The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Osman I (1258 Sogut, Anatolia, Turkey &ndash1326 Sogut) Ottoman: عثمان بن أرطغرل Turkish: Osman This article is about the Ottoman leader Ertuğrul. For the Ottoman frigate see Ertuğrul (Ottoman frigate. Murad I (nick-named Hüdavendigâr - from Khodāvandgār - "the God-like One" (I Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Before that the tribe/dynasty might have been known as Söğüt but was renamed Osmanlı (Ottoman in English) in honour of Osman. Söğüt is a town and district of Bilecik Province in the Marmara region of Turkey.
The sultan was the sole and absolute regent, head of state and head of government of the empire, at least officially, though often much power shifted de facto to other officials (in principle all his subservient creatures), especially the Grand Vizier, after whose palace the Ottoman government was known as High Porte, the Sultan's own Topkapı Palace being mainly a seraglio, 'harem'. Grand Vizier, in Turkish Sadr-ı Azam ( Sadrazam) or Serdar-ı Ekrem (in Ottoman Turkish: صدر اعظم or وزیر اعظم Ottoman Porte (also Sublime Porte, High Porte, or in Ottoman Turkish, Bab-ı Ali) used to refer to the Divan (court The Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı or in Ottoman: طوبكابي بالاذيis a palace in Istanbul, Turkey, which was the official and A seraglio (also serraglio) is the sequestered living quarters used by wives and Concubines in a Turkish household from an Italian variant of
See the article on state organisation of the Ottoman Empire for further information on the sultan and the structure of power. The Ottoman Empire developed a highly advanced organisation of state over the centuries
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Titles
The Ottoman dynasty is known in Turkish as Osmanlı, meaning "House of Osman". The first rulers of the dynasty never had called themselves sultans, but rather beys, or "chieftain", roughly the Turkic equivalent of Emir, which would itself become a gubernatorial title and even a common military or honorific rank. Bey is a Turkish title for "chieftain" traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups Thus they still formally acknowledged the sovereignty of the contemporary Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and its successor, the Ilkhanate. The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Ил Хан улс Il Khan uls;) was a Mongol Khanate established in
The first Ottoman to actually claim the title of sultân was Murad I, who ruled from 1359 to 1389. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Murad I (nick-named Hüdavendigâr - from Khodāvandgār - "the God-like One" (I The title sultan (سلطان)—in Arabic, was in later Arabic-Islamic dynasties originally the power behind the throne of the Caliph in Bagdad and it was later used for various independent Muslim Monarchs. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings This title was more prestigious then Emir; it was not comparable to the title of Malik 'king' or the originally Persian title of Shah. Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) Malik (ملك) as an Arabic word meaning " king " It has been adopted in various other mainly Asian languages for their ruling princes and to Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages With the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the road was open for the Ottoman state to become an empire, with Sultan Mehmed II taking the title of pâdişah (پادشاه), a Persian title meaning "lord of kings" and roughly equivalent to a Christian emperor as would ultimately be formally established. Padishah, Padshah, Padeshah, Badishah or Badshah ( Persian پادشاه Pādeshāh) is a very prestigious An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of
In addition to such secular titles, the Ottoman sultan became the Caliph of Islam, starting with Selim I, who became khalif after the death of the last Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil III, the last of Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Selim I ( Ottoman: سليم الأول, Turkish: ISelim; also known as "the Grim" or "the Brave" Yavuz in The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Muhammad al-Mutawakkil III (died 1543 (محمد المتوكل على الله reigned 1509 to 1516 and again in 1517 was the last Caliph of the later Egyptian
In Europe, Ottoman padishah was often referred to informally by such terms unrelated to the Ottoman protocol as "the Grand Turk".
The sultans further adopted in time many secondary formal titles as well, such as "Sovereign of the House of Osman", "Sultan of Sultans" (roughly King of Kings), and "Khan of Khans". "Sultan of Sultans" is the literal English translation of the original Turkish Sultan es-Selatin or Sultan us-Selatin.
