PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour encoding system used in broadcast television systems in large parts of the world. There are several broadcast Television systems in use in the world today Other common analog television systems are SECAM and NTSC. Analog (or analogue) television encodes Television picture and sound information and transmits it as an Analog signal: one in which the SECAM, also written SÉCAM ( Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory" is an analog color television system NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico This page discusses the colour encoding system only. See Broadcast television systems and analog television for discussion of frame rates, image resolution and audio modulation. There are several broadcast Television systems in use in the world today Analog (or analogue) television encodes Television picture and sound information and transmits it as an Analog signal: one in which the For discussion of the 625-line 25 frame/s television standard, see 576i. 576i is a standard-definition video mode used in (former PAL and SECAM countries

Contents 1 History of the PAL standard 2 Technical details 2.1 PAL vs. NTSC 2.2 PAL vs. SECAM 2.3 Broadcast systems PAL has been used with 2.3.1 PAL B/G/D/K/I 2.3.2 PAL-M standard (Brazil) 2.3.3 PAL-Nc 2.3.4 PAL-N 2.3.5 PAL L 2.3.6 System A 2.3.7 All PAL systems interoperable except PAL-M (525/60) 2.3.8 Multisystem PAL support and "PAL 60" 3 Countries and territories using PAL 3.1 PAL B, G, D, K or I 3.2 PAL-M 3.3 PAL-N and PAL-NC 3.4 Countries and territories that once used PAL 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

History of the PAL standard

In the 1950s, when the Western European countries were planning to establish colour television, they were faced with the problem that the already existing American NTSC standard wouldn't fit the 50 Hz AC frequency of the European power grids. An alternating current ( AC) is an Electric current whose direction reverses cyclically as opposed to Direct current, whose direction remains constant In addition to that NTSC demonstrated several weaknesses, including colour tone shifting under less-than-ideal transmission conditions. For these reasons the development of the SECAM and PAL standards began. SECAM, also written SÉCAM ( Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory" is an analog color television system The goal was to provide a colour TV standard with a picture frequency of 50 fields per second (50 hertz), and sporting a better colour picture than NTSC. In Video, a field is one of the many still images which are displayed sequentially to create the impression of motion on the screen The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second.

PAL was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Germany. Walter Bruch ( March 2 1908 - May 5 1990) was a German engineer, famous for inventing the PAL Color television Telefunken is a German radio and television company founded in 1903 in Berlin, as a joint venture of two large companies Siemens & Halske (S & H and Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The format was first unveiled in 1963, with the first broadcasts beginning in the United Kingdom and Germany in 1967. ^[1]

Telefunken was later bought by the French electronics manufacturer Thomson. Thomson SA (,) formerly known as Thomson Multimedia is an international provider of solutions for the creation management delivery and access of video for the Thomson also bought the Compagnie Générale de Télévision where Henri de France developed SECAM, historically the first European colour television standard. Henri Georges de France ( 7 September 1911 Paris &ndash 29 April 1986 Paris was a pioneering French Television SECAM, also written SÉCAM ( Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory" is an analog color television system Thomson nowadays also co-owns the RCA brand for consumer electronics products, which created the NTSC colour TV standard before Thomson became involved. RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986 NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico

The term PAL is often used informally to refer to a 625-line/50 Hz (576i, principally European) television system, and to differentiate from a 525-line/60 Hz (480i, principally North American/Central American/Japanese) NTSC system. 576i is a standard-definition video mode used in (former PAL and SECAM countries 480i is the shorthand name for a video mode The i, which is sometimes uppercase stands for Interlaced, the 480 for a vertical frame resolution Accordingly, DVDs are labelled as either PAL or NTSC (referring informally to the line count and frame rate) even though technically the European discs do not have PAL composite colour. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is This usage may lead readers to believe that PAL defines image resolution, even though it doesn't. The PAL colour system can be used in conjunction with any resolution and frame rate, and various such combinations exist. NTSC, by contrast does define the video line and frame format.

