Ozone
IUPAC name	Trioxygen
Identifiers
CAS number	[10028-15-6]
Properties
Molecular formula	O3
Molar mass	47. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 998 g·mol−1
Appearance	bluish colored gas
Density	2. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 144 g·L−1 (0 °C), gas
Melting point	80. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 7 K, −192. 5 °C
Boiling point	161. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 3 K, −111. 9 °C
Solubility in water	0. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 105 g·100mL−1 (0 °C)
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of formation ΔfHo298	+142. The standard enthalpy of formation or "standard heat of formation" of a compound is the change of Enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a 3 kJ·mol−1
Standard molar entropy So298	237. In Chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the Entropy content of one mole of substance under standard conditions (not standard temperature and pressure 7 J·K−1. mol−1
Hazards
EU classification	not listed
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Ozone or trioxygen (O₃) is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms. In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic O₂. Allotropy (Gr allos, other and tropos, manner is a behavior exhibited by certain Chemical elements these elements can exist in two or more different Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Diatomic molecules are molecules made only of two Atoms of either the same or different Chemical elements The prefix di- means two in Greek Ground-level ozone is an air pollutant with harmful effects on the respiratory systems of animals. Ozone in the upper atmosphere filters potentially damaging ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth's surface. It is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five It has many industrial and consumer applications. Ozone, the first allotrope of a chemical element to be recognized by science, was proposed as a distinct chemical compound by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1840, who named it after the Greek word for smell (ozein), from the peculiar odor in lightning storms. Christian Friedrich Schönbein ( October 18, 1799 &ndash August 29, 1868) was a German - Swiss Chemist who is Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Lightning is an atmospheric discharge of Electricity, which typically occurs during Thunderstorms and sometimes during volcanic eruptions or ^[1][2] The formula for ozone, O₃, was not determined until 1865 by Jacques-Louis Soret^[3] and confirmed by Schönbein in 1867. Jacques-Louis Soret ( June 30, 1827 &ndash May 13, 1890) was a Swiss Chemist who in 1878 along with Marc Delafontaine ^[1][4]

Physical properties

Most people can detect about 0. 01 ppm in air. "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly Exposure of 0. 1 to 1 ppm produces headaches, burning eyes, and irritation to the respiratory passages. "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly ^[5]

Ozone is 1. 5 times as dense as oxygen, at -112 °C, it forms a dark blue liquid. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of At temperatures below -193 °C, it forms a violet-black solid. A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. ^[6]

Ozone is diamagnetic, meaning that it will resist formation of a magnetic field, and will decrease the energy stored in the field once the field is established. Diamagnetism is the property of an object which causes it to create a magnetic field in opposition of an externally applied Magnetic field, thus causing a repulsive effect

Structure

The structure of ozone, according to experimental evidence from microwave spectroscopy, is bent, with C_2v symmetry (similar to the water molecule), O – O distance of 127. Rotational spectroscopy or microwave spectroscopy studies the absorption and emission Electromagnetic radiation (typically in the Microwave Molecular symmetry in Chemistry describes the Symmetry present in Molecules and the classification of molecules according to their symmetry Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 2 pm and O – O – O angle of 116. 78°. ^[7] The central atom forms an sp² hybridization with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with a dipole moment of 0. 5337 D. The debye (symbol D) is a non- SI, CGS unit of electrical dipole moment. ^[8] The bonding is single bond on one side and double bond on the other side, and these bonds are blended to become known as resonance structures. Resonance in Chemistry is a theory used to represent and model certain types of non-classical Molecular structures Resonance is a key component The bond order is 1. Bond order is the number of bonds between a pair of atoms For example in Nitrogen N≡N the bond order is 3 in Acetylene H−C≡C−H the bond order between the 5 for each side.

Chemistry

Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent, far better than dioxygen. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state It is also unstable at high concentrations, decaying to ordinary diatomic oxygen (in about half an hour in atmospheric conditions^[9]):

2 O₃ → 3 O₂

This reaction proceeds more rapidly with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure. Deflagration of ozone can be triggered by a spark, and can occur in ozone concentrations of 10 wt% or higher. Deflagration (Lat de + flagrare, "to burn down" is a technical term describing subsonic Combustion that usually propagates through Thermal conductivity

Metals

Ozone will oxidize metals (except gold, platinum, and iridium) to oxides of the metals in their highest oxidation state:

2 Cu¹⁺_(aq) + 2 H₃O⁺_(aq) + O_3(g) → 2 Cu²⁺_(aq) + 3 H₂O_(l) + O_2(g)

Non-metals

Ozone also increases the oxidation number of oxides:

NO + O₃ → NO₂ + O₂

The above reaction is accompanied by chemiluminescence. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula N[[Oxygen O]] Nitrogen dioxide is the Chemical compound with the formula N[[Oxygen O]]2 Chemiluminescence (sometimes " chemoluminescence " is the emission of Light ( Luminescence) with limited emission of heat as the result of a chemical The NO₂ can be further oxidized:

NO₂ + O₃ → NO₃ + O₂

The NO₃ formed can react with NO₂ to form N₂O₅:

NO₂ + NO₃ → N₂O₅

Ozone reacts with carbon to form carbon dioxide, even at room temperature:

