 in (7. 62 mm) Browning machineguns and up to 2,000 lb (907 kg) of bombs. The Browning M1919 is a.30 caliber Medium machine gun family widely used during the 20th century

The XP3Y-1 had its first flight on 28 March 1935 after which it was transferred to the US Navy for service trials. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The XP3Y-1 soon proved to have significant performance improvements over current patrol flying boats. The Navy requested further development in order to bring the aircraft into the category of patrol bomber, and in October 1935 the prototype was returned to Consolidated for further work. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The work included installation of 900 hp (671 kW) R-1830-64 engines. For the redesignated XPBY-1, Consolidated introduced redesigned vertical tail surfaces. The XPBY-1 had its maiden flight on 19 May 1936, during which a record non-stop distance flight of 3,443 miles (5,541 km) was achieved. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

The XPBY-1 was delivered to VP-11F in October 1936. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The second squadron to be equipped was VP-12, which received the first of its aircraft in early 1937. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The second production order was placed on 25 July 1936. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Over the next three years, the PBY design would be gradually improved and successive models introduced.

Mass-produced U. S. Navy* variants

Model	Production period & distinguishing features	Quantity
PBY-1	September 1936 - June 1937 Original production model.	60
PBY-2	May 1937 - February 1938 Minor alterations to tail structure, hull reinforcements.	50
PBY-3	November 1936 - August 1938 Higher power engines.	66
PBY-4	May 1938 - June 1939 Higher power engines, propeller spinners, acrylic glass blisters over waist guns (some later units). Poly(methyl methacrylate ( PMMA) or poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate is a Thermoplastic and transparent Plastic.	32
PBY-5	September 1940 - July 1943 Higher power engines (using higher octane fuel), discontinued use of propeller spinners, standardized waist gun blisters.	684
PBY-5A	October 1941 - January 1945 Hydraulically-actuated, retractable tricycle landing gear for amphibious operation. Tricycle gear describes an Aircraft Undercarriage, or landing gear, arranged in a Tricycle fashion Introduced tail gun position, replaced bow single gun position with bow "eyeball" turret equipped with twin . 30 machine guns (some later units), improved armor, self-sealing fuel tanks. [2]	802
PBY-6A	January 1945 - May 1945 Incorporated changes from PBN-1,[3] including a taller vertical tail, increased wing strength for greater carrying capacity, new electrical system, standardized "eyeball" turret, and a radome over cockpit for radar. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships	175

* An estimated 4,051 Catalinas, Cansos, and GSTs of all variants were produced between June 1937 and May 1945 for the US Navy, USAAF, United States Coast Guard, Allied nations, and civilian customers. The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II.

Naval Aircraft Factory production

The Naval Aircraft Factory made significant modifications to the PBY design, many of which would have significantly interrupted deliveries had they been incorporated on the Consolidated production lines. The Naval Aircraft Factory (NAF was established by the United States Navy in 1918 at Philadelphia in order to assist in solving the problem of aircraft supply ^[4] The new aircraft, officially known as the PBN-1 Nomad, had several differences from the basic PBY. The most visually apparent upgrades were to the bow, sharpened and extended two feet, and to the tail, which was enlarged and featured a new shape. Other improvements included larger fuel tanks, increasing range by 50%, and stronger wings permitting a 2,000 lb (908 kg) higher gross takeoff weight. An auxiliary power unit was installed, along with a modernized electrical system, and the weapons were upgraded with continuous-feed mechanisms. ^[4]

The majority (138) of the 156 PBN-1s produced served with the Soviet Navy. The remaining 18 aircraft were assigned to training units at NAS Whidbey Island and NAF Newport. ^[5] Later, improvements found in the PBN-1 – notably, the larger tail – were incorporated into the amphibious PBY-6A.

Operational history

Roles in World War II

The final construction figure is estimated at around 4,000 aircraft, and these were deployed in practically all of the operational theatres of World War II. The PBY served with distinction and played a prominent and invaluable role in the war against the Japanese. This was especially true during the first year of the War in the Pacific, because the PBY and the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress were the only two available aircraft with the range necessary. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout As a result they were used in almost every possible military role until a new generation of aircraft became available.

