An oxidizing agent (also called an oxidant or oxidizer) can be defined as either:

1. a chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms, or
2. a substance that gains electrons in a redox chemical reaction

The former definition is not applicable to what most people read about, but it is the sense in which most organic chemists use the term. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Hazard symbols are easily recognizable symbols designed to warn about hazardous materials or locations A dangerous good is any Solid, Liquid, or Gas that can harm people other living Organisms property or the environment A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation In both cases, the oxidizing agent becomes reduced in the process. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state

In simple terms:

• The oxidizing agent is reduced.
• The reducing agent is oxidized.
• All atoms in a molecule can be assigned an oxidation number. The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs This number changes when an oxidant acts on a substrate.
• Redox reactions occur when electrons are exchanged. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J

A mnemonic for differentiating the reactions is "OIL RIG": Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (of electrons) or "LEO the lion says GER" (Lose Electrons: Oxidation, Gain Electrons: Reduction)

Contents 1 Example of oxidation 2 Alternate meanings 3 Common oxidizing agents 4 Common oxidizing agents and their products 5 See also

Example of oxidation

The formation of iron(III) oxide;

4Fe + 3O₂ → 2Fe₂O₃

In the above equation, the Iron (Fe) has an oxidation number of 0 before and 3+ after the reaction. A mnemonic device (nəˈmɒnɪk is a Memory aid Commonly met mnemonics are often verbal something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 For oxygen (O) the oxidation number began as 0 and decreased to 2−. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the These changes can be viewed as two "half-reactions" that occur concurrently:

1. Oxidation Half Reaction: Fe⁰ → Fe³⁺ + 3e⁻
2. Reduction Half Reaction: O₂ + 4e⁻ → 2 O²⁻

Iron III (Fe) has been oxidized because the oxidation number increased and is the reducing agent because it gave electrons to the oxygen (O). A half reaction is either the oxidation or reduction reaction component of a Redox reaction. Oxygen (O) has been reduced because the oxidation number has decreased and is the oxidizing agent because it took electrons from iron (Fe)

Alternate meanings

Because the process of oxidation is so widespread (explosives, chemical synthesis, corrosion), the term oxidizing agent has acquired multiple meanings. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied In Chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of Chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings

One definition, an oxidizing agent receives - or accepts - electrons from a reagent. In this context, the oxidizing agent is called an electron acceptor. An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts Electrons transferred to it from another compound A classic oxidizing agent is the ferrocenium ion [Fe(C₅H₅)₂]⁺ which accepts an electron to form Fe(C₅H₅)₂. Ferrocene is the Organometallic compound with the formula Fe(C5H52 Of great interest to chemists are the details of the electron transfer event, which can be described as inner sphere or outer sphere. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Electron transfer (ET is the process by which an Electron moves from one Atom or Molecule to another atom or molecule

In another more colloquial usage, an oxidizing agent transfers oxygen atoms to the substrate. In this context, the oxidizing agent can be called an oxygenation reagent or oxygen-atom transfer agent. Examples include [MnO₄]⁻ permanganate, [CrO₄]²⁻ chromate, OsO₄ osmium tetroxide, and especially [ClO₄]⁻ perchlorate. Chromates and dichromates are Salts of Chromic acid and dichromic acid respectively Osmium tetroxide is the Chemical compound with the formula OsO4 Perchlorates are the salts derived from Perchloric acid ( H[[chlorine Cl]] O4) Notice that these species are all oxides, and in fact, polyoxides. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element In some cases, these oxides can also serve as electron acceptors, as illustrated by the conversion of [MnO₄]⁻ to [MnO₄]²⁻, manganate. An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts Electrons transferred to it from another compound The manganate ion is MnO42− and a manganate is any compound that contains the MnO42− group

The strict dangerous goods definition of an oxidizing agent are substances that, while in themselves not necessarily combustible, may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause, or contribute to, the combustion of other material. (Australian Dangerous Goods Code 6th Edition) By this definition some materials that are classified as oxidizing agents by analytical chemists are not classified as oxidizing agents in a dangerous goods sense. An example is potassium dichromate which does not pass the dangerous goods test of an oxidizing agent.