C + 2 O₃ → CO₂ + 2 O₂

Ozone does not react with ammonium salts but it reacts with ammonia to form ammonium nitrate:

2 NH₃ + 4 O₃ → NH₄NO₃ + 4 O₂ + H₂O

Ozone reacts with sulfides to make sulfates:

PbS + 4 O₃ → PbSO₄ + 4 O₂

Sulfuric acid can be produced from ozone, starting either from elemental sulfur or from sulfur dioxide:

S + H₂O + O₃ → H₂SO₄

3 SO₂ + 3 H₂O + O₃ → 3 H₂SO₄

All three atoms of ozone may also react, as in the reaction with tin(II) chloride and hydrochloric acid and NaCl along with Ammonium Nitrate:

3 SnCl₂ + 6 HCl + O₃ → 3 SnCl₄ + 3 H₂O

In the gas phase, ozone reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form sulfur dioxide:

H₂S + O₃ → SO₂ + H₂O

In an aqueous solution, however, two competing simultaneous reactions occur, one to produce elemental sulfur, and one to produce sulfuric acid:

H₂S + O₃ → S + O₂ + H₂O

3 H₂S + 4 O₃ → 3 H₂SO₄

Iodine perchlorate can be made by treating iodine dissolved in cold anhydrous perchloric acid with ozone:

I₂ + 6 HClO₄ + O₃ → 2 I(ClO₄)₃ + 3 H₂O

Solid nitryl perchlorate can be made from NO₂, ClO₂, and O₃ gases:

2 NO₂ + 2 ClO₂ + 2 O₃ → 2 NO₂ClO₄ + O₂

Combustion

Ozone can be used for combustion reactions and combusting gases; ozone provides higher temperatures than combusting in dioxygen (O₂). Dinitrogen pentoxide is the Chemical compound with the formula N2O5 Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor The Chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the Nitrate of Ammonia with the chemical formula N[[Hydrogen H]]4 N[[Oxygen O]]3 Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation Lead(II sulfide (also spelled sulphide, see Sulfur#Spelling) is a Chemical compound, most often purified from the Mineral Galena Lead (II sulfate ( sulphate in British English) (PbSO4 is a white crystal or powder Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties Hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen sulphide) is the Chemical compound with the formula H 2 S. Hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen sulphide) is the Chemical compound with the formula H 2 S. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic Perchlorates are the salts derived from Perchloric acid ( H[[chlorine Cl]] O4) As a general term a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no Water. Perchloric acid, HClO4 is an Oxoacid of Chlorine and is a colorless liquid soluble in water. Nitryl is the Nitrogen dioxide (NO2 Moiety when it occurs in a larger compound Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of Following is a reaction for the combustion of carbon subnitride which can also cause lower temperatures:

3 C₄N₂ + 4 O₃ → 12 CO + 3 N₂

Ozone can react at cryogenic temperatures. Dicyanoacetylene (also carbon subnitride, IUPAC but-2-ynedinitrile) C4N2 is a compound of Carbon and Nitrogen. At 77 K (-196 °C), atomic hydrogen reacts with liquid ozone to form a hydrogen superoxide radical, which dimerizes:^[10]

H + O₃ → HO₂ + O

2 HO₂ → H₂O₄

Ozonides

Ozonides can be formed, which contain the ozonide anion, O₃^-. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Superoxide is the Anion O2&minus It is important as the product of the one-electron reduction of Dioxygen, which occurs widely in nature In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell Ozonide is an unstable reactive polyatomic Anion O3&minus derived from Ozone, or an organic compound similar to Organic peroxide These compounds are explosive and must be stored at cryogenic temperatures. Ozonides for all the alkali metals are known. Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling KO₃, RbO₃, and CsO₃ can be prepared from their respective superoxides:

KO₂ + O₃ → KO₃ + O₂

Although KO₃ can be formed as above, it can also be formed from potassium hydroxide and ozone:^[11]

2 KOH + 5 O₃ → 2 KO₃ + 5 O₂ + H₂O

NaO₃ and LiO₃ must be prepared by action of CsO₃ in liquid NH₃ on an ion exchange resin containing Na⁺ or Li⁺ ions:^[12]

CsO₃ + Na⁺ → Cs⁺ + NaO₃

Treatment with ozone of calcium dissolved in ammonia leads to ammonium ozonide and not calcium ozonide:^[13]

3 Ca + 10 NH₃ + 6 O₃ → Ca•6NH₃ + Ca(OH)₂ + Ca(NO₃)₂ + 2 NH₄O₃ + 2 O₂ + H₂

Applications

Ozone can be used to remove manganese from the water, forming a precipitate which can be filtered:

2 Mn²⁺ + 2 O₃ + 4 H₂O → 2 MnO(OH)_{2 (s)} + 2 O₂ + 4 H⁺

Ozone will also turn cyanides to the one thousand times less toxic cyanates:

CN^- + O₃ → CNO^- + O₂

Finally, ozone will also completely decompose urea:^[14]

(NH₂)₂CO + O₃ → N₂ + CO₂ + 2 H₂O

Ozone in Earth's atmosphere

The distribution of atmospheric ozone in partial pressure as a function of altitude. Potassium hydroxide is the Inorganic compound with the formula K[[hydroxide OH]] ion-exchange resin is an insoluble matrix (or support structure normally in the form of small (1-2 mm diameter beads usually white or yellowish fabricated from an organic Polymer Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Precipitation is the formation of a Solid in a Solution during a Chemical reaction. A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a The cyanate Ion is an Anion consisting of one Oxygen Atom, one Carbon atom and one Nitrogen atom − in that Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]]

Concentration of ozone as measured by the Nimbus-7 satellite. The Nimbus Satellites were second-generation US Robotic spacecraft used for meteorological research and development

Total ozone concentration in June 2000 as measured by EP-TOMS satellite instrument.