Anti-submarine warfare

PBYs were the most extensively used ASW aircraft in both the Atlantic and Pacific Theaters of the Second World War, and were also used in the Indian Ocean, flying from the Seychelles. The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous Military campaign of World War II, (though some say it was a series of naval Military campaigns The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between Seychelles (seɪˈʃɛl or /seɪˈʃɛlz/ in English and seʃɛl in French) officially the Republic of Seychelles (République des Seychelles Creole One of their jobs was escorting convoys to Murmansk. Murmansk (Му́рманск Murmanska Muurman is a city and Seaport in the extreme northwest part of Russia, on the Kola Bay, 12 km By 1943, U-boats were well armed with anti-aircraft guns and two Victoria Crosses were won by Catalina pilots pressing home attacks on U-boats in the face of heavy fire: John Cruickshank RAF, in 1944 against U-347 and in the same year Flight Lt. U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers See below the section "Separate Commonwealth awards" Note that since John Alexander Cruickshank, VC is a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the David Hornell RCAF (posthumously) against U-1225. David Ernest Hornell VC (26 January 1910 - 24 June 1944 was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for Catalinas destroyed 40 U-boats in total but suffered losses of their own. On December 7, 1941, Mitsubishi A6M fighters from Akagi attacked NAS Kaneohe Bay at Oahu, Hawaii, destroying or disabling all of the 33 PBYs stationed there. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Maritime patrol

In their role as patrol aircraft, Catalinas participated in some of the most notable engagements of World War II. The aircraft's parasol wing and large waist blisters allowed for a great deal of visibility; this, combined its long range and endurance, made it well suited for the task.

• A Coastal Command Catalina with a USN commander among the British crew which located the German battleship Bismarck on May 26, 1941 while she tried to evade Royal Navy forces. RAF Coastal Command was an organization within the Royal Air Force which defended the United Kingdom from naval threats and countered German U-boats Background Design of the ship started in the early 1930s following on from Germany's development of the ''Deutschland'' class cruisers and the ''Scharnhorst'' class Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[6]
• A flight of Catalinas spotted the Japanese fleet approaching Midway Island, beginning the Battle of Midway. Midway Atoll (or Midway Island or Midway Islands; Hawaiian: Pihemanu Kauihelani) is a 2 The Battle of Midway was a major Naval battle, widely regarded as the most important one of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. ^[7]
• An RCAF Canso flown by Squadron Leader L.J. Birchall foiled Japanese plans to destroy the Royal Navy's Indian Ocean fleet on April 4, 1942 when it detected the Japanese carrier fleet approaching Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Air Commodore Leonard Joseph Birchall CM, OBE, DFC, OOnt, CD DMSc LLD ^[8]

Night attack and naval interdiction

Several squadrons of PBY-5As and -6As in the Pacific theater were specially modified to operate as night convoy raiders. Outfitted with state-of-the-art magnetic anomaly detection gear and painted flat black, these "Black Cats" attacked Japanese supply convoys at night. A magnetic anomaly detector (MAD is an instrument used to detect minute variations in the Earth's magnetic field. Catalinas were surprisingly successful in this highly unorthodox role. ^[9] Between August 1943 and January 1944, Black Cat squadrons had sunk 112,700 tons of merchant shipping, damaged 47,000 tons, and damaged 10 Japanese warships. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Royal Australian Air Force also operated Catalinas as night raiders, with RAAF aircraft mounting mine-laying operations deep into Japanese-held waters. The RAAF also occasionally used Catalinas to mount nuisance night bombing raids on Japanese bases, including the major base at Rabaul. Rabaul is a township in East New Britain province Papua New Guinea. RAAF aircrews developed 'terror bombs', essentially empty tin cans filled with blunt razor blades. The high pitched screams of these falling tins would keep Japanese soldiers awake and in fear of their life.

Search and rescue

PBYs were employed by every branch of the US military as rescue aircraft. The National Museum of the United States Air Force (formerly the United States Air Force Museum) is the official National Museum of the United States Air A PBY piloted by Lt. Cmdr. Adrian Marks (USN) rescued 56 sailors from the USS Indianapolis after the ship was sunk during World War Two. Three ships of the United States Navy have been named Indianapolis, after the city of Indianapolis Indiana. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including PBYs continued to function in this capacity for decades after the end of the war.

