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fisheries
sustainablity
sustainable yield
maximum yield
optimum yield
population
seafood
environment
conservation
protected areas
debris
pollution
end of the line
commons tragedy
stewardship
activism
monitoring
fishing quota
fishing
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Graph showing shark catch from 1950 to 2006. Overfishing of sharks has led to the upset of entire marine ecosystems.[1]
Graph showing shark catch from 1950 to 2006. For the fishing industry and the practice of fishing see Fishing. The sustainable yield of Natural capital is the Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself i In Population ecology and Economics, maximum sustainable yield or MSY is theoretically the largest yield/catch that can be taken from a species' stock In Population ecology and Economics, optimum sustainable yield is the level of effort ( LOE) that maximizes the difference between total revenue and total A Fishery is an area with an associated Fish or Aquatic population which is harvested for its commercial or recreational value Sustainable seafood is Seafood from either fished or farmed sources that can maintain or increase production in the future without jeopardizing the Ecosystems from which it was The environmental effects of fishing can be divided into issues that involve the availability of fish to be caught such as Overfishing, Sustainable fisheries, and Marine conservation, also known as marine resources conservation, is the protection and preservation of Ecosystems in Oceans and Seas Marine conservation Marine Protected Area (MPA is often used as an umbrella term covering a wide range of marine areas with some level of restriction to protect living non-living cultural and/or historic Marine pollution is the harmful effect caused by the entry into the ocean of chemicals particles, or Plastic debris. The End of The Line How Overfishing Is Changing the World And What We Eat is a book by Charles Clover (an award-winning journalist about the topic of The Tragedy of the Commons is the title of an influential article written by Garrett Hardin, first published in the journal Science in 1968. The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC is an independent Non-profit organization that has established a global environmental standard for sustainable and well-managed Fisheries Marine conservation activism refers to the efforts of Non-governmental organizations and individuals to bring about social and political change in the area of Marine Monitoring control and surveillance (MCS, in the context of fisheries is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO of the United Nations as a broadening Individual fishing quotas (popularly abbreviated to IFQ) are one kind of catch share a means by which many governments have tried to regulate fishing For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Overfishing of sharks has led to the upset of entire marine ecosystems. [1]

Overfishing occurs when fishing activities reduce fish stocks below an acceptable level. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. This can occur in any body of water from a pond to the oceans.

Ultimately overfishing may lead to resource depletion in cases of subsidised fishing, low biological growth rates and critical low biomass levels (e. Resource depletion is an economic term referring to the exhaustion of raw materials within a region g. by critical depensation growth properties). In Population dynamics, depensation is the effect on a Population (or stock) whereby due to certain causes a decrease in the breeding population (mature

The ability of the fisheries to naturally recover also depends on whether the conditions of the ecosystems are suitable for population growth. For the fishing industry and the practice of fishing see Fishing. An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical ( Dramatic changes in species composition may establish other equilibrium energy flows that involve other species compositions than had been present before (ecosystem shift). (For example: remove nearly all the trout, the carp take over and make it near impossible for the trout to re-establish a breeding population. )

Contents

Acceptable levels

The notion of overfishing hinges on what is meant by an acceptable level of fishing. More precise biological and bioeconomic terms define acceptable level as follows:

The Traffic Light colour convention, showing the concept of Harvest Control Rule (HCR), specifying when a rebuilding plan is mandatory in terms of precautionary and limit reference points for spawning biomass and fishing mortality rate.
The Traffic Light colour convention, showing the concept of Harvest Control Rule (HCR), specifying when a rebuilding plan is mandatory in terms of precautionary and limit reference points for spawning biomass and fishing mortality rate. The precautionary principle is a moral and political principle which states that if an action or policy might cause severe or irreversible harm to the public or to the environment in the Spawning is the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water Biomass refers to living and recently dead Biological material that can be used as fuel or for industrial production Mortality rate is a measure of the number of Deaths (in general or due to a specific cause in some population scaled to the size of that population per unit time

Harvest Control Rule

A current model for predicting acceptable levels is the Harvest Control Rule (HCR). The HCR is a variable over which management has some direct control as a function of some indicator of stock status. Constant catch and constant fishing mortality are two types of simple harvest control rules. [1]

Input-output models

Fishing capacity can also be defined following an input or an output orientation.