Technical details

The basics of PAL and the NTSC system are very similar; a quadrature amplitude modulated subcarrier carrying the chrominance information is added to the luminance video signal to form a composite video baseband signal. NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico A subcarrier is a separate analog or Digital signal carried on a main radio transmission, which carries extra information such as Voice Composite video is the format of an Analog television (picture only signal before it is combined with a sound signal and modulated onto an RF The frequency of this subcarrier is approximately 4. 43 MHz for PAL, compared to approximately 3. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. 58 MHz for NTSC. The SECAM system, on the other hand, uses a frequency modulation scheme on its colour subcarrier. SECAM, also written SÉCAM ( Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory" is an analog color television system

The name "Phase Alternating Line" describes the way that the phase of part of the colour information on the video signal is reversed with each line, which automatically corrects phase errors in the transmission of the signal by cancelling them out. Lines where the colour phase is reversed compared to NTSC are often called PAL or phase-alternation lines, which justifies one of the expansions of the acronym, while the other lines are called NTSC lines. Early PAL receivers relied on the imperfections of the human eye to do that cancelling; however this resulted in a comb-like effect on larger phase errors. Thus, most receivers now use a chrominance delay line, which stores the received colour information on each line of display; an average of the colour information from the previous line and the current line is then used to drive the picture tube. The effect is that phase errors result in saturation changes, which are less objectionable than the equivalent hue changes of NTSC. A minor drawback is that the vertical colour resolution is poorer than the NTSC system's, but since the human eye also has a colour resolution that is much lower than its brightness resolution, this effect is not visible. In any case, NTSC, PAL and SECAM all have chrominance bandwidth (horizontal colour detail) reduced greatly compared to the luminance signal.

For a 1:1 pixel aspect (square pixels) on a 50 Hz interlaced PAL signal the pixel rate should be 14. 75 MHz.

The 4. 43361875 MHz frequency of the colour carrier is a result of 283. 75 colour clock cycles per line plus a 25 Hz offset to avoid interferences. Since the line frequency is 15625 Hz, the colour carrier frequency calculates as follows: 4. 43361875 MHz = 283. 75 * 15625 Hz + 25 Hz.

• CVBS is an initialism, but it doesn't stand for "composite video baseband signal", CVBS actually stands for (C)hroma, (V)ideo, (B)urst, and (S)ync; which are the four basic components of a composite video signal. Composite video is the format of an Analog television (picture only signal before it is combined with a sound signal and modulated onto an RF Chrominance ( chroma for short is the signal used in many Video systems to carry the color information of the picture separately from the accompanying luma Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images Burst phase is the first ten cycles of colour burst in the "porch" of the synchronising pulse in PAL (Phase Alternation Line format That's why it's called "composite".

PAL vs. NTSC

NTSC receivers have a tint control to perform colour correction manually. NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico Because the NTSC color Television standard relies on the absolute phase of the color information color errors occur when the phase of the video signal is altered between If this isn't adjusted correctly, the colours may be faulty. The PAL standard automatically removes hue errors by utilizing phase alternation of the colour signal (see technical details), so a tint control is unnecessary. Hue is one of the main properties of a Color described with names such as " Red " " Yellow " etc Chrominance phase errors in the PAL system are cancelled out using a 1H delay line resulting lower saturation, which is much less noticeable to the eye than NTSC hue errors.

However, the alternation of colour information — Hanover bars — can lead to picture grain on pictures with extreme phase errors even in PAL systems, if decoder circuits are mis-aligned or use the simplified decoders of early designs (to overcome royalty restrictions). Hanover bars, in the simplest PAL television Video format are an undesirable artifact in the reception of a television image Usually such extreme phase shifts do not occur; this effect will usually be observed when the transmission path is poor, typically in built up areas or where the terrain is unfavourable. The effect is more noticeable on UHF signals than VHF as VHF signals tend to be more robust.

