Culture of the Ottoman Empire
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Ottoman architecture is the architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries. The culture of the Ottoman Empire evolved over several centuries as the ruling administration of the Turks absorbed adapted and modified the cultures of conquered The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca or tr ''Osmanlı Türkçesi'' Ottoman Turkish ota-Latn ''lisân-ı Osmânî'' is the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the Ottoman classical music ( Klâsik Türk Mûsikîsi, Sanat Mûsikîsi, Saray Mûsikîsi) developed in palaces mosques and Mevlevi Ottoman cuisine is the cuisine of the Ottoman Empire and its successors in Anatolia, the Balkans, and much of the Middle East. This article deals with the Ottoman Divan poetry tradition For the tradition of folk poetry in the Ottoman Empire see Turkish folk literature. Roughly speaking the prose of the Ottoman Empire can be divided along the lines of two broad periods early Ottoman prose written prior to the 19th century CE and exclusively Ottoman Miniature was an art form in the Ottoman Empire, which can be linked but can not be reduced to the Arab - Persian miniature tradition as well as Yağlı güreş (In English ˈjɑːlə ˈgurεʃ in Turkish ˈjɑːlɯ ˈɟyrεʃ is the Turkish national Sport. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Bursa (historically also known as Prussa, Greek: Προύσα and later as Brusa) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost The architecture of the empire developed from the earlier Seljuk architecture and was heavily influenced by the Iranian, and to a larger extent, Byzantine architecture as well as Islamic Mamluk traditions after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in Architecture in " Greater Iran " has a continuous history from at least 5000BCE to the present with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Syria Byzantine architecture is the Architecture of the Byzantine Empire. Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar ^[1][2][3] For almost 500 years Byzantine architectural artifacts such as the church of Hagia Sophia served as models for many of the Ottoman mosques. Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Αγία Σοφία " Holy Wisdom " Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former patriarchal Basilica, later A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger ^[3] Overall, Ottoman architecture has been described as a synthesis of the architectural traditions of the Mediterranean and the Middle East. ^[4]

The Ottomans achieved the highest level architecture in their lands hence or since. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish They mastered the technique of building vast inner spaces confined by seemingly weightless yet massive domes, and achieving perfect harmony between inner and outer spaces, as well as articulated light and shadow. Articulation, in art and architecture is first of all a joint Islamic religious architecture which until then consisted of simple buildings with extensive decorations, was transformed by the Ottomans through a dynamic architectural vocabulary of vaults, domes, semi domes and columns. A Vault (French voute Italian volta German Gewölbe Polish sklepienie, Spanish The mosque was transformed from being a cramped and dark chamber with arabesque-covered walls into a sanctuary of aesthetic and technical balance, refined elegance and a hint of heavenly transcendence.

Early architecture

Water Fountain in Istanbul, 1878

In their homeland in Central Asia, Turks lived in dome-like tents appropriate to their natural surroundings. These tents later influenced Turkish architecture and ornamental arts. When the Seljuks first arrived in Iran, they encountered an architecture based on old traditions. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Integrating this with elements from their own traditions, the Seljuks produced new types of structures, most notably the "medrese" (moslem theological schools). "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. The first medreses - known as Nizāmīyah - were constructed in the 11th century by the famous minister Nizam al-Mulk, during the time of Alp Arslan and Malik Shah I. For info about rulers of Hyderabad state, see the page Nizam state of Hyderabad. Alp Arslan (1029 &ndash December 15, 1072) was the second sultan of the Seljuk dynasty and great-grandson of Seljuk, the Eponym of Jalāl al-Dawlah Mālikshāh or simply Malik Shah ( Persian: fa ملكشاه Turkish: Melikşah) (died 1092 was the The most important ones are the three government medreses in Nishapur, Tus and Baghdad and the Hargerd Medrese in Khorasan. Nishapur, or Neyshābūr ( is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot Toos (توس or طوس in Persian) also known as Tous or Tus, is an ancient city in the Iranian province of Razavi Khorasan Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Greater Khorasan (خراسان بزرگ (also written Khorasaan, Khurasan and Khurasaan) is a modern term for eastern territories of ancient Persia Another area in which the Seljuks contributed to architecture is that of tomb monument. These can be divided into two types: vaults and large dome-like mausoleums. A Vault (French voute Italian volta German Gewölbe Polish sklepienie, Spanish A mausoleum ( plural: mausolea is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons

The Ribat-e Sharif and the Ribat-e Anushirvan are examples of surviving 12th century Seljuq caravanserais, which offered shelter for travellers. A caravanserai ( kārvānsarā, Turkish kervansaray) was a roadside Inn where travelers could rest and recover from the day's journey Seljuq buildings generally incorporate brick, while the inner and outer walls are decorated in a material made by mixing marble, powder, lime and plaster. In typical buildings of the Anatolian Seljuq period, the major construction material was wood, laid horizontally except along windows and doors where columns were considered more decorative.

Early Ottoman period

Traditional house in Ohrid, Macedonia

Interior of Sultanahmet Mosque, İstanbul

With the establishment of the Ottoman empire, the years 1300-1453 constitute the early or first Ottoman period, when Ottoman art was in search of new ideas. Ohrid (Охрид) is a city on the eastern shore of Lake Ohrid in the Republic of Macedonia. The Republic of Macedonia (Република Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey This period witnessed three types of mosques: tiered, single-domed and subline-angled mosques. The Hacı Özbek Mosque (1333) in İznik, the first important center of Ottoman art, is the first example of an Ottoman single-domed mosque.

Bursa Period (1299-1437)

The domed architectural style evolved from Bursa and Edirne. The Holy Mosque in Bursa was the first Seljuk mosque to be converted into a domed one. Edirne was the last Ottoman capital before Istanbul, and it is here that we witness the final stages in the architectural development that culminated in the construction of the great mosques of Istanbul. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey The buildings constructed in Istanbul during the period between the capture of the city and the construction of the Istanbul Bayezid II Mosque are also considered works of the early period. The Bayezid II Mosque ( Beyazidye Camii) is an Ottoman imperial Mosque located in the Bayezid Square area of Istanbul, Turkey Among these are the Fatih Mosque (1470), Mahmutpaşa Mosque, the tiled palace and Topkapı Palace. The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı or in Ottoman: طوبكابي بالاذيis a palace in Istanbul, Turkey, which was the official and The Ottomans integrated mosques into the community and added soup kitchens, theological schools, hospitals, Turkish baths and tombs. The Turkish bath (hamam from حمّام) is the Middle Eastern variant of a steam bath, which can be categorized as a wet relative of the

Classical period (1437-1703)

During the classical period mosque plans changed to include inner and outer courtyards. The inner courtyard and the mosque were inseparable. The master architect of the classical period, Mimar Sinan, was born in 1492 in Kayseri and died in Istanbul in the year 1588. Koca Mi‘mār Sinān Āġā ( Ottoman Turkish: خوجه معمار سنان آغا ( April 15, 1489 - April 09, Kayseri ( Ottoman Turkish:قیصریه Greek: Καισάρεια / Kaisareia: Latin: Caesarea Mazaca Zazaish Sinan started a new era in world architecture, creating 334 buildings in various cities. Mimar Sinan's first important work was the Şehzade Mosque completed in 1548. The Şehzade Mosque ( Şehzade Camii) is an Ottoman imperial Mosque located on the third hill of Istanbul, Turkey. His second significant work was the Süleymaniye Mosque and the surrounding complex, built for Suleiman the Magnificent. The Süleymaniye Mosque ( Süleymaniye Camii) is an Ottoman imperial Mosque located on the Third Hill of Istanbul, Turkey. Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne was built during the years 1568-74, when Sinan was in his prime as an architect. The Selimiye Mosque ( Turkish: Selimiye Camii) is a Mosque in the city of Edirne, Turkey. Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost The Rüstempaşa, Mihriman Sultan, Ibrahimpasa Mosques and the Şehzade, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman, Roxelana and Selim II mausoleums are among Sinan's most renowned works. Roxelana (c 1510 - April 18, 1558) was the only legal wife of Süleyman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire. Selim II ( Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثانى Selīm-i sānī, Turkish: II Most classical period design used the Byzantine architecture of the neighboring Balkans as its base, and from there, ethnic elements were added creating a different architectural style. Byzantine architecture is the Architecture of the Byzantine Empire.

Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, aside from Turkey, can also be seen in the Balkans, Hungary, Egypt, Tunisia and Algiers, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest

Westernization period

A view from in of traditional Turkish houses-Lewis, John Frederick, 1805-1875, British painter

During the reign of Ahmed III (1703-1730) and under the impetus of his grand vizier İbrahim Paşa, a period of peace ensued. Ahmed III ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث Aḥmed-i sālis) ( December 30, 1673 &mdash July Due to its relations with France, Ottoman architecture began to be influenced by the Baroque and Rococo styles that were popular in Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Rococo is a style of 18th century French art and Interior design. The Baroque style is noted as first being developed by Seljuk Turks, according to a number of academics. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in ^[5][6] Examples of the creation of this art form can be witnessed in Divriği hospital and mosque a UNESCO world heritage site, Sivas Çifteminare, Konya İnce Minare museum and many more. Divriği is a town and a district of Sivas Province of Turkey. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Sivas (the late-Classical and Medieval Sebastia, sometimes spelt Sebastea or Sebasteia, Greek: Σεβάστεια, Armenian Konya ( قونیه; also Koniah, Konieh, Konia, and Qunia; historically also known as Iconium ( Latin Ince Minaret Medrese ( literally the medrese with the fine Minaret) is a 13th century Medrese ( school) located in Konya It is often called the Seljuk Baroque portal. From here it emerged again in Italy, and later grew in popularity among the Turks during the Ottoman era. Various visitors and envoys were sent to European cities, especially to Paris, to experience the contemporary European customs and life. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The decorative elements of the European Baroque and Rococo influenced even the religious Ottoman architecture. On the other hand, Mellin, a French architect, was invited by a sister of Sultan Selim III to Istanbul and depicted the Bosphorus shores and the pleasure mansions (Yalı's) placed next to the sea. Mellin is a municipality in the district of Altmarkkreis Salzwedel in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. A yalı ( Turkish: yalı, from Greek yiáli γιαλή (mod γιαλός) literally "seashore beach" During a thirty-year period known as the Tulip Period, all eyes were turned to the West, and instead of monumental and classical works, villas and pavilions were built around Istanbul. However, it was about this time when the construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace in Eastern Anatolia was going on, (1685-1784). For the Atakapas Ishak indians see Atakapa. Ishak Pasha Palace ( Turkish: İshak Paşa Sarayı; Kurdish

Tulip Period (1703-1757)

Beginning with this period, the upper class and the elites in the Ottoman empire started to use the open and public areas frequently. The traditional, introverted manner of the society began to change. Fountains and waterside residences such as Aynalıkavak Kasrı became popular. A water canal (other name is Cetvel-i Sim), a picnic area (Kağıthane) were established as recreational area. Kağıthane is a Working class District of the city of İstanbul, Turkey in a valley inland from the upmarket Etiler. Although the tulip age ended with the Patrona Halil uprising, it became a model for attitudes of westernization. Patrona Halil İsyanı (d November 25, 1730) an Albanian and attendant in a Hammam in the Ottoman capital of Istanbul During the years 1720-1890, Ottoman architecture deviated from the principals of classical times. With Ahmed III’s death, Mahmud I took the throne (1730-1754). Mahmud I (in Arabic محمودالأول ( August 2, 1696 December 13, 1754) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire It was during this period that Baroque-style mosques were starting to be constructed.