Technical efficiency of each vessel of the fleet is assumed necessary to attain this maximum catch. The degree of capacity utilization results from the comparison of the actual level of output (input) and the capacity output (input) of a vessel or a fleet. Capacity Utilization measures the rate at which a firm makes use of their capital productive capacities such as factories and machinery

Fish production and demand

A major international scientific study released in November 2006 in the journal Science found that about one-third of all fishing stocks worldwide have collapsed (with a collapse being defined as a decline to less than 10% of their maximum observed abundance), and that if current trends continue all fish stocks worldwide will collapse within fifty years. Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific [2]

The FAO State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004 report estimates that in 2003, of the main fish stocks or groups of resources for which assessment information is available, "approximately one-quarter were overexploited, depleted or recovering from depletion (16%, 7% and 1% respectively) and needed rebuilding. "[3]

The threat of overfishing is not limited to the target species only. As trawlers resort to deeper and deeper waters to fill their nets, they have begun to threaten delicate deep-sea ecosystems and the fish that inhabit them, such as the coelacanth. Any water in the sea that is not close to the bottom is in the pelagic zone. Coelacanth (ˈsiːləkænθ adaptation of Modern Latin Cœlacanthus > cœl-us + acanth-us from Greek κοῖλ-ος + ἄκανθ-α) is the common name for [4] In the May 15, 2003 issue of the journal Nature, it is estimated that 10% of large predatory fish remain compared to levels before commercial fishing. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 [5] Many fisheries experts, however, consider this claim to be exaggerated with respect to tuna populations [6].

From 1950 (18 million tonnes) to 1969 (56 million tonnes) fishfood production grew by about 5% each year; from 1969 onward production has raised 8% annually. [7] It is expected that this demand will continue to rise, and MariCulture Systems estimated in 2002 that, by 2010, seafood production would have to increase by over 15. Seafood is any Sea Animal or Seaweed that is served as Food, or is suitable for eating particularly saltwater animals such 5 million tonnes to meet the desire of Earth's growing population. [8] This is likely to further aggravate the problem of overfishing, unless aquaculture technology expands to meet the needs of human population.

Overfishing has depleted fish populations to the point that large scale commercial fishing, on average around the world, is not economically viable without government assistance. In Economics, a subsidy (also known as a subvention is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector By the 1980s, economists estimated that for every $1 earned fishing, $1. 77 had to be spent in catching and marketing the fish. [9] Some species' stocks are so depleted that consumers are often unlikely to get what they think they are purchasing, due to a phenomenon called "species substitutions," where less desirable species are labeled and marketed under the names of more expensive ones. For example, genetic analysis shows that approximately 70% of fish sold as the highly-prized "red snapper" (Lutjanus campechanus) are other species. The red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, is a Reef fish found off the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of The Americas and the [10]

Mitigation

With present and forecast levels of the world population it is not possible to solve the overfishing issue; however, there are mitigation measures that can save selected fisheries and forestall the collapse of others.

In order to meet the problems of overfishing, a precautionary approach and Harvest Control Rule (HCR) management principles have been introduced in the main fisheries around the world. The Traffic Light colour convention introduces sets of rules based on predefined critical values, which could be adjusted as more information is gained.

The "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea" treaty deals with aspects of overfishing in articles 61, 62, and 65. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS) also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty is the international agreement that resulted [11]

Overfishing can be viewed as a case of the tragedy of the commons; in that sense, solutions would promote property rights, such as privatization and fish farming. The Tragedy of the Commons is the title of an influential article written by Garrett Hardin, first published in the journal Science in 1968. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business Fish farming is the principal form of Aquaculture, while other methods may fall under Mariculture. Daniel K. Benjamin, in Fisheries are Classic Example of the "Tragedy of the Commons", cites research by Grafton, Squires, and Fox to support the idea that privatization can solve the overfishing problem[12]:

According to recent research on the British Columbia halibut fishery, where the commons has been at least partly privatized, substantial ecological and economic benefits have resulted. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C A halibut is a type of Flatfish There is less damage to fish stocks, the fishing is safer, and fewer resources are needed to achieve a given harvest.

Another possible solution, at least for some areas, is fishing quotas, so fishermen can only legally take a certain amount of fish. A more radical possibility is declaring certain areas of the sea "no-go zones" and make fishing there strictly illegal, so the fish in that area have time to recover and repopulate.

Controlling consumer behavior and demand is a key in mitigating action. Worldwide a number of initiatives emerged to provide consumers with information regarding the conservation status of the seafood available to them. The Guide to Good Fish Guides lists a number of these.

Marine Stewardship Council

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is an independent, global, non-profit organization which was set up in 1997 to find a solution to the problem of overfishing. The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC is an independent Non-profit organization that has established a global environmental standard for sustainable and well-managed Fisheries A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage It has developed an environmental standard for sustainable and well-managed fisheries. For the fishing industry and the practice of fishing see Fishing. Environmentally responsible fisheries management and practices are rewarded with the use of its blue product ecolabel. Fisheries management is today often referred to as a governmental system of management rules based on defined objectives and a mix of management means to implement the rules which is put Ecolabel is a labelling system for consumer products (excluding foods and medicine that are made in a fashion that avoids detrimental effects on the environment Consumers concerned about overfishing and its consequences are increasingly able to choose seafood products which have been independently assessed against the MSC's environmental standard and labeled to prove it. This enables consumers to play a part in reversing the decline of fish stocks. Fish stocks are subpopulations of a particular Species of Fish, for which intrinsic parameters (growth recruitment mortality and fishing mortality are As of March 2008, 26 fisheries around the world have been independently assessed and certified as meeting the MSC standard, and a further 68 are in assessment against the standard. For the fishing industry and the practice of fishing see Fishing. There are over 1,400 seafood products sold by retailers in 36 countries around the world. Their `where to buy' page lists all currently available certified seafood.

Fish & Kids is an MSC project to teach schoolchildren about marine environmental issues, including overfishing.

Instances of overfishing

Examples of the outcomes from overfishing exist in areas such as the North Sea of Europe and the Grand Banks off the east coast of North America. The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. In these locations, overfishing has not only proved disastrous to fish stocks but also to the fishing communities relying on the harvest. Like other extractive industries such as forestry and hunting, fishery is susceptible to economic interaction between ownership or stewardship and sustainability, otherwise known as the tragedy of the commons. The Tragedy of the Commons is the title of an influential article written by Garrett Hardin, first published in the journal Science in 1968.

The Peruvian coastal anchovy fisheries crashed in the 1970s after overfishing, following an El Niño season [13] which largely depleted anchovies from its waters. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Peruvian anchoveta ( Engraulis ringens) is a Fish of the Anchovy family Engraulidae. El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO; commonly referred to as simply El Niño) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon [14][15] Anchovies had previously been a major natural resource in Peru; indeed, 1971 alone yielded 10. 2 million metric tons of anchovies. However, in the following year, and the four after that, the Peruvian fleet's catch amounted to only about 4 million tons. [7] This was a major loss to Peru's economy.

The collapse of the cod fishery off Newfoundland, and the 1992 decision by Canada to impose an indefinite moratorium on the Grand Banks, is a dramatic example of the consequences of overfishing. Cod is the common name for the Genus Gadus of Fish, belonging to the family Gadidae, and is also used in the common name of a variety Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page [2]

The sole (Solea solea) fisheries in the Irish Sea, the west English Channel, and other locations have become overfished to the point of virtual collapse, according to the UK government's official Biodiversity Action Plan. The common sole or Dover sole, Solea solea, is a Species of Fish in the Soleidae family The Irish Sea ( Irish: Muir Éireann or Muir Meann; Scottish Gaelic: Muir Eireann Welsh: Môr Iwerddon, This article is about a conservation biology topic For other uses of BAP see BAP (disambiguation. The United Kingdom has created elements within this plan to attempt to restore this fishery, but the expanding human population and the expanding demand for fish has reached a point where demand for food threatens the stability of these fisheries, if not the species' survival. Overpopulation refers to a condition where an Organism 's numbers exceed the Carrying capacity of its Habitat.

Resistance from fishermen

The fishing capacity problem is not only related to the conservation of fish stocks but also to the sustainability of fishing activity. Fish stocks are subpopulations of a particular Species of Fish, for which intrinsic parameters (growth recruitment mortality and fishing mortality are Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely Causes of the fishing problem can be found in property rights regime of fishing resources. Overexploitation and rent dissipation of fishermen arise in open-access fisheries as was shown in Gordon (1953, 1954). For the fishing industry and the practice of fishing see Fishing.

In open-access resources like fish stocks, the impossibility of excluding others provokes the fishermen who want to increase catch to do so effectively by taking someone else' share, intensifying competition. This provokes a capitalization process that leads them to increase their costs until they are equal to their revenue, dissipating their rent completely.


Benefits of underfishing

Deliberately underfishing in order to increase long term fish stocks has been proposed as a way fisherman can maximize their yields in the long run. [3]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Coad, Brian W and McAllister, Don E (2008)Dictionary of Ichthyology.
  2. ^ ch 11-12. Bottom trawling is Trawling (towing a trawl, which is a Fishing net) along the sea floor Catch and release is a practice within Recreational Fishing intended as a technique of conservation. The environmental effects of fishing can be divided into issues that involve the availability of fish to be caught such as Overfishing, Sustainable fisheries, and A Fishery is an area with an associated Fish or Aquatic population which is harvested for its commercial or recreational value A factory ship, also known as a fish processing vessel, is a large ocean-going vessel with extensive on-board facilities for processing and freezing caught fish Fisheries management is today often referred to as a governmental system of management rules based on defined objectives and a mix of management means to implement the rules which is put Overfishing occurs when Fishing activities reduce fish stocks below an acceptable level Jellyfish are free-swimming members of the phylum Cnidaria. They have several different basic morphologies that represent several different cnidarian classes including the Marine Protected Area (MPA is often used as an umbrella term covering a wide range of marine areas with some level of restriction to protect living non-living cultural and/or historic The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC is an independent Non-profit organization that has established a global environmental standard for sustainable and well-managed Fisheries In Population ecology and Economics, maximum sustainable yield or MSY is theoretically the largest yield/catch that can be taken from a species' stock Resource depletion is an economic term referring to the exhaustion of raw materials within a region Shark fin soup (or shark's fin soup) is a Chinese cuisine Delicacy since Ming Dynasty, commonly served as part of a Chinese feast, Sustainable seafood is Seafood from either fished or farmed sources that can maintain or increase production in the future without jeopardizing the Ecosystems from which it was The Tragedy of the Commons is the title of an influential article written by Garrett Hardin, first published in the journal Science in 1968. World Ocean Day began on 8 June, 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mark Kurlansky (1997). Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker. ISBN 0-8027-1326-2.
  3. ^ Tierney, John (2007-12-06). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev A Win-Win for Fish and Fishermen. The New York Times.
  1. ^  "'Only 50 years left' for sea fish", BBC News. 2 November 2006.
  2. ^  "The Status of the Fishing Fleet," The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: 2004.
  3. ^  "Dinosaur fish pushed to the brink by deep-sea trawlers", The Observer Newspaper, 2006.
  4. ^  "Rapid Worldwide Depletion of Predatory Fish Communities," Nature. 2003.
  5. ^  "Decline of Pacific tuna populations exaggerated," Nature 434:E1-E2, 28 April 2005.
  6. ^  "World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture," The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: 2000.
  7. ^  Text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Part V
  8. ^  Aquaculture, MariCulture Systems. 2004.
  9. ^  Benjamin, Daniel K (2001). "Fisheries are Classic Example of the Tragedy of the Commons," PERC Reports, 19(1).
  10. ^  "Peruvian Anchovy Case: Anchovy Depletion and Trade," Trade and Environment Database, 1999.
  11. ^  "Foreign Assistance Legislation for Fiscal Year 1982," Committee on Foreign Affairs, 1981.
  12. ^  "Peru - Fishing," Federal Research Division of the U. S. Library of Congress.
  13. ^  "Shark Declines Threaten Shellfish Stocks, Study Says", National Geographic News. 29 March 2007.
  14. ^  "Scientists Find 75 Percent Of Red Snapper Sold In Stores Is Really Some Other Species, Sciencedaily. com. 2004.
  15. ^  Platt McGinn A (1998). "Promoting Sustainable Fisheries," State of the World, pp. 59-78.

References

External links


The Monterey Bay Aquarium, which is located on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row in Monterey California, is one of the largest Aquariums

Dictionary

overfishing

-verb

  1. Present participle of overfish.

-noun

  1. fishing that reduces the stock of remaining fish in an area to below that which is acceptable
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