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An oxide is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom as well as at least one other element. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides. In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon Oxides result when elements are oxidized by oxygen in air. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Combustion of hydrocarbons affords the two principal oxides of carbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Even materials that are considered to be pure elements often contain a coating of oxides. For example, aluminium foil has a thin skin of Al2O3 that protects the foil from further corrosion. WikipediaManual of Style#National varieties of English --> Aluminium foil (known Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings

Virtually all elements burn in an atmosphere of oxygen. In the presence of water and oxygen (or simply air), some elements - lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, strontium and barium - react rapidly, even dangerously to give the hydroxides. Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Rubidium (ruːˈbɪdiəm /rəˈbɪdiəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Rb and Atomic number 37 Caesium or cesium (ˈsiːziəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Cs and Atomic number 55 Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 Barium (ˈbɛəriəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and Atomic number 56 In part for this reason, alkali and alkaline earth metals are not found in nature in their metallic, i. e. , native, form. Caesium is so reactive with oxygen that it is used as a getter in vacuum tubes, and solutions of potassium and sodium, so called NaK are used to deoxygenate and dehydrate some organic solvents. Getters are reactive materials used for removing traces of gas from vacuum systems This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall. NaK (næk rhyming with "sack" is an alloy of Sodium (Na and Potassium (K and particularly one that is liquid at room temperatures The surface of most metals consist of oxides and hydroxides in the presence of air. A well known example is aluminium foil, which is coated with a thin film of aluminium oxide that passivates the metal, slowing further corrosion. WikipediaManual of Style#National varieties of English --> Aluminium foil (known Passivation is the process of making a material "passive" in relation to another material prior to using the materials together Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings The aluminium oxide layer can be built to greater thickness by the process of electrolytic anodising. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current Anodizing, or anodising, is an electrolytic Passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural Oxide layer on the surface of metal Although solid magnesium and aluminium react slowly with oxygen at STP, they, like most metals, will burn in air, generating very high temperatures. In Physical sciences standard conditions for temperature and pressure are Standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to allow comparisons to be made As a consequence, finely divided powders of most metals can be dangerously explosive in air.

Oxides, such as iron oxide or rust, Fe2O3, form when oxygen combines with other elements
Oxides, such as iron oxide or rust, Fe2O3, form when oxygen combines with other elements

In dry oxygen, iron readily forms iron(II) oxide, but the formation of the hydrated ferric oxides, Fe2O3−2x(OH)x, that mainly comprise rust, typically requires oxygen and water. Altogether there are sixteen known Iron Oxides and oxyhydroxides Rust is a general term for a series of Iron oxides, usually red oxides formed by the reaction of Iron with Oxygen in the presence of water or air Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Iron(II oxide, also known as ferrous oxide, iron oxide/oxidized iron or more commonly rusted The production of free oxygen by photosynthetic bacteria some 3. Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have 5 billion years ago precipitated iron out of solution in the oceans as Fe2O3 in the economically-important iron ore hematite. Precipitation is the formation of a Solid in a Solution during a Chemical reaction. Banded iron formations (also known as banded ironstone formations or BIF s are a distinctive type of rock often found in primordial ( Precambrian) Sedimentary Hematite, also spelt hæmatite, is the Mineral form of Iron(III oxide (Fe2O3 one of several Iron oxides

Due to its electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all elements to give the corresponding oxides. " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between Atoms and Molecules and which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic So-called noble metals (common examples: gold, platinum) resist direct chemical combination with oxygen, and substances like gold(III) oxide must be generated by indirect routes. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Gold(III oxide (Au2O3 is the stablest oxide of gold It is a red-brown thermally unstable solid that decomposes at 160 °C

Contents

Insolubility in water

The oxide ion, O2−, is the conjugate base of the hydroxide ion, OH−, and is encountered in ionic solid such as calcium oxide. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Within the Brønsted - Lowry ( protonic) theory of acids and bases, a conjugate acid is the acid member HX of a pair of two compounds that transform In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen In Chemistry, an ionic compound is a Chemical compound in which Ions are held together in a lattice structure by Ionic bonds Usually the positively Calcium oxide ( CaO) commonly known as burnt lime, lime or quicklime, is a widely used Chemical compound. O2− is unstable in aqueous solution − its affinity for H+ is so great (pKb ~ −22) that it abstracts a proton from a solvent H2O molecule:

O2− + H2O → 2 OH−

Although many anions are stable in aqueous solution, ionic oxides are not. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances The proton ( Greek πρῶτον / proton "first" is a Subatomic particle with an Electric charge of one positive An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge For example, sodium chloride dissolves readily in water to give a solution containing the constituent ions, Na+ and Cl−. For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Oxides do not behave like this. If an ionic oxide dissolves, the O2− ions become protonated. Although calcium oxide, CaO, is said to "dissolve" in water, the products include hydroxide:

CaO + H2O → Ca2+ + 2 OH−

In fact, no monoatomic dianion is known to dissolve in water - all are so basic that they undergo hydrolysis. Calcium oxide ( CaO) commonly known as burnt lime, lime or quicklime, is a widely used Chemical compound. In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions Concentrations of oxide ion in water are too low to be detectable with current technology.