The standard way to express total ozone levels (the amount of ozone in a vertical column) in the atmosphere is by using Dobson units. The Dobson unit (DU is a unit of measurement of atmospheric Ozone, specifically ozone in the stratospheric Ozone layer. Concentrations at a point are measured in parts per billion (ppb) or in μg/m³. "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly

Ozone layer

Main article: Ozone layer

The highest levels of ozone in the atmosphere are in the stratosphere, in a region also known as the ozone layer between about 10 km and 50 km above the surface (or between about 6 and 31 miles). The photochemical mechanisms that give rise to the ozone layer were worked out by the British physicist Sidney Chapman in 1930 The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the Troposphere, and below the Mesosphere. The photochemical mechanisms that give rise to the ozone layer were worked out by the British physicist Sidney Chapman in 1930 Here it filters out photons with shorter wavelengths (less than 320 nm) of ultraviolet light, also called UV rays, (270 to 400 nm) from the Sun that would be harmful to most forms of life in large doses. In Physics, the photon is the Elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. Life is a state that distinguishes Organisms from non-living objects such as non-life and dead organisms being manifested by growth through Metabolism These same wavelengths are also among those responsible for the production of vitamin D, a vitamin also produced by the human body. Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble Prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or Ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or Ozone in the stratosphere is mostly produced from ultraviolet rays reacting with oxygen:

O₂ + photon(radiation< 240 nm) → 2 O

O + O₂ → O₃

It is destroyed by the reaction with atomic oxygen:

O₃ + O → 2 O₂

(See Ozone-oxygen cycle for more detail. In Physics, the photon is the Elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The ozone-oxygen cycle is the process by which Ozone is continually regenerated in Earth 's Stratosphere, all the while converting Ultraviolet radiation )

The latter reaction is catalysed by the presence of certain free radicals, of which the most important are hydroxyl (OH), nitric oxide (NO) and atomic chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br). Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst In recent decades the amount of ozone in the stratosphere has been declining mostly due to emissions of CFCs and similar chlorinated and brominated organic molecules, which have increased the concentration of ozone-depleting catalysts above the natural background. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane Ozone only makes up 0. 00006% of the atmosphere. See ozone depletion for more information. Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related observations a slow steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of Ozone in Earth's

Low level ozone

Main articles: Tropospheric ozone and Photochemical smog

Low level ozone (or tropospheric ozone) is regarded as a pollutant by the World Health Organization. Ozone (O3 is a key constituent of the Troposphere (it is also an important constituent of certain regions of the Stratosphere Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. ^[15] It is not emitted directly by car engines or by industrial operations. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a It is formed by the reaction of sunlight on air containing hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides that react to form ozone directly at the source of the pollution or many kilometers down wind. This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject in the "Terminology and legal definitions" section The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any Binary compound of Oxygen and Nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds Nitric For more details of the complex chemical reactions that produce low level ozone see tropospheric ozone. Ozone (O3 is a key constituent of the Troposphere (it is also an important constituent of certain regions of the Stratosphere

Ozone reacts directly with some hydrocarbons such as aldehydes and thus begins their removal from the air, but the products are themselves key components of smog. An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. Ozone photolysis by UV light leads to production of the hydroxyl radical OH and this plays a part in the removal of hydrocarbons from the air, but is also the first step in the creation of components of smog such as peroxyacyl nitrates which can be powerful eye irritants. Photodissociation, photolysis, or photodecomposition is a Chemical reaction in which a Chemical compound is broken down by Photons Hydroxyl in Chemistry describes a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom joined by a Covalent bond. Peroxyacyl nitrates, or PAN s are powerful respiratory and eye irritants present in Photochemical smog. The atmospheric lifetime of tropospheric ozone is about 22 days and its main removal mechanisms are being deposited to the ground, the above mentioned reaction giving OH, and by reactions with OH and the peroxy radical HO₂· (Stevenson et al, 2006). ^[16]

As well as having an impact on human health (see below) there is also evidence of significant reduction in agricultural yields due to increased ground-level ozone and pollution which interferes with photosynthesis and stunts overall growth of some plant species. Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy. ^[17][18]

Certain examples of cities with elevated ozone readings are Houston and Mexico City. Houston has a reading of around 41 ppb, while Mexico City is far more hazardous, with a reading of about 125 ppb. ^[19]

Ozone as a greenhouse gas

Although ozone was present at ground level before the industrial revolution, peak concentrations are now far higher than the pre-industrial levels and even background concentrations well away from sources of pollution are substantially higher. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the ^[20][21] This increase in ozone is of further concern as ozone present in the upper troposphere acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth. The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and almost all of its Water vapor and Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of Quantifying the greenhouse gas potency of ozone is difficult as it is not present in uniform concentrations across the globe. However, the scientific review on the climate change (the IPCC Third Assessment Report^[22]) suggests that the radiative forcing of tropospheric ozone is about 25% that of carbon dioxide. Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences The IPCC Third Assessment Report, Climate Change 2001, is an assessment of available scientific and socio-economic information on climate change by an intergovermental panel In Climate science radiative forcing is (loosely defined as the change in net Irradiance at the Tropopause. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single

Ozone cracking

Ozone cracking in Natural rubber tubing

Ozone gas attacks any polymer possessing olefinic or double bonds within its chain structure, such materials including natural rubber, nitrile rubber, and Styrene-butadiene rubber. A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds Nitrile rubber or Buna-N, is a Synthetic rubber Copolymer of Acrylonitrile (ACN and Butadiene. Styrene-Butadiene ( SBR) is an Elastomeric Copolymer consisting of Styrene and Butadiene. Products made using these polymers are especially susceptible to attack, which causes cracks to grow longer and deeper with time, the rate of crack growth depending on the load carried by the product and the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere. Such materials can be protected by adding anti-ozonants, such as waxes, which bond to the surface to create a protective film or blend with the material and provide long term protection. Ozone cracking used to be a serious problem in car tires for example, but the problem is now seen only in very old tires. Cracks can be formed in many different Elastomers by Ozone attack and the characteristic form of attack of vulnerable rubbers is known as ozone cracking. On the other hand, many critical products like gaskets and O-rings may be attacked by ozone produced within compressed air systems. A gasket is a mechanical seal that fills the space between two objects generally to prevent leakage between the two objects while under compression. An o-ring, also known as a packing or a toric joint, is a mechanical Gasket in the shape of a Torus; it is a loop of Elastomer with Fuel lines are often made from reinforced rubber tubing, and may also be susceptible to attack, especially within engine compartments where low levels of ozone are produced from electrical equipment. A fuel line is a hose used to bring Fuel from one point in a vehicle to another

Ozone and health

Ozone in air pollution

There is a great deal of evidence to show that high concentrations (ppm) of ozone, created by high concentrations of pollution and daylight UV rays at the earth's surface, can harm lung function and irritate the respiratory system. In living organisms a respiratory system functions to allow Gas exchange. ^[15][23] A connection has also been shown to exist between increased ozone caused by thunderstorms and hospital admissions of asthma sufferers. Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are ^[24] Air quality guidelines such as those from the World Health Organization are based on detailed studies of what levels can cause measurable health effects. Health effects, health impacts or health risks are changes in Health resulting from exposure to a source

A common British folk myth dating back to the Victorian era holds that the smell of the sea is caused by ozone, and that this smell has "bracing" health benefits. ^[25] Neither of these is true. The characteristic "smell of the sea" is not caused by ozone, but by the presence of dimethyl sulfide generated by phytoplankton, and dimethyl sulfide, like ozone, is toxic in high concentrations. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS or methylthiomethane is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH32S Phytoplankton are the Autotrophic component of the Plankton community ^[26]

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has developed an Air Quality index to help explain air pollution levels to the general public. 8-hour average ozone concentrations of 85 to 104 ppbv are described as "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups", 105 ppbv to 124 ppbv as "unhealthy" and 125 ppb to 404 ppb as "very unhealthy". "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly ^[27] The EPA has designated over 300 counties of the United States, clustered around the most heavily populated areas (especially in California and the Northeast), as failing to comply with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS are standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency that apply for outdoor Air

Ozone can also be present in indoor air pollution. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ deals with the content of interior air that could affect health and comfort of building occupants

Physiology of ozone

Ozone, along with reactive forms of oxygen such as superoxide, singlet oxygen (see oxygen), hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite ions, is naturally produced by white blood cells and other biological systems (such as the roots of marigolds) as a means of destroying foreign bodies. Superoxide is the Anion O2&minus It is important as the product of the one-electron reduction of Dioxygen, which occurs widely in nature Singlet oxygen is the common name used for the two Metastable states of molecular Oxygen (O2 with higher energy than the ground state Triplet oxygen Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 is a very pale blue liquid which appears colorless in a dilute solution slightly more Viscous than water The hypochlorite Ion is Cl[[Oxygen O]]− A hypochlorite compound is a Chemical compound containing this group with chlorine in Oxidation Ozone reacts directly with organic double bonds. Also, when ozone breaks down to dioxygen it gives rise to oxygen free radicals, which are highly reactive and capable of damaging many organic molecules. In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Ozone has been found to convert cholesterol in the blood stream to plaque (which causes hardening and narrowing of arteries). Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells ��such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Moreover, it is believed that the powerful oxidizing properties of ozone may be a contributing factor of inflammation. Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens The cause-and-effect relationship of how the ozone is created in the body and what it does is still under consideration and still subject to various interpretations, since other body chemical processes can trigger some of the same reactions. A team headed by Dr. Paul Wentworth Jr. of the Department of Chemistry at the Scripps Research Institute has shown evidence linking the antibody-catalyzed water-oxidation pathway of the human immune response to the production of ozone. The Scripps Research Institute ( TSRI) is a Medical research facility that focuses on research in the basic Biomedical sciences Primarily located An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor In this system, ozone is produced by antibody-catalyzed production of trioxidane from water and neutrophil-produced singlet oxygen. Trioxidane, hydrogen trioxide or dihydrogen trioxide (H2O3 or HOOOH is an unstable molecule a type of hydrogen polyoxide which in Singlet oxygen is the common name used for the two Metastable states of molecular Oxygen (O2 with higher energy than the ground state Triplet oxygen ^[28] See also trioxidane for more on this biological ozone-producing reaction. Trioxidane, hydrogen trioxide or dihydrogen trioxide (H2O3 or HOOOH is an unstable molecule a type of hydrogen polyoxide which in