A PAL decoder can be seen as a pair of NTSC decoders:

• PAL can be decoded with two NTSC decoders.
• By switching between the two NTSC decoders every other line it is possible to decode PAL without a phase delay line or two phase-locked loop (PLL) circuits. A phase-locked loop or phase lock loop (PLL is a Control system that generates a signal that has a fixed relation to the phase of a "reference"
• This works because one decoder receives a colour sub carrier with negated phase in relation to the other decoder. It then negates the phase of that sub carrier when decoding. This leads to smaller phase errors being cancelled out. However a delay line PAL decoder gives superior performance. Some Japanese TVs originally used the dual NTSC method to avoid paying royalty to Telefunken.
• PAL and NTSC have slightly divergent colour spaces, but the colour decoder differences here are ignored.
• PAL supports SMPTE 498. 3 while NTSC is compliant with EBU Recommendation 14.
• The issue of frame rates and colour sub carriers is ignored in this technical explanation. These technical details play no direct role (except as subsystems and physical parameters) to the decoding of the signal.

PAL vs. SECAM

SECAM is an earlier attempt at compatible colour television which also tries to resolve the NTSC hue problem. SECAM, also written SÉCAM ( Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory" is an analog color television system It does so by applying a different method to colour transmission, namely alternate transmission of the U and V vectors and frequency modulation, while PAL attempts to improve on the NTSC method.

SECAM transmissions are more robust over long distances than NTSC or PAL. However due to their FM nature, the colour signal remains present, although at reduced amplitude, even in monochrome portions of the image, thus being subject to stronger cross colour. Like PAL, a SECAM receiver needs a delay line.

Broadcast systems PAL has been used with

PAL B/G/D/K/I

The majority of countries using PAL have television standards with 625 lines and 25 frames, differences concern the audio carrier frequency and channel bandwidths. There are several broadcast Television systems in use in the world today 576i is a standard-definition video mode used in (former PAL and SECAM countries Standards B/G are used in most of Western Europe, standard I in the UK and Ireland, standards D/K in most of Eastern Europe.

7-MHz channels are used in VHF (B, D) and 8-MHz channels in UHF (G, K, I), although Australia used 7-MHz channels in UHF and Ireland uses 8-MHz channels in VHF.

PAL-M standard (Brazil)

Main article: PAL-M (television)

In Brazil, PAL is used in conjunction with the 525 line, 29. PAL-M is the TV system used in Brazil since February 19, 1972. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld 97 frame/s system M, using (very nearly) the NTSC colour subcarrier frequency. Exact colour subcarrier frequency of PAL-M is 3. 575611 MHz

• Almost all other countries using system M use NTSC. NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico

The PAL colour system (either baseband or with any RF system, with the normal 4. 43 MHz subcarrier unlike PAL-M) can also be applied to an NTSC-like 525-line (480i) picture to form what is often known as "PAL-60" (sometimes "PAL-60/525" or "Pseudo PAL"). 480i is the shorthand name for a video mode The i, which is sometimes uppercase stands for Interlaced, the 480 for a vertical frame resolution PAL-M (a broadcast standard) however should not be confused with "PAL-60" (a video playback system — see below).

PAL-Nc

In Argentina, the PAL-Nc (combination N) variant is used. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. It employs the 625 line/50 field per second waveform of PAL-B/G,D/K,H,I but with a chrominance sub-carrier frequency of 3. 582 MHz. VHS tapes recorded from a PAL-Nc or a PAL-B/G,D/K,H,I broadcast are indistinguishable.

PAL-N

In Paraguay and Uruguay, PAL is used with the standard 625 line/50 fields per second system, but again with (very nearly) the NTSC colour

• PAL-N should not be viewed as wildly incompatible versions of the PAL system, only the choice of colour subcarrier is different. Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America
• A VHS recorded off TV (or released) in Europe will play in colour on any PAL-N VCR and PAL-N TV in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Likewise, any tape recorded in Argentina or Uruguay off a PAL-N TV broadcast, can be sent to anyone in European countries that use PAL (and Australia/New Zealand, etc) and it will display in colour. This has been very convenient for video collectors in the past.