Early commercial use

PBYs were also used for commercial air travel. Still the longest commercial flights ever made in aviation history were the Qantas flights flown weekly from 29 June 1943 through July, 1945 over the Indian Ocean. Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. To thumb their nose at the Japanese (who controlled the area), Qantas offered non-stop service between Perth and Colombo, a distance of 3,592 nm (5,652 km). Perth may refer to Colombo ( Sinhala:, ˈkoləmbə Tamil: கொழும்பு is the largest city and commercial capital of Sri Lanka. As the PBY typically cruises at 110 knots, this took from 28-32 hours and was called the "flight of the double sunrise", since the passengers saw two sunrises during their non-stop journey. The flight was made with radio silence (because of the possibility of Japanese attack) and had a maximum payload of 1000 lbs or three passengers plus 65 kg of armed forces and diplomatic mail. ^[10]

Post-WWII employment

With the end of the war, flying boat versions were quickly retired from the U. S. Navy, but amphibians remained in service for many years. The last Catalina on active U. S. service was a PBY-6A operating with a Naval Reserve squadron, retired 3 January 1957. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) ^[1] It must be noted a PBY was being maintained at Clark Air Base, Republic of the Philippines, as late as 1968. The PBY subsequently equipped the world's smaller armed services, in fairly substantial numbers, into the late 1960s. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969

The USAF Strategic Air Command had PBYs (OA-10s) in service from 1946 through 1947. The Strategic Air Command (SAC was both a major command and a "specified command" in the U

The Brazilian Air Force flew Catalinas in naval air patrol missions against German submarines starting in 1943. The Brazilian Air Force ( Portuguese: Força Aérea Brasileira, FAB) is the air branch of the Brazilian armed forces and one of the three national The aircraft also performed air mail service. In 1948 a transport squadron was formed and equipped with PBY-5As converted to the role of amphibian transport. The 1st Air Transport Squadron (ETA-1) was based in the port city of Belem and flew Catalinas and C-47s in well-maintained condition until 1982. Catalinas were convenient for supplying military detachments scattered among the Amazon waterways. They reached places where only long range transport helicopters would dare go. ETA-1 insignia was a winged turtle with the motto "Though slowly, I always get there". Today, the last Brazilian Catalina (ex-RCAF) is displayed at the Airspace Museum (MUSAL), in Rio de Janeiro. ^[11]

Jacques-Yves Cousteau used a PBY-6A (N101CS) as part of his diving expeditions. Jacques-Yves Cousteau ( 11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer explorer, Ecologist, His second son, Philippe, was killed while attempting a water landing in the Tagus river near Lisbon, Portugal, June 28, 1979. Philippe Cousteau ( 30 December 1940 - 28 June 1979) was a French oceanographer, the second son of Jacques-Yves Cousteau The Tagus ( Latin Tagus, Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tejo, pron. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) His plane had just been repaired when he took it out for a flight. As he landed, one of the plane's propellers separated, cut through the cockpit and killed the younger Cousteau.

Of the few dozen remaining airworthy Catalinas, the majority are in use today as aerial firefighting planes. Aerial firefighting is a method to combat Wildfires using aircraft

China Airlines, the official airline of the Republic of China (Taiwan) was founded with two PBY amphibians. China Airlines Limited ( Chinese: 中華航空公司 ( Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Hángkōng gōngsī commonly abbreviated 華航 is the Flag carrier REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia.

Catalina affair

Main article: Catalina affair

The Catalina Affair is the name given to a Cold War incident in which a Swedish military Catalina was shot down by Soviet aircraft over the Baltic Sea in June 1952 while investigating the earlier crash of a Swedish Douglas DC-3. The Catalina affair was an incident on June 13, 1952, when a Swedish military DC-3 flying over the Baltic Sea carrying out Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Operators

Main article: List of PBY Catalina operators

•  Argentina
•  Australia
•  Brazil
•  Canada
•  Chile
•  China
•  Colombia
•  Denmark
•  Dominican Republic
•  Ecuador
•  France
•  Iceland
•  Indonesia
•  Israel
•  Mexico
•  Netherlands
•  New Zealand
•  Norway
•  Paraguay
•  Peru
•  Philippines
•  South Africa
•  Sweden
•  Soviet Union
•  United Kingdom
•  United States
•  Uruguay

Specifications (PBY-5A)