Ozone has also been proven to form specific, cholesterol-derived metabolites that are thought to facilitate the build-up and pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaques (a form of heart disease). Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian Atherosclerosis is a Disease affecting arterial Blood vessels It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries in large part due to the accumulation Heart disease is an Umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the Heart. These metabolites have been confirmed as naturally occurring in human atherosclerotic arteries and are categorized into a class of secosterols termed “Atheronals”, generated by ozonolysis of cholesterol's double bond to form a 5,6 secosterol^[29] as well as a secondary condensation product via aldolization. Ozonolysis is the cleavage of an Alkene or Alkyne with Ozone to form Organic compounds in which the multiple Carbon-carbon bond has ^[30]

Ozone has been implicated to have an adverse effect on plant growth, ". . . Ozone reduced total chlorophylls, carotenoid and carbohydrate concentration, and increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content and ethylene production. In treated plants, the ascorbate leaf pool was decreased, while lipid peroxidation and solute leakage were significantly higher than in ozone-free controls. The data indicated that ozone triggered protective mechanisms against oxidative stress in citrus. "^[31]

Use of ozone in medical therapy

See

Main article: Ozone therapy

Preparation

Ozone often forms in nature under conditions where O₂ will not react. Some people including a number of doctors and Biochemists, believe Ozone has remarkable healing properties ^[5] Ozone used in industry is measured in g/Nm³ or weight percent. The regime of applied concentrations ranges from 1 to 5 weight percent in air and from 6 to 14 weight percent in oxygen. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the

Corona discharge method

This is the most popular type of ozone generator for most industrial and personal uses. While variations of the "hot spark" coronal discharge method of ozone production exist, including medical grade and industrial grade ozone generators, these units usually work by means of a corona discharge tube. In Electricity, a corona discharge is an Electrical discharge brought on by the Ionization of a Fluid surrounding a conductor, which ^[32] They are typically very cost-effective, and do not require an oxygen source other than the ambient air. However, they also produce nitrogen oxides as a by-product. The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any Binary compound of Oxygen and Nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds Nitric Use of an air dryer can reduce or eliminate nitric acid formation by removing water vapor and increase ozone production. Desiccant type air dryer can reach a dew point of -100F Refrigeration type dryers can reach a dew point of 35F(2C Hybrid dryers employing both a refrigeration Use of an oxygen concentrator can further increase the ozone production and further reduce the risk of nitric acid formation due to removing not only the water vapor, but also the bulk of the nitrogen. An oxygen concentrator is a device used to provide Oxygen therapy to a Patient at substantially higher concentrations than those of ambient air used as

Ultraviolet light

UV ozone generators employ a light source that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light, a subset of that produced by the Sun. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays The Sun's UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of the Earth. The photochemical mechanisms that give rise to the ozone layer were worked out by the British physicist Sidney Chapman in 1930 The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the Troposphere, and below the Mesosphere. ^[33] While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive, they usually produce ozone with a concentration of about 0. 5% or lower. Another disadvantage of this method is that it requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time, and any gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated. This makes UV generators impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct air sterilization, for example). Sterilization (or sterilisation, see spelling differences) refers to any process that effectively kills or eliminates transmissible agents (such as Fungi

Cold plasma

In the cold plasma method, pure oxygen gas is exposed to a plasma created by dielectric barrier discharge. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the In Physics and Chemistry, plasma is an Ionized Gas, in which a certain proportion of Electrons are free rather than being bound Dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD is the Electrical discharge between two Electrodes separated by an insulating Dielectric barrier The diatomic oxygen is split into single atoms, which then recombine in triplets to form ozone.

Cold plasma machines utilize pure oxygen as the input source, and produce a maximum concentration of about 5% ozone. In Physics and Chemistry, plasma is an Ionized Gas, in which a certain proportion of Electrons are free rather than being bound They produce far greater quantities of ozone in a given space of time compared to ultraviolet production. However, because cold plasma ozone generators are very expensive, and still require occasional maintenance, they are found less frequently than the previous two types.

The discharges manifest as filamentary transfer of electrons (micro discharges) in a gap between two electrodes. In order to evenly distribute the micro discharges, a dielectric insulator must be used to separate the metallic electrodes and to prevent arcing. An insulator, also called a Dielectric, is a material that resists the flow of Electric current.

Some cold plasma units also have the capability of producing short-lived allotropes of oxygen which include O₄, O₅, O₆, O₇, etc. These anions are even more reactive than ordinary O₃.