Authentic soluble oxides do exist, but they release oxyanions, not O2−. An oxyanion or oxoanion is a negatively charged Polyatomic ion that contains Oxygen. Well known soluble salts of oxyanions include sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and sodium nitrate (NaNO3). Sodium sulfate is the Sodium salt of Sulfuric acid Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4

Nomenclature

In the 18th century, oxides were named calxes or calces after the calcination process used to produce oxides. Calcination (also referred to as calcining) is a thermal treatment process applied to ores and other solid materials in order to bring about a Thermal decomposition Calx was later replaced by oxyd.

Oxides are usually named after the number of oxygen atoms in the oxide. Oxides containing only one oxygen are called oxides or monoxides, those containing two oxygen atoms are dioxides, three oxygen atoms makes it a trioxide, four oxygen atoms are tetroxides, and so on following the Greek numerical prefixes. Numerical prefixes are usually derived from the words for numbers in various languages most commonly Greek and Latin, although this is not always the case Numerical prefixes are usually derived from the words for numbers in various languages most commonly Greek and Latin, although this is not always the case Numerical prefixes are usually derived from the words for numbers in various languages most commonly Greek and Latin, although this is not always the case Numerical prefixes are usually derived from the words for numbers in various languages most commonly Greek and Latin, although this is not always the case Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Numerical prefixes are usually derived from the words for numbers in various languages most commonly Greek and Latin, although this is not always the case In the older literature and continuing in industry, oxides are named by contracting the element name with "a. " Hence alumina, magnesia, chromia, are, respectively, Al2O3, MgO, Cr2O3.

Two other types of oxide are peroxide, O22−, and superoxide, O2−. A peroxide is a compound containing an Oxygen -oxygen single bond. Superoxide is the Anion O2&minus It is important as the product of the one-electron reduction of Dioxygen, which occurs widely in nature In such species, oxygen is assigned higher oxidation states than oxide. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound.

Types of oxides

Oxides of more electropositive elements tend to be basic. Electropositivity is a measure of an element's ability to donate Electrons, and therefore form positive Ions. They are called basic anhydrides; adding water, they may form basic hydroxides. In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen For example, sodium oxide is basic; when hydrated, it forms sodium hydroxide. Sodium oxide is a Chemical compound with the formula Na 2 O. It is used in Ceramics and Glasses Treatment with water Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature

Oxides of more electronegative elements tend to be acidic. " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons They are called acid anhydrides; adding water, they form oxoacids. An oxoacid is an Acid which contains Oxygen. More specifically it is an acid which contains oxygen contains at least one other element For example, dichlorine heptoxide is acid; perchloric acid is a more hydrated form. Dichlorine heptoxide is the Chemical compound with the formula Cl2O7 Perchloric acid, HClO4 is an Oxoacid of Chlorine and is a colorless liquid soluble in water.

Some oxides can act as both acid and base at different times. They are amphoteric. An example is aluminium oxide. Some oxides do not show behavior as either acid or base.

The oxides of the chemical elements in their highest oxidation state are predictable and the chemical formula can be derived from the number of valence electrons for that element. A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes In chemistry valence electrons are the Electrons contained in the outermost or valence, Electron shell of an Atom. Even the chemical formula of O4, tetraoxygen, is predictable as a group 16 element. O4 is also a subclass of O- class stars. The tetraoxygen molecule (O4 also called oxozone was first predicted in 1924 by See also Gold chalcogenides Periodic table One exception is copper for which the highest oxidation state oxide is copper(II) oxide and not copper(I) oxide. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Copper(II oxide or cupric oxide (CuO is the higher Oxide of Copper. Copper(I oxide or cuprous oxide (Cu2O is an Oxide of Copper. It is Insoluble in water and organic Solvents. Another exception is fluoride that does not exist as expected as F2O7 but as OF2 with the least electronegative element given priority. Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides Oxygen difluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula OF2 " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons [1]. Phosphorus pentoxide, the third exception is not properly represented by the chemical formula P2O5 but by P4O10

List of all known oxides sorted by oxidation state

See also

References

  1. ^ Fully Exploiting the Potential of the Periodic Table through Pattern Recognition Schultz, Emeric. J. Chem. Educ. 2005 82 1649.

Dictionary

oxide

-noun

  1. (chemistry) A binary chemical compound of oxygen with another chemical element.
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