Common oxidizing agents

• Hypochlorite and other hypohalite compounds such as Bleach
• Iodine and other halogens
• Chlorite, chlorate, perchlorate, and other analogous halogen compounds
• Permanganate salts
• Ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate and probably related Cerium(IV) compounds
• Hexavalent chromium compounds such as chromic and dichromic acids and chromium trioxide, Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC), and chromate/dichromate compounds
• Peroxide compounds
• Tollen's Reagent
• Sulfoxides
• Persulfuric acid
• Ozone
• Osmium tetroxide (OsO₄)
• Nitric acid
• Nitrous oxide (N₂O)

Common oxidizing agents and their products

Agent	Product(s)
O2 oxygen	Various including oxides, H2O, or CO2
O3 ozone	Various including ketones and aldehydes, H2O, see ozonolysis
F2 fluorine	F−
Cl2 chlorine	Cl−
Br2 bromine	Br−
I2 iodine	I−, I3−
OCl− hypochlorite	Cl−, H2O
ClO3− chlorate	Cl−, H2O
HNO3 nitric acid	NO nitric oxide NO2 nitrogen dioxide
Hexavalent chromium CrO3 chromium trioxide CrO42− chromate Cr2O72− dichromate	Cr3+, H2O
MnO4− permanganate MnO42− manganate	Mn2+ (acidic) or MnO2 (basic)
H2O2, other peroxides	Various including oxides, H2O

Potassium chlorate

See also

• Reducing agent
• Organic oxidation

The hypochlorite Ion is Cl[[Oxygen O]]− A hypochlorite compound is a Chemical compound containing this group with chlorine in Oxidation A bleach is a Chemical that removes color or whitens often via Oxidation. Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic This discusses some chlorine compounds Chlorite is also a type of mineral see Chlorite group. The chlorate anion has the formula ClO3− In this case the Chlorine atom is in the +5 Oxidation state. Perchlorates are the salts derived from Perchloric acid ( H[[chlorine Cl]] O4) Ceric ammonium nitrate, or in lab jargon "CAN" is the Chemical compound with the formula ( NH4)2Ce(NO36 Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 Chromic acid generally refers to a collection of compounds generated by the acidification of solutions containing Chromate and Dichromate anions or the Pyridinium chlorochromate is a reddish orange solid reagent used to Oxidize primary Alcohols to Aldehydes and secondary Alcohols to Ketones Chromates and dichromates are Salts of Chromic acid and dichromic acid respectively A peroxide is a compound containing an Oxygen -oxygen single bond. Tollens' reagent is usually ammoniacal silver nitrate but can also be other compounds as long as there is an aqueous diamminesilver(I complex. The Swern oxidation, named after Daniel Swern, is a Chemical reaction whereby a primary or secondary Alcohol is oxidized to an Aldehyde Peroxymonosulfuric acid, also known as persulfuric acid, peroxysulfuric acid, or as Caro's acid, is H2SO5 a colorless solid melting OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. Osmium tetroxide is the Chemical compound with the formula OsO4 Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. Ozonolysis is the cleavage of an Alkene or Alkyne with Ozone to form Organic compounds in which the multiple Carbon-carbon bond has Fluorine, fluorum meaning "to flow" is the Chemical element with the symbol F and Atomic number 9 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic The hypochlorite Ion is Cl[[Oxygen O]]− A hypochlorite compound is a Chemical compound containing this group with chlorine in Oxidation The chlorate anion has the formula ClO3− In this case the Chlorine atom is in the +5 Oxidation state. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula N[[Oxygen O]] Nitrogen dioxide is the Chemical compound with the formula N[[Oxygen O]]2 The acid Anhydride of Chromic acid, CrO3 is chromium trioxide or chromium(VI oxide; industrially this compound is sometimes sold as " Chromates and dichromates are Salts of Chromic acid and dichromic acid respectively Chromates and dichromates are Salts of Chromic acid and dichromic acid respectively The manganate ion is MnO42− and a manganate is any compound that contains the MnO42− group A peroxide is a compound containing an Oxygen -oxygen single bond. A reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is the element or a compound in a Redox (reduction-oxidation reaction (see Electrochemistry Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are Redox reactions that take place with Organic compounds In Organic

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