People in Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay usually own TV sets that also display NTSC-M, in addition to PAL-N of course. Direct TV broadcasts in NTSC-M for North, Central and South America so this is very convenient too. DirecTV (trademarked as "DIREC' TV' " is a Direct broadcast satellite (DBS service based in El Segundo California, USA, that was founded Most DVD players sold in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay also play PAL discs. However this is usually output in the European variant (colour subcarrier frequency 4. 433618 MHz), so people who own a TV set that only works in PAL-N (plus NTSC-M in most cases) will have to watch those PAL DVD imports in black and white, as the colour subcarrier frequency in the TV set is the PAL-N variation, 3. 582056 MHz. Some DVD players (usually lesser known brands) include an internal transcoder and the signal can be output in NTSC-M, with some video quality loss because of the systems conversion from a 625/50 PAL DVD disc to the output in NTSC-M 525/60. A few DVD players sold in Argentina and Uruguay allow to output the signal in NTSC-M, PAL, or PAL-N. In that case, a PAL disc (imported from Europe) can be played back on a PAL-N TV. Because there is no fields/lines conversion, quality is excellent.

Extended features of the PAL specification such as teletext are implemented quite differently in PAL-N. PAL-N supports a modified 608 closed captioning format that is designed to ease compatibility with NTSC originated content carried on line 18, and a modified teletext format that can occur several lines.

PAL L

The PAL L (Phase Alternating Line with L-sound system) standard uses the System "PAL" video standard, which is the same as PAL B/G/H (625 lines, 50 Hz field rate, 15. 625 kHz line rate) except that it uses 6 MHz video bandwidth rather than 5. 5 MHz, lifting the audio subcarrier to 6. 5 MHz. When System L is used with SECAM, the audio carrier is amplitude modulated, but when used with PAL, the more usual FM sound system is usually used. Amplitude modulation ( AM) is a technique used in electronic communication most commonly for transmitting information via a Radio Carrier wave The sound offset in B and G is +5. 5 whereas in L its +6. 5. In layman's language, PAL-L is PAL-BG with positive and AM sound modulation. An 8 MHz channel spacing is used with PAL L.

PAL L is used on some hotel internal distribution systems, as well as other public display and plant television systems. It is not used by any national TV networks. One example of a TV with PAL-L support is Thomson 24WK25. This signal has been defined by Sandipan Bhattacharjee, India.

System A

The BBC tested their pre-war 405 line monochrome system with all three colour standards including PAL, before the decision was made to abandon 405 and transmit colour on 625/System I only. The 405-line Monochrome analogue Television broadcasting system was the first fully electronic television system to be used in regular broadcasting

All PAL systems interoperable except PAL-M (525/60)

The PAL colour system is usually used with a video format that has 625 lines per frame (576 visible lines, the rest being used for other information such as sync data and captioning) and a refresh rate of 50 interlaced fields per second (i. For the method of incrementally displaying Raster graphics, see Interlace (bitmaps. e. 25 full frames per second), such as systems B, G, H, I, and N (see broadcast television systems for the technical details of each format). There are several broadcast Television systems in use in the world today

• Some countries in Eastern Europe which formerly used SECAM with systems D and K have switched to PAL while leaving other aspects of their video system the same. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. SECAM, also written SÉCAM ( Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory" is an analog color television system
• However, some European countries have changed completely from SECAM-D/K to PAL-B/G.

On RF (i. e. via a Modulator or TV Aerial) the difference between I, D/H and B/G is audio. In Telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying a periodic Waveform, i An antenna is a Transducer designed to transmit or Receive electromagnetic waves In other words antennas convert electromagnetic waves into These use different audio subcarriers, so with mismatch on Modulator Settings or an imported TV there will be perfectly normal Colour Video, but possibly no audio. Some TVs and VHS tuners have multiple filters in parallel or switched for the 6 MHz, 5. 5 MHz, 6. 5 MHz or 4. 5 MHz sound carriers. Nicam is an additional 6. 5 MHz offset carrier carrying stereo digitally, on 6. 0 MHz PAL I systems. Germany particularly uses two separate FM sound carriers on PAL B/G. (Stereo FM Radio uses a mono signal with a DSBSC L-R audio centred on 38 kHz with a 19 kHz pilot to aid decoding. Hence the German Zweiton and Nicam both give better performance than FM Radio). Zweikanalton ("two channel sound" A2 Stereo is a Television sound transmission system used in Germany and other countries NICAM stands for Near Instantaneous Companded Audio Multiplex. See also Frequency modulation, FM band FM broadcasting is a broadcast Technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that

Multisystem PAL support and "PAL 60"

Recently manufactured PAL television receivers can typically decode all of these systems except, in some cases, PAL-M and PAL-N. Many of them can also receive Eastern European and Middle Eastern SECAM, though rarely French broadcast SECAM (because France uses the unique positive video modulation), unless they are made for the French market. They will correctly display plain CVBS or S-video SECAM signals. Many can also accept baseband NTSC-M, such as from a VCR or game console, though not usually broadcast NTSC. In Signal processing, baseband is an adjective that describes signals and systems whose range of Frequencies is measured from zero to a maximum bandwidth Many sets also support NTSC with a 4. 43 MHz subcarrier.

Many newer Video Cassette recorders and DVD players sold in Europe can play back NTSC tapes/discs. When operating in this mode most of them don't output a true (625/25) PAL signal but rather a hybrid of PAL and NTSC known as "PAL 60" (or "pseudo PAL") with "60" standing for 60 Hz, instead of 50 Hz. Some video game consoles also output a signal in this mode. Most newer television sets can display such a signal correctly but some will only do so (if at all) in black and white and/or with flickering/foldover at the bottom of the picture, or picture rolling (it can be noted, however, that many analogue-era TV sets can receive the picture by means of adjusting the V-Hold and V-Height knobs — assuming they have them). Very few TV tuner cards or video capture cards will support this mode (a small number can, although software/driver modification is usually required and the manufacturers specs are usually unclear). A "PAL 60" signal is similar to an NTSC (525/30) signal but with a PAL chrominance subcarrier at 4. 43 MHz (instead of 3. 58) and with the PAL-specific phase alternation of the red colour difference signal between the lines.

Countries and territories using PAL

Over 120 countries and territories use or once used the terrestrial PAL system. Many of these are currently converting terrestrial PAL to DVB-T (PAL still often used via cable TV). DVB-T is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial; it is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of