Data from Encyclopedia of World Air Power,^[12] Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II,^[3] and Quest for Performance^[13]

General characteristics

• Crew: 8 — pilot, co-pilot, bow turret gunner, flight mechanic, radioman, navigator and two waist gunners
• Length: 63 ft 10 in (19. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America 46 m)
• Wingspan: 104 ft 0 in (31. The wingspan (or just span) of an airplane or a Bird, is the distance from the left wingtip to the right wingtip 70 m)
• Height: 20 ft 2 in (6. 15 m)
• Wing area: 1,400 ft² (130 m²)
• Empty weight: 20,910 lb (9,485 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 35,420 lb (16,066 kg)
• Powerplant: 2× Pratt & Whitney R-1830-92 Twin Wasp radial engines, 1,200 hp (895 kW each) each
• Zero-lift drag coefficient: 0. The Maximum Takeoff Weight or Maximum Takeoff Mass of an Aircraft is the maximum weight at which the pilot of the aircraft is allowed to attempt to take off WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion Engine configuration in which the cylinders point outward from a central In Aerodynamics, the zero-lift drag coefficient C_{D0} is a dimensionless parameter which relates an aircraft's zero-lift drag Force to its 0309

• Drag area: 43. In Aerodynamics, the zero-lift drag coefficient C_{D0} is a dimensionless parameter which relates an aircraft's zero-lift drag Force to its 26 ft² (4. 02 m²)
• Aspect ratio: 7. In Aerodynamics, the aspect ratio of a wing is defined as the square of the wing span divided by the wing area 73 Performance

• Maximum speed: 196 mph (314 km/h)
• Cruise speed: 125 mph (201 km/h)
• Range: 2,520 mi (4,030 km)
• Service ceiling 15,800 ft (4,000 m)
• Rate of climb: 1,000 ft/min (5. In Aviation, V-speeds or Velocity-speeds are standard terms used to define Airspeeds important or useful to the operation of Aircraft, such In Aviation, V-speeds or Velocity-speeds are standard terms used to define Airspeeds important or useful to the operation of Aircraft, such The maximal total range is the distance an Aircraft can fly between Takeoff and Landing, as limited by fuel capacity in powered aircraft or cross-country In Aeronautics, a ceiling is the maximum Density altitude an aircraft can reach under a set of conditions In Aerodynamics, the rate of climb RoC is the speed at which an Aircraft increases its Altitude. 1 m/s)
• Wing loading: 25. In Aerodynamics, wing loading is the loaded weight of the aircraft divided by the area of the wing 3 lb/ft² (123. 6 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 0. Power-to-weight ratio (specific power is a calculation commonly applied to Engines and other mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another 034 hp/lb (0. 056 kW/kg)

• Lift-to-drag ratio: 11. In Aerodynamics, the lift-to-drag ratio, or L/D ratio ("ell-over-dee" in the US "ell-dee" in the UK is the amount of lift generated 9

Armament

• 3× .30 cal (7.62 mm) machine guns (two in nose turret, one in ventral hatch at tail)
• 2× .50 cal (12.7 mm) machine guns (one in each waist blister)
• 4,000 lb (1,814 kg) of bombs or depth charges, torpedo racks were also available

See also

Related development

• PB2Y Coronado
  

Comparable aircraft

• Dornier Do 24
• Grumman Albatross
• Kawanishi H6K
• Short Sunderland
• Harbin PS-5
• Canadair CL-215
  

Related lists

• List of PBY Catalina operators
• List of flying boats
  

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• Picture of PH-PBY, a Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina
• Photos of EC-FMC, a Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina located in Ocaña, Spain
• PBY Catalina Foundation
• PBY Catalina International Association
• PBY.com
• PBY Memorial Association
• Second Emergency Rescue Squadron Memorial Page
• Lt. Nathan Gordon, PBY pilot and Medal of Honor recipient
• Catalina Group of New Zealand
• Black Cats: U.S. Navy PBY Catalinas fighting in the Pacific during WWII
• (in French) Naissance d'un PBY 6A Catalina "Calypso" (Birth of a PBY 6A Catalina named Calypso]
• The Catalina Society (Plane Sailing) UK

See also Ocaña, a city in Colombia Ocaña, a Town and Municipality of central Spain

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