As the empire grew, sultans adopted secondary titles expressing the empire's claim to be the successor in law of the structures of the absorbed states. Furthermore they tended to enumerate even regular provinces, not unlike the long lists of -mainly inherited- feudal titles in the full style of many Christian European monarchs.
Some early Ottoman Sultans even had to accept the vassal status in the eyes of a foreign kingmaker. For example, Tamerlane appointed in 1402 the Ottoman Sultan (deposed in 1410) Sulayman Chelebi Khan, who was styled as-Sultan ul-Azam, Sayyid us-Saladin ul-Arab wal Ajam, Malik ur-Rikaab ul-Umam, Ghiyas ud-Daula wa ud-Dunya, Sultan ul-Islam was ul-Muslimin, as-Sultan ibni us-Sultan, Hasib-i-Nasib-I-Zaman, Amir of Rumelia. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among For the Lost character please see Sayid Jarrah Sayyid ( ar سيد) (plural Saadah is an Honorific title Rumelia or Rumeli ( Turkish: Rumeli ("Land of the Romans" from Rum: "Greek" "Roman" and El Again his brother, who ended the Interregnum after the defeat of Ottomans to Tamerlane, Mehmed I also held his post with a fief from Tamerlane. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among However the next Ottoman ruler (6th Sultan of House of Osman) was Sultan Murad Khan II (1421 - 1451) took the title 'Abu'l Hayrat, Sultan ul-Mujahidin, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Edirne and Filibe. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or
When Mehmed II conquered Constantinople on May 29, 1453, he claimed the title Emperor of the Roman Empire and protector of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world He appointed the Patriarch of Constantinople Gennadius Scholarius, whom he protected and whose stature he elevated into leader of all the Eastern Orthodox Christians. "Patriarch of Constantinople" redirects here For the institutional church itself see Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Gennadius II (in Greek Γεννάδιος Β' (lay name Georgios Kourtesios Scholarios, in Greek Γεώργιος Κουρτέσιος Σχολάριος The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth As emperor of the Romans he laid claim to all Roman territories, which at the time before the Fall of Constantinople, however, extended to little more than the city itself, plus some areas in Morea (Peloponnese) and the Empire of Trebizond. The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar Morea ( Greek: Μορέας or Μοριάς) was the name of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Middle Ages The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula The Empire of Trebizond ( was a Byzantine Greek successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 as a result of the capture of Constantinople
The conqueror of Constantinople was Sultan Mehmed II Fatih Ghazi 'Abu'l Fath (1451 - 1481, 7th Sovereign of the House of Osman), was still 'simply' styled Kaysar-i-Rum (=Emperor of [Byzantium = the second] Rome, Caesar of Rome), Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, Emperor of the three Cities of Constantinople, Edirne and Bursa, Lord of the two lands and the two seas and the first to adopt the 'imperial' style Padishah.
Around 1500 the full style of naming of the ruling Sultan had become practically stabilised, e. g. in 1601 Sultan Mehmed III was called:
- Sultan Hân N. N. ,
- Padishah,
- Hünkar,
- Hakan ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn;
- Sovereign of the House of Osman, Sultan of Sultans,
- Khan of Khans,
- Commander (Caliph) of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe
- Custodian of the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem
- Caesar of the Roman Empire