PAL B, G, D, K or I

Afghanistan  Albania DVB-T introduction started in 2005  Australia DVB-T introduction started in 2001 (PAL to be abandoned for DVB-T by 2012)  Austria DVB-T introduction started in 2006  Bahrain  Bangladesh  Belgium  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Brunei  Bulgaria (migrated from SECAM 1994 - 1996) (set to migrate to DVB-T in 2012, although such broadcasts are currently only available in Sofia)  China, Mainland (PAL-D, digital broadcast using DMB-T/H)  Hong Kong (PAL-I, DMB-T/H introduced since Dec 31, 2007, PAL-I broadcast planned to be abandoned in 2012)  Macau (PAL-I)  Croatia  Cyprus  Czech Republic (migrated from SECAM 1992 - 1994) (DVB-T introduction started in 2006, PAL to be abandoned for DVB-T by 2012)  Denmark (including  Faroe Islands and  Greenland) (PAL broadcast to be abandoned by 31 October 2009; DVB-T since 31 March 2006)  East Timor (Timor-Leste)  Estonia (migrated from SECAM 1995 - 1999; PAL to be abandoned for DVB-T at latest in 2012)  Germany (PAL broadcast to be abandoned; DVB-T introduction started in 2003)  Gibraltar  Greece (migrated from SECAM in ca. 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Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία 1992)  Hungary (migrated from SECAM 1995 - 1996; PAL broadcast to be abandoned by 31 December 2011; is converting to DVB-T)  Iceland  India  Indonesia  Iran  Iraq  Ireland (VHF and UHF)  Israel  Italy (PAL broadcast to be abandoned by 2012; is converting to DVB-T)  Jordan  Kuwait  Latvia (migrated from SECAM 1997 - 1999)  Lebanon  Liechtenstein  Lithuania (migrated from SECAM 1997 - 1999)  Republic of Macedonia  Malaysia (Preliminary DVB-T Trials ended, further trials planned. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. 2011 ( MMXI) will be a Common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Very high frequency (VHF is the Radio frequency range from 30 MHz to 300 MHz. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The Republic of Macedonia (Република For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Set top box and Digital TV not yet available on sale, but USB DVB-T receivers for viewing on a computer are widely available now. Plans to abandon PAL broadcast by 2015)  Maldives  Malta  Montenegro  Myanmar  Nepal  New Zealand  Norway PAL broadcast to be abandoned by 2008–2009, simulcast in DVB-T  Poland (migrated from SECAM 1993 - 1995)  Portugal, including  Madeira and  Azores  Romania (PAL broadcast to be abandoned by 2010-2011; is converting to DVB-T since early 2007)  Serbia  Slovenia (PAL broadcast to be abandoned by 2012; is converting to DVB-T)  Slovakia (migrated from SECAM 1993 - 1996)  Spain (including  Canary Islands) PAL broadcast to be abandoned by 2012, simulcast in DVB-T  Turkey  Ukraine  United Kingdom (UHF only), PAL broadcast to be abandoned by 2012, simulcast in DVB-T  Vatican City

North Korea  Oman  Pakistan  Palestine (Gaza & West Bank)  Qatar  Saudi Arabia (which also uses SECAM)  Singapore  Sri Lanka  Syria  Thailand  United Arab Emirates  Vietnam  Yemen  Botswana  Cameroon  Cape Verde  Egypt  Eritrea  Ethiopia  Gambia  Ghana  Guinea  Guinea-Bissau  Kenya  Liberia  Malawi  Mozambique  Morocco  Nigeria  Seychelles  Sierra Leone  Somalia  Sudan  Swaziland  Tanzania  Tunisia  Uganda  Zambia  Zanzibar  Zimbabwe  Angola Ascension Island, PAL broadcast to be abandoned by 2012, simulcast in DVB-T  Lesotho  Namibia  South Africa PAL broadcast to be abandoned by 2011; is converting to DVB-T  Tristan da Cunha  Christmas Island (see Australia)  Cook Islands (see New Zealand)  Easter Island  Fiji  Norfolk Island (see Australia)  Papua New Guinea  Samoa, Samoa is converting to NTSC and probably ATSC  Solomon Islands  Tonga, Tonga is converting to NTSC and probably ATSC  Vanuatu  Falkland Islands (UHF only)

PAL-M

•  Brazil (simulcast in ISDB-T will start in December 2007 until 2016)
•  Laos (also uses SECAM)

PAL-N and PAL-NC

•  Argentina
•  Paraguay
•  Uruguay (will use DVB but no date decided yet)

Countries and territories that once used PAL

•  Andorra (switched to DVB-T completed September 25, 2007)
•  Finland (switched to DVB-T completed September 1, 2007)
•  Luxembourg (switched to DVB-Tcompleted September 1, 2006)
•  Netherlands (switched to DVB-T completed December 11, 2006)
•  Sweden (switch to DVB-T completed October 15, 2007)
•  Switzerland (switch to DVB-T completed November 26, 2007)

^[2]

See also

• PALplus
• Broadcast television systems
  • ATSC Standards
  • BTSC
  • NTSC
  • NTSC-J
  • RCA
  • SECAM
• Moving image formats
• Oldest television station
• Digital television
• Broadcast safe
• PAL region

References

External links

• More information about TV standards
• Review of the different refresh rates of PAL, NTSC and motion picture films
• Australian VHF/UHF PAL B/G Television System Datasheet

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