Baroque Period (1757-1808)

Ortaköy mosque, Istanbul

Circular, wavy and curved lines are predominant in the structures of this period. Major examples are Nur-u Osmaniye Mosque, Zeynep Sultan Mosque, Laleli Mosque, Fatih Tomb, Laleli Çukurçeşme Inn, Birgi Çakırağa Mansion, Aynali Kavak Summerplace, and Selimiye Barracks. The Zeynep Sultan Mosque (in Turkish Zeynep Sultan Camii) is a mosque built in 1769 by Ayazma Mosque 's architect Mehmet Tahir Ağa The Laleli Mosque (Laleli Camii or Tulip Mosque is an Ottoman imperial Mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. Selimiye Barracks, also known as Scutari Barracks is a Turkish army Barracks located in the Üsküdar district on the Asian part of Mimar Tahir is the important architect of the time.

Empire Period (1808-1876)

Dolmabahce Palace, one of the main palace gates

Nusretiye Mosque, Ortaköy Mosque, Sultan Mahmut Tomb, Galata Lodge of Mevlevi Derviches, Dolmabahçe Palace, Beylerbeyi Palace, Sadullah Pasha Yalı, Kuleli Barracks are the important examples of this style developed parallel with the westernization process. Nusretiye Mosque is a beautiful ornate mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey. Ortaköy Mosque, officially the Büyük Mecidiye Camii (Grand Imperial Mosque of Sultan Abdülmecid) in İstanbul, is situated at the waterside of The Dolmabahçe Palace (Dolmabahçe Sarayı in Istanbul, Turkey, located at the European side of the Bosphorus, served as the main administrative The Beylerbeyi Palace (Beylerbeyi Sarayı is a palace located in Beylerbeyi neighbourhood of Istanbul, Turkey at the Asian side of the Bosphorus A yalı ( Turkish: yalı, from Greek yiáli γιαλή (mod γιαλός) literally "seashore beach" Kuleli Military High School is the first Military high school in Turkey, located in Çengelköy-Kuleli Istanbul. Architects from the Balyan family were the leading ones of the time. The Balyan family is a Dynasty of famous Ottoman imperial Architects of Armenian ethnicity who designed and constructed numerous magnificent

Late period (1876-1922)

Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque, Sheikh Zafir Group of Buildings, Haydarpasha School of Medicine, Duyun-u Umumiye Building, Istanbul Title Deed Office, Large Postoffice Buildings, Laleli Harikzedegan Apartments are the important structures of this period when an eclectic style was dominant. The Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque ( Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Cami) also known as the Aksaray Valide Mosque, is an Ottoman imperial Mosque Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single Paradigm or set of assumptions but instead draws upon multiple theories styles or ideas to R. D'Aronco, A. Vallaury are leading architects of the time. Raimondo Tommaso D’Aronco (1857-1932 was an Italian Architect renowned for his building designs in the style of Art Nouveau. Alexander Vallaury (1850-1921 was a French - Turkish architect who founded architectural education and lectured in the School of Fine Arts in Istanbul,

See also

• Islamic architecture
• Byzantine architecture
• Tekkes. Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction Byzantine architecture is the Architecture of the Byzantine Empire.
• Yalıs
• Külliyes
• Türbes
• Khans
• Çeşmes

Notes

References

• Goodwin G. , "A History of Ottoman Architecture"; Thames & Hudson Ltd. , London, reprinted 2003; ISBN 0-500-27429-0

External links

• Turkish Architecture
• Similarities between Ottoman,Local and Byzantine architecture (PDF)
• Acoustic solutions in classic Ottoman architecture (PDF)
• A varied photo collection of different Ottoman styles and buildings
• Extensive information on Architect Sinan's works in Istanbul