- Emperor of The Three Cities of Constantinople, Adrianople and Bursa, and of the Cities of Damascus and Cairo, of all Azerbaijan, of the Magris, of Barka, of Kairouan, of Aleppo, of Arabic Iraq and of Acem, of Basra, of Al-Hasa, of Dilen, of Ar Raqqah, of Mosul, of Parthia, of Diyarbakır, of Cilicia, of the Vilayets of Erzurum, of Sivas, of Adana, of Karaman, Van, of Barbary, of Abyssinia, of Tunisia, of Tripoli, of Damascus, of Cyprus, of Rhodes, of Candia, of the Vilayet of the Morea, of the Marmara Sea, the Black Sea and also its coasts, of Anatolia, of Rumelia, Baghdad, Greece, Turkistan, Tartary, Circassia, of the two regions of Kabarda, of Georgia, of the plain of Kypchak, of the whole country of the Tartars, of Kefe and of all the neighboring countries, of Bosnia and its dependencies, of the City and Fort of Belgrade, of the Vilayet of Serbia, with all the castles, forts and cities, of all Albania, of all Eflak and Bogdania, as well as all the dependencies and borders, and many others countries and cities. Padishah, Padshah, Padeshah, Badishah or Badshah ( Persian پادشاه Pādeshāh) is a very prestigious Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah In Religion, a prophet (or prophetess) is a person who has encountered the Supernatural or the divine and serves as an intermediary The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost Bursa (historically also known as Prussa, Greek: Προύσα and later as Brusa) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Barka (بركاء is a coastal town in the region Al Bāţinah, in northern Oman. Kairouan ( Arabic القيروان (also known as Kirwan, Al Qayrawan) is a Muslim holy city which ranks after Mecca, Medina For other meanings see Aleppo (disambiguation. Halab redirects here for other meanings see Halab (disambiguation. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Äcem Mosque ( Әҗем мәчете also spelled Äcimev's, Azimov's, Azim, Ajim, Ajem or Azimovskaya Mosque Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra This article refers to the traditional region of Al-Hasa For the current Saudi Arabian administrative unit sometimes called Al-Hasa see Al-Ahsa (governorate. Ar-Raqqah ( الرقة, also spelled Rakka) is a city in north central Syria located on the north bank of the Euphrates River, about 160 km For the village in Azerbaijan see Mosul Azerbaijan. Mosul (الموصل Al Mūṣul, Kurdish: Mosul/Ninawa, Musul Parthia ( Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran Diyarbakır (دیاربکر Diyâr-i Bekr 'land of the Bekr ' (from Persian) Kurdish Amed Zazaki language Dêrbekir Syriac Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria A wilāyah (ولاية or vilâyet (in Persian and Ottoman Turkish) is an administrative division usually Theodosiopolis redirects here it is also a name of the ancient city of Apros, Thrace Sivas (the late-Classical and Medieval Sebastia, sometimes spelt Sebastea or Sebasteia, Greek: Σεβάστεια, Armenian Adana (the ancient Antioch in Cilicia or Antioch on the Sarus) is the capital of Adana Province in Turkey. For the village in Azerbaijan see Qaraman. Karaman (formerly Larende) is a town in south central Turkey, located north A van is a kind of vehicle used for Transporting goods or groups of people The Barbary Coast, or Barbary, was the term used by Europeans from the 16th until the 19th century to refer to the middle and western coastal regions of North Africa—what NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Morea ( Greek: Μορέας or Μοριάς) was the name of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Middle Ages The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Rumelia or Rumeli ( Turkish: Rumeli ("Land of the Romans" from Rum: "Greek" "Roman" and El Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Turkestan (literally meaning "Land of the Turks" is a region in Central Asia, which today is largely inhabited by Turkic peoples. Tartary or Great Tartary ( Latin: Tataria or Tataria Magna) was a name used by Europeans from the Middle Ages until the Circassia, also known as Cherkessia in Russian is a region in Caucasia. The Kabardino-Balkar Republic (Кабарди́но-Балка́рская Респу́блика Kabardian: Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр Республикэ Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups Feodosiya ( Ukrainian Феодосія Crimean Tatar Kefe Russian Феодосия is a Port and Resort city in Crimea The Province of Bosnia or Pashaluk of Bosnia was a key Ottoman province the westernmost one mostly based on the territory of the present-day state of Bosnia A dependent territory dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political Independence or Sovereignty as a Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians
Heads of the House of Osman
Pre-Imperial Heads of the House of Osman
| Name | Born-Died | Reign start | Reign end | Relationship |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Süleyman Shah (Bey) | Died 1227 | 1227 | ||
| Ertugrul (Bey) | 1198 - 1281 | 1227 | 1281 | Son of Suleyman Shah |
Imperial heads of the House of Osman (1281-1922)
| Name | Born-Died | Reign start | Reign end | Relationship |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osman I (Bey) | 1258 – 1326 | 1299 | 1326 | Son of Ertugrul |
| Orhan I (Bey) | 1284 – 1359 | 1326 | 1359 | Son of Osman I |
| Murad I | 1326 - 1389 | Bey from 1359, Sultan from 1383 | 28 June 1389 | Son of Orhan I |
| Bayezid I (the Thunderbolt) | 1354 - 1403 | 28 June 1389 | 20 July 1402 | Son of Murat I |
| Ottoman Interregnum | 1402 | 1413 | ||
| Mehmed I (Celebi) | 1389 - 1421 | 1413 | 26 May 1421 | Son of Bayezid I |
| Murad II (first reign) | 1404 - 1451 | 26 May 1421 | August 1444 (abdicated) | Son of Mehmed I |
| Mehmed II (the Conqueror) (first reign) | 1432 - 1481 | August 1444 | 1446 | Son of Murad II |
| Murad II (second reign) | 1404 - 1451 | 1446 | 3 February 1451 | Son of Mehmed I |
| Mehmed II (the Conqueror) (second reign) | 1432 - 1481 | 3 February 1451 | 3 May 1481 | Son of Murad II |
| Bayezid II | 1447/1448 - 1512 | 20 May 1481 | 25 April 1512 (abdicated) | Son of Mehmed II |
| Selim I (the Grim) | 1465 - 1520 | 25 April 1512 (Caliph from 1517) | 22 September 1520 | Son of Bayezid II |
| Suleyman I (the Magnificent) | 1494 - 1566 | 22 September 1520 | 6 September 1566 | Son of Selim I |
| Selim II (the yellow) | 1524 - 1574 | 6 September 1566 | 12 December 1574 | Son of Suleyman I |
| Murad III | 1546 - 1595 | 12 December 1574 | 15 January 1595 | Son of Selim II |
| Mehmed III | 1566 - 1603 | 15 January 1595 | 22 December 1603 | Son of Murad III |
| Ahmed I | 1590 - 1617 | 22 December 1603 | 22 November 1617 | Son of Mehmed III |
| Mustafa I (first reign) | 1592 - 1639 | 22 November 1617 | 26 February 1618 (deposed) | Son of Mehmed III |
| Osman II (the young) | 1604 - 1622 | 26 February 1618 | 20 May 1622 | Son of Ahmed I |
| Mustafa I (second reign) | 1592 - 1639 | 20 May 1622 | 10 September 1623 (deposed) | Son of Mehmed III |
| Murad IV | 1612 - 1640 | 10 September 1623 | 9 February 1640 | Son of Ahmed I |
| Ibrahim I (the Mad) | 1615 - 1648 | 9 February 1640 | 8 August 1648 (deposed) | Son of Ahmed I |
| Mehmed IV (the hunter) | 1642 - 1693 | 8 August 1648 | 8 November 1687 (deposed) | Son of Ibrahim I |
| Suleyman II | 1642 - 1691 | 8 November 1687 | 23 June 1691 | Son of Ibrahim I |
| Ahmed II | 1643 - 1695 | 23 June 1691 | 6 February 1695 | Son of Ibrahim I |
| Mustafa II | 1664 - 1703 | 6 February 1695 | 22 August 1703 (abdicated) | Son of Mehmed IV |
| Ahmed III | 1673 - 1736 | 22 August 1703 | 1 October 1730 (abdicated) | Son of Mehmed IV |
| Mahmud I | 1696 - 1754 | 2 October 1730 | 13 December 1754 | Son of Mustafa II |
| Osman III | 1699 - 1757 | 14 December 1754 | 30 October 1757 | Son of Mustafa II |
| Mustafa III | 1717 - 1774 | 30 October 1757 | 21 January 1774 | Son of Ahmed III |
| Abdul Hamid I | 1725 - 1789 | 21 January 1774 | 7 April 1789 | Son of Ahmed III |
| Selim III | 1761 - 1808 | 7 April 1789 | 29 May 1807 (deposed) | Son of Mustafa III |
| Mustafa IV | 1779 - 1808 | 29 May 1807 | 28 July 1808 (deposed) | Son of Abdul Hamid I |
| Mahmud II | 1785 - 1839 | 28 July 1808 | 1 July 1839 | Son of Abdul Hