An oven is an enclosed compartment for heating, baking or drying. Baking is the technique of prolonged Cooking of Food by dry heat acting by conduction, and not by radiation, normally in an Oven, Drying is a Mass transfer process resulting in the removal of water Moisture or moisture from another Solvent, by Evaporation from a Solid It is most commonly used in cooking and pottery. Cooking is the process of preparing Food by applying Heat, selecting measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware Two common kinds of modern ovens are gas ovens and electric ovens. Ovens used in pottery are also known as kilns. Kilns are thermally insulated chambers or Ovens in which controlled temperature regimes are produced An oven used for heating or for industrial processes is called a furnace or industrial oven. A furnace is a device used for Heating The name derives from Latin fornax, Oven. Industrial ovens are heated chambers used for a variety of industrial applications including Drying, Curing, or Baking components parts or final

Contents 1 History 2 Cooking 3 Industrial, scientific, and artisanal use 4 See also 5 External links

History

Settlements across the Indus Valley Civilization were the first to have an oven within each mud-brick house by 3200 BC. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin Events c 3150 BC — According to the legend Narmer ( First Dynasty) started to rule in Ancient Egypt. [1]

culinary historians credit the Greeks for developing bread baking into an art. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. Proper front-loaded bread ovens originated in Ancient Greece. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Greeks created a wide variety of doughs, loaf shapes and styles of serving bread with other foods. Dough is a paste made out of any Cereals (grains or leguminous crops by mixing the Flour with a small amount of Water. Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. Baking developed as a trade and profession as bread increasingly was prepared outside of the family home by specially trained workers to be sold to the public. This is one of the oldest forms of professional food processing. Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw Ingredients into Food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by

The Greeks also pioneered sweetbreads, fritters, puddings, cheesecakes, pastries, and even wedding cakes. Sweetbreads are the thymus glands of lamb, Beef, or Pork. There are two different connected Glands one set in the neck and the A fritter is any kind of food coated in batter and Deep fried. Pudding most often refers to a Dessert, but can also be a savory dish Cheesecake is a large family of sweet Cheese -based Custard pies Cheesecakes are generally made with soft fresh cheeses This article describes Pastry in food For the Distributed Hash Table system see Pastry_(DHT. A wedding cake is the traditional Cake served to the guests at a Wedding reception (or in parts of England at a Wedding breakfast) after Often prepared in symbolic shapes, these products were originally served during special occasions and ceremonies. By 300 AD, the Greeks had developed over seventy different kinds of bread. Events By place Roman Empire The Franks penetrate into what is now northern Belgium (approximate date

Cooking

In cooking, the conventional oven is a kitchen appliance and is used for roasting and heating. For the Banana Yashimoto novel see Kitchen (novel A kitchen, is a room or part of a room (sometimes called "kitchen Food normally cooked in this manner includes meat, casseroles and baked goods such as bread, cake and other desserts. In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer A casserole, from the French for "saucepan" is a large deep pot or dish used both in the Oven and as a serving dish Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. Cake is a form of Food that is usually sweet and often baked. Dessert is a course that typically comes at the end of a meal usually consisting of sweet Food but sometimes of a strongly-flavored one such as some Cheeses The

In the past, cooking ovens were fueled by wood or coal. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Modern ovens are fueled by gas or electricity. Fuel gas can refer to any of several gases burned to produce Thermal energy. When an oven is contained in a complete stove, the burners on the top of the stove may use the same or different fuel than the oven. A stove is an enclosed heated space The term is commonly taken to mean an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating either to heat the space in which the stove is situated

Ovens usually can use a variety of methods to cook. The most common may be to heat the oven from below. This is commonly used for baking and roasting. The oven may also be able to heat from the top to provide broiling. For the device used to cook see Grill (cooking, for other uses see Grill. In order to provide faster, more-even cooking, convection ovens use a small fan to blow hot air around the cooking chamber. Convection ovens or fan ovens or turbo ovens augment a traditional Oven by circulating heated air using a fan. An oven may also provide an integrated rotisserie. Rotisserie is a style of Roasting where meat is Skewered on a spit - a long solid rod used to hold food while it is being cooked over a fire in a

Steam ovens introduce water (in the form of steam) into the cooking chamber. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Uses A Steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a Piston or Turbine to perform Mechanical work. This can aid the formation of a crisp crust on baked goods and prevent the drying-out of fish and casseroles. The degree of humidity is usually selectable among at least several steps. Some steam ovens use water carried to the oven by the user in a container; others are permanently connected to the building plumbing. Plumbing, from the Latin plumbum for Lead, is the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and Plumbing fixtures for

More modern ovens, such as General Electric's Trivection oven, may also provide combined thermal and microwave cooking. The Trivection oven is a Convection microwave created by General Electric, which combines radiant Heat, Convection and Microwaves for A microwave oven, or a microwave, is a Kitchen appliance that cooks or heats Food by Dielectric heating. This can greatly speed the cooking of certain types of food while maintaining the traditional characteristics of oven cooking such as browning. The Maillard reaction is a Chemical reaction between an Amino acid and a Reducing sugar, usually requiring Heat.

Ovens also vary in the way that they are controlled. The simplest ovens (for example, the AGA cooker) may not have any controls at all; the several ovens simply run continuously at various temperatures. The AGA cooker is a stored-heat Stove and cooker invented in 1922 by the Nobel Prize -winning Swedish physicist Dr More-conventional ovens have a simple thermostat: this both turns the oven on and off and selects the temperature at which it will operate. A thermostat is a device for regulating the Temperature of a System so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired setpoint Set to the highest setting, this may also enable the broiler element. A timer may allow the oven to be turned on and off automatically at pre-set times. A timer is a specialized type of Clock. A timer can be used to control the sequence of an event or process More-sophisticated ovens may have complex, computer-based controls allowing a wide variety of operating modes and special features including the use of a temperature probe to automatically shut the oven off when the food is completely cooked to the desired degree. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. A thermistor is a type of Resistor with resistance varying according to its Temperature. Orthodox Jews may purchase ovens whose controls include a sabbath mode automation feature. Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized

Some ovens provide various aids to cleaning. Continuous cleaning ovens have the oven chamber coated with a catalytic surface that helps break down (oxidize) food splatters and spills over time. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Self cleaning ovens use pyrolytic decomposition (extreme heat) to oxidize dirt. Pyrolysis is the Chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of Oxygen or any other reagents except possibly Steam Steam ovens may provide a wet-soak cycle to loosen dirt, allowing easier manual removal. In the absence of any special methods, chemical oven cleaners are sometimes used or just old-fashioned scrubbing. Elbow grease is an old term for working hard at Manual labour or trades as in "put some elbow grease into that"

Industrial, scientific, and artisanal use

Outside the culinary world, ovens are used for a number of purposes.

• A furnace is used either to provide heat to a building or used to melt substances such as glass or metal for further processing. A furnace is a device used for Heating The name derives from Latin fornax, Oven. A blast furnace is a particular type of furnace generally associated with metal smelting (particularly steel manufacture) using refined coke or similar hot-burning substance as a fuel, with air pumped in under pressure to increase the temperature of the fire. A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical Furnace used for Smelting to produce metals generally Iron. Chemical reduction, or smelting, is a form of Extractive metallurgy. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Coke may refer to Coke (fuel, a solid carbonaceous residue derived from destructive distillation of coal Petroleum coke, a solid carbon
• A kiln is a high-temperature oven used in ceramics and cement manufacture to convert mineral feedstock (in the form of clay or calcium or aluminum rocks) into a glassier, more solid form. Kilns are thermally insulated chambers or Ovens in which controlled temperature regimes are produced The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type the protolith, in a process called Metamorphism, which means "change Vitrification is a process of converting a material into a Glass -like Amorphous solid that is free from any Crystalline structure either by the quick removal In the case of ceramic kilns, a shaped clay object is the final result, while cement kilns produce a substance called clinker that is crushed to make the final cement product. In the manufacture of Portland cement, clinker is the solid material produced by the Cement kiln stage that has sintered into lumps or nodules typically (Certain types of drying ovens used in food manufacture, especially those used in malting, are also referred to as kilns. Malting is a process applied to Cereal grains in which the grains are made to Germinate by soaking in water and are then quickly halted from germinating further )
• An autoclave is an oven-like device with features similar to a pressure cooker that allows the heating of aqueous solutions to higher temperatures than water's boiling point in order to sterilize the contents of the autoclave. An autoclave is a pressurized device designed to heat aqueous solutions above their Boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure to achieve sterilization
• Industrial ovens are similar to their culinary equivalents, and are used for a number of different applications that do not require the high temperatures of a kiln or furnace. Industrial ovens are heated chambers used for a variety of industrial applications including Drying, Curing, or Baking components parts or final

See also

• AGA cooker
• Convection oven
• Dutch oven
• Earth oven
  • Tandoor
• Furnace
• Gas Mark for adjusting temperatures on gas ovens
• Masonry oven
  • Clome oven
  • Horno
• Microwave oven
• Reflector oven
• Solar oven
• Stove
• Toaster oven
• Wood-fired oven

External links

• How Self Cleaning Ovens Work Article by HowStuffWorks. The AGA cooker is a stored-heat Stove and cooker invented in 1922 by the Nobel Prize -winning Swedish physicist Dr Convection ovens or fan ovens or turbo ovens augment a traditional Oven by circulating heated air using a fan. This article is about the cooking pot A Dutch oven is a thick-walled An earth oven or cooking pit is one of the most simple and long-used Cooking structures thumb|Looking into the mouth of a tandoor A tandoor is a cylindrical clay Oven used in cooking and baking A furnace is a device used for Heating The name derives from Latin fornax, Oven. The Gas Mark is a Temperature scale used on Gas ovens and cookers in the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth of Nations countries A masonry oven, sometimes colloquially known as a brick oven, is an Oven consisting of a baking chamber made of fireproof Brick, Concrete, A clome oven (or cloam oven) is a clay oven with a removable clay door typically found in farm houses in Cornwall and Devon. Horno is a mud Adobe built outdoor Oven used by Native Americans and early settlers of North America A microwave oven, or a microwave, is a Kitchen appliance that cooks or heats Food by Dielectric heating. A reflector oven (sometimes known in older cooking literature as a tin kitchen) is a polished metal container designed to surround an article of food being baked A solar oven or solar cooker is a device which uses Sunlight as its energy source A stove is an enclosed heated space The term is commonly taken to mean an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating either to heat the space in which the stove is situated A toaster is a small electric Kitchen appliance designed to Toast slices of Bread. com
• Ancient Roman Ovens Photos of ovens in Pompeii

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