Special considerations

Ozone cannot be stored and transported like other industrial gases (because it quickly decays into diatomic oxygen) and must therefore be produced on site. Available ozone generators vary in the arrangement and design of the high-voltage electrodes. At production capacities higher than 20 kg per hour, a gas/water tube heat-exchanger may be utilized as ground electrode and assembled with tubular high-voltage electrodes on the gas-side. The regime of typical gas pressures is around 2 bar absolute in oxygen and 3 bar absolute in air. The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Several megawatts of electrical power may be installed in large facilities, applied as one phase AC current at 50 to 8000 Hz and peak voltages between 3000 and 20000 volts. Electric power is defined as the rate at which Electrical energy is transferred by an Electric circuit. Electric current is the flow (movement of Electric charge. The SI unit of electric current is the Ampere. Electrical tension (or voltage after its SI unit, the Volt) is the difference of electrical potential between two points of an electrical Applied voltage is usually inversely related to the applied frequency.

The dominating parameter influencing ozone generation efficiency is the gas temperature, which is controlled by cooling water temperature and / or gas velocity. The cooler the water, the better the ozone synthesis. The lower the gas velocity, the higher the concentration (but the lower the net ozone produced). At typical industrial conditions, almost 90 percent of the effective power is dissipated as heat and needs to be removed by a sufficient cooling water flow.

Due to the high reactivity of ozone, only few materials may be used like stainless steel (quality 316L), titanium, aluminum (as long as no moisture is present), glass, polytetrafluorethylene, or polyvinylidene fluoride. In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications Polyvinylidene Fluoride, or PVDF is a highly non-reactive and pure Thermoplastic Fluoropolymer. Viton may be used with the restriction of constant mechanical forces and absence of humidity (humidity limitations apply depending on the formulation). Viton is a brand of Synthetic rubber and Fluoropolymer Elastomer commonly used in O-rings and other moulded or extruded Hypalon may be used with the restriction that no water come in contact with it, except for normal atmospheric levels. Hypalon is a Trademark for chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSPE Synthetic rubber (CSM noted for its resistance to chemicals temperature extremes and Embrittlement or shrinkage is the common mode of failure of elastomers with exposure to ozone. Embrittlement is a loss of Ductility of a material making it Brittle. Ozone cracking is the common mode of failure of elastomer seals like O-rings. Cracks can be formed in many different Elastomers by Ozone attack and the characteristic form of attack of vulnerable rubbers is known as ozone cracking. An o-ring, also known as a packing or a toric joint, is a mechanical Gasket in the shape of a Torus; it is a loop of Elastomer with

Silicone rubbers are usually adequate for use as gaskets in ozone concentrations below 1 wt%, such as in equipment for accelerated ageing of rubber samples. Silicone rubber is a Polymer that has a "backbone" of Silicon - Oxygen linkages the same bond that is found in Quartz, Glass A gasket is a mechanical seal that fills the space between two objects generally to prevent leakage between the two objects while under compression.

Incidental production

Ozone may be formed from O₂ by electrical discharges and by action of high energy electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation takes the form of self-propagating Waves in a Vacuum or in Matter. Certain electrical equipment generate significant levels of ozone. Electrical equipment includes any Machine powered by Electricity. This is especially true of devices using high voltages, such as ionic air purifiers, laser printers, photocopiers, and arc welders. The term high voltage characterizes electrical circuits in which the voltage used is the cause of particular safety concerns and insulation requirements An air ioniser is a device that uses High voltage to Ionise (electrically charge air Molecules Negative ions or Anions, are particles with A laser printer is a common type of Computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper A photocopier (or copier is a machine that makes Paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply Arc welding uses a Welding power supply to create an Electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt the metals at the welding point Electric motors using brushes can generate ozone from repeated sparking inside the unit. An electric motor uses Electrical energy to produce Mechanical energy. A brush is a device which conducts current between stationary Wires and moving parts most commonly in a rotating Shaft. A spark gap consists of an arrangement of two conducting Electrodes separated by a gap usually filled with a Gas such as Air. Large motors that use brushes, such as those used by elevators or hydraulic pumps, will generate more ozone than smaller motors.

Laboratory production

In the laboratory, ozone can be produced by electrolysis using a 9 volt battery, a pencil graphite rod cathode, a platinum wire anode and a 3M sulfuric acid electrolyte. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current A PP3 battery, commonly referred to simply as a "nine-volt battery" is shaped as a rounded rectangular prism and has a nominal output of nine Volts A cathode is an Electrode through which (positive Electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 An anode is an Electrode through which Electric current flows into a polarized electrical device Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. An electrolyte is any substance containing free Ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium ^[34] The half cell reactions taking place are

3 H₂O → O₃ + 6 H⁺ + 6 e⁻; ΔE^o = −1. A half cell is a structure that contains a conductive Electrode and a surrounding conductive Electrolyte separated by a naturally-occurring Helmholtz double The Standard electrode potentials are Electrode potentials of Half cells at equilibrium 53 V;

6 H⁺ + 6 e⁻ → 3 H₂; ΔE^o = 0 V;

2 H₂O → O₂ + 4 H⁺ + 4 e⁻; ΔE^o = −1. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. The Standard electrode potentials are Electrode potentials of Half cells at equilibrium The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. The Standard electrode potentials are Electrode potentials of Half cells at equilibrium 23 V;

so that in the net reaction three equivalents of water are converted into one equivalent of ozone and three equivalents of hydrogen. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Oxygen formation is a competing reaction. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the

It can also be prepared by passing 10,000-20,000 volts DC through dry O₂. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. Direct current ( DC) is the unidirectional flow of Electric charge. This can be done with an apparatus consisting of two concentric glass tubes sealed together at the top, with in and out spigots at the top and bottom of the outer tube. The inner core should have a length of metal foil inserted into it connected to one side of the power source. The other side of the power source should be connected to another piece of foil wrapped around the outer tube. Dry O₂ should be run through the tube in one spigot. As the O₂ is run through one spigot into the apparatus and 10,000-20,000 volts DC are applied to the foil leads, electricity will discharge between the dry dioxygen in the middle and form O₃ in O₂ out the other spigot. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. Direct current ( DC) is the unidirectional flow of Electric charge. The reaction can be summarized as follows:^[5]

3 O₂ — electricity → 2 O₃

Applications

Industrial applications

The largest use of ozone is in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, synthetic lubricants, as well as many other commercially useful organic compounds, where it is used to sever carbon-carbon bonds. A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body Synthetic oil is Oil consisting of Chemical compounds which were not originally present in Crude oil ( Petroleum) but were Artificially An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 ^[5] It can also be used for bleaching substances and for killing microorganisms in air and water sources. A bleach is a Chemical that removes color or whitens often via Oxidation. Many municipal drinking water systems kill bacteria with ozone instead of the more common chlorine. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and ^[35] Ozone has a very high oxidation potential. Reduction potential (also known as redox potential, oxidation / reduction potential or ORP) is the tendency of a Chemical species to acquire ^[36] Ozone does not form organochlorine compounds, nor does it remain in the water after treatment, so some systems introduce a small amount of chlorine to prevent bacterial growth in the pipes, or may use chlorine intermittently, based on results of periodic testing. Applications The simplest form of organochlorides are chlorinated Hydrocarbons These consist of simple Hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms have Bacterial growth is the division of one Bacterium into two idential daughter cells during a process called Binary fission. Where electrical power is abundant, ozone is a cost-effective method of treating water, as it is produced on demand and does not require transportation and storage of hazardous chemicals. Electric power is defined as the rate at which Electrical energy is transferred by an Electric circuit. Once it has decayed, it leaves no taste or odor in drinking water.

Low levels of ozone have been advertised to be of some disinfectant use in residential homes, however the concentration of ozone in dry air required to have a rapid, substantial effect on airborne pathogens exceeds safe levels recommended by the U. S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Environmental Protection Agency. The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. Humidity control can vastly improve both the killing power of the ozone, and the rate at which it decays back to oxygen (more humidity allows more effectiveness). Spore forms of most pathogens are very tolerant of atmospheric ozone in concentrations where air-breathers start to have issues. In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions

Industrially, ozone is used to:

• Disinfect laundry in hospitals, food factories, care homes etc;^[37]
• Water disinfectant in place of chlorine^[5]
• Deodorize air and objects, such as after a fire. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and This process is extensively used in Fabric Restoration;
• Kill bacteria on food or on contact surfaces;^[38]
• Ozone swimming pool and spa sanitation
• Scrub yeast and mold spores from the air in food processing plants;
• Wash fresh fruits and vegetables to kill yeast, mold and bacteria;^[38]
• Chemically attack contaminants in water (iron, arsenic, hydrogen sulfide, nitrites, and complex organics lumped together as "colour");
• Provide an aid to flocculation (agglomeration of molecules, which aids in filtration, where the iron and arsenic are removed);
• Manufacture chemical compounds via chemical synthesis^[39]
• Clean and bleach fabrics (the former use is utilized in Fabric Restoration)(the latter use is patented);
• Assist in processing plastics to allow adhesion of inks;
• Age rubber samples to determine the useful life of a batch of rubber;
• Hospital operating rooms where air and surfaces needs to be sterile;
• Eradicate water borne parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface water treatment plants. Fabric restoration is the process of refurbishing fabric items after they have been affected by fire smoke water or mold Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 Hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen sulphide) is the Chemical compound with the formula H 2 S. The nitrite Ion is NO2− The anion is bent being Isoelectronic with O3. Flocculation is a process where a Solute comes out of Solution in the form of floc or flakes Fabric restoration is the process of refurbishing fabric items after they have been affected by fire smoke water or mold

Ozone is a reagent in many organic reactions in the laboratory and in industry. Organic reactions are Chemical reactions involving Organic compounds The basic Organic chemistry reaction types are Addition reactions Elimination Ozonolysis is the cleavage of an alkene to carbonyl compounds. Ozonolysis is the cleavage of an Alkene or Alkyne with Ozone to form Organic compounds in which the multiple Carbon-carbon bond has In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon In Organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a Functional group composed of a Carbon Atom double-bonded to an Oxygen

Many hospitals in the U. S. and around the world use large ozone generators to decontaminate operating rooms between surgeries. The rooms are cleaned and then sealed airtight before being filled with ozone which effectively kills or neutralizes all remaining bacteria. ^[40]

Ozone is used as an alternative to chlorine or chlorine dioxide in the bleaching of wood pulp^[41] . Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Chlorine dioxide is a Chemical compound with the formula ClO2 Bleaching of wood pulp is the Chemical processing carried out on various types of Wood pulp to decrease the color of the pulp so that it becomes whiter It is often used in conjunction with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide to completely eliminate the need for chlorine-containing compounds in the manufacture of high-quality, white paper^[42]

Ozone can be used to detoxify cyanide wastes (for example from gold and silver mining) by oxidizing cyanide to cyanate and eventually to carbon dioxide. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 is a very pale blue liquid which appears colorless in a dilute solution slightly more Viscous than water Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body The cyanate Ion is an Anion consisting of one Oxygen Atom, one Carbon atom and one Nitrogen atom − in that Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single ^[43]

Consumer applications

Devices generating high levels of ozone, some of which use ionization, are used to sanitize and deodorize uninhabited buildings, rooms, ductwork, woodsheds, and boats and other vehicles.

