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For other uses, see Ousia (disambiguation).

Ousia (Οὐσία), is the Ancient Greek noun formed on the feminine present participle for the Greek verb "to be", εἶναι, (such a participle in English, is "being" along with the Greek term ontic). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly In Philosophy, ontic (from the Greek όντος = part It is often translated, perhaps incorrectly, into Latin and English as, substantia and essentia. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The word can also be translated into Latin as accident[1] though this would be in conflict with the understanding of sumbebekos. Since Aristotle uses the term to show that things that are non-being are still things of substance. [2]

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Philosophical and scientific use

Greek philosophers such as Plato and (most importantly) Aristotle used it often in their philosophy; these usages provide the main understanding of its current use, which is mainly in philosophical and theological contexts. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

Aristotle used the term in his creation of phyla for animals in biology. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. A phylum ( Plural: phyla) is a Taxonomic rank between Kingdom and above Class. Aristotle used ousia and hypostasis in the sense that one, hypostasis, would be a general existence or reality, while the other, ousia, would refer to specific individual things or beings.

Martin Heidegger later maintained that the original meaning of the word was lost in its translation to Latin and subsequently to modern languages. Martin Heidegger ( September 26, 1889 &ndash May 26, 1976) (ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈhaɪ̯dɛgɐ was an influential German philosopher For him it meant "Being" and not "substance"; that is, not some other thing or being that "stood"(-stance) "under"(sub-). He also uses the bi-nomial parousia - apousia to mean 'presence' - 'absence' and the term hypostasis to mean existence. In Christianity, the Second Coming is the anticipated return of Jesus Christ from Heaven to earth an event that will fulfill aspects of Messianic

Early religious significance

Origen, (c. Origen ( Greek: Ōrigénēs, or Origen Adamantius, ca 185–ca 182 – c. 251) used it when he said God is one genus of ousia yet three distinct species of hypostasis: namely the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

The Synods of Antioch in 264-268 condemned the term homoousios (same substance) because of its roots in pagan Greek philosophy. Beginning with three Synods convened between 264 and 269 in the matter of Paul of Samosata, more than thirty councils were held in Homoousian (from the Greek όμοιοs meaning same and ουσία meaning essence or being is a technical theological term used in discussion of the The Catholic Encyclopedia article on Paul of Samosata [2] states:

It must be regarded as certain that the council which condemned Paul rejected the term homoousios; but naturally only in a false sense used by Paul; not, it seems because he meant by it a unity of Hypostasis in the Trinity (so St. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia Paul of Samosata (lived from 200 to 275 AD was Bishop of Antioch from 260 to 268 Hilary), but because he intended by it a common substance out of which both Father and Son proceeded, or which it divided between them, — so St. Basil and St. Athanasius; but the question is not clear. The objectors to the Nicene doctrine in the fourth century made copious use of this disapproval of the Nicene word by a famous council.

The Christian debate over Homoousios and Homoiousios

Main articles: Homoousian and Chalcedonian

The First Council of Nicaea in 325 debated the terms homoousios and homoiousios. Homoousian (from the Greek όμοιοs meaning same and ουσία meaning essence or being is a technical theological term used in discussion of the Chalcedonian refers to churches and theologians which accept the definition given at the Council of Chalcedon (451 AD of how the divine and human relate in the person of The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicaea in Bithynia (present-day İznik in Turkey) convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine The word homoousios means "same substance", whereas the word homoiousios means "similar substance". Homoousian (from the Greek όμοιοs meaning same and ουσία meaning essence or being is a technical theological term used in discussion of the The council affirmed the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit (Godhead) are of the homoousious (same substance). The term "Godhead" The term Godhead is a term denoting deity or divinity Many commentators--most notably Walter Gibbon--have noted that the entire controversy hung on a difference of the smallest Greek letter (i, or iota).

The Chalcedonian Creed of 451 stated God is one ousia yet three hypostases. The Confession of Chalcedon (also Definition or Creed of Chalcedon) also known as the "Doctrine of the Hypostatic Union" or the "2-Nature Doctrine"

See also

References

  1. ^ Philosophical Dictionary: Erasmus-Extrinsic
  2. ^ [1]

External links

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