In the US, air purifiers emitting lower levels of ozone have been sold. An air purifier is a device which removes Contaminants from air This kind of air purifier is sometimes claimed to imitate nature's way of purifying the air^[44] without filters and to sanitize both it and household surfaces. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has declared that there is "evidence to show that at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone is not effective at removing many odor-causing chemicals" or "viruses, bacteria, mold, or other biological pollutants. " Furthermore, its report states that "results of some controlled studies show that concentrations of ozone considerably higher than these [human safety] standards are possible even when a user follows the manufacturer’s operating instructions. "^[45] The government successfully sued one company in 1995, ordering it to stop repeating health claims without supporting scientific studies.

Ozonated water is used to launder clothes and to sanitize food, drinking water, and surfaces in the home. According to the FDA, it is "amending the food additive regulations to provide for the safe use of ozone in gaseous and aqueous phases as an antimicrobial agent on food, including meat and poultry. Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavour or improve its taste and appearance An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of Microbes such as Bacteria, Fungi, or Viruses. " Studies at California Polytechnic University demonstrated that 0. 3 ppm levels of ozone dissolved in filtered tapwater can produce a reduction of more than 99. "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly 99% in such food-borne microorganisms as salmonella, E. coli 0157:H7, and Campylobacter. ^[46][38] Ozone can be used to remove pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables. A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however ^[47][48]

New, patented technology uses ozone to disinfect and deodorize protective sports gear for football, hockey, and lacrosse by blowing it directly into the equipment to destroy bacteria within the padding. This has proven particularly useful in battling the spread of MRSA. ^[49]

Ozone is used in spas and hot tubs to kill bacteria in the water and to reduce the amount of chlorine or bromine required by reactivating them to their free state. A hot tub is a large home-made or manufactured tub or small pool full of heated water and used for soaking relaxation, Massage, or As ozone does not remain in the water long enough, ozone by itself is ineffective at preventing cross-contamination among bathers and must be used in conjunction with these halogens. Gaseous ozone created by ultraviolet light or by corona discharge is injected into the water. ^[50]

Ozone is also widely used in treatment of water in aquariums and fish ponds. Its use can minimize bacterial growth, control parasites, eliminate transmission of some diseases, and reduce or eliminate "yellowing" of the water. Ozone must not come in contact with fish's gill structures. Natural salt water (with life forms) provides enough "instantaneous demand" that controlled amounts of ozone activate bromide ion to hypobromous acid, and the ozone entirely decays in a few seconds to minutes. Hypobromous acid is a weak unstable Acid with Chemical formula HOBr If oxygen fed ozone is used, the water will be higher in dissolved oxygen, fish's gill structures will atrophy and they will become dependent on higher dissolved oxygen levels.

Ozone therapy

Main article: Ozone therapy

See also

• International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer (September 16)
• Ozone Action Day
• Ozone cracking
• Ozone depletion, including the phenomenon known as the ozone hole. Some people including a number of doctors and Biochemists, believe Ozone has remarkable healing properties September 16 was designated by the United Nations General Assembly as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers An Ozone Action Day, which can be declared by a local municipality county or state is observed at certain times during the Summer months when Weather conditions Cracks can be formed in many different Elastomers by Ozone attack and the characteristic form of attack of vulnerable rubbers is known as ozone cracking. Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related observations a slow steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of Ozone in Earth's
• Ozone layer
• Ozoneweb
• Polymer degradation
• Tropospheric ozone

Notes and references

• Greenwood, N. N. ; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.  
• Series in Plasma Physics: Non-Equilibrium Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure. Edited by K. H. Becker, U. Kogelschatz, K. H. Schoenbach, R. J. Barker; Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd; ISBN 0-7503-0962-8; 2005

External links

• International Ozone Association
• European Environment Agency's near real-time ozone map (ozoneweb)
• NASA's Ozone Resource Page
• Paul Crutzen Interview Freeview video of Paul Crutzen Nobel Laureate for his work on decomposition of ozone talking to Harry Kroto Nobel Laureate by the Vega Science Trust.
• NASA's Earth Observatory article on Ozone
• International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer
• International Chemical Safety Card 0068
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Ozone Information
• Ground-level Ozone Air Pollution
• NASA Study Links "Smog" to Arctic Warming — NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) study shows the warming effect of ozone in the Arctic during winter and spring. The Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC) is a major NASA space research laboratory established on May 1, 1959 as NASA's first space flight
• EPA Assessment of Effectiveness and Health Consequences of Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners
• Pesticides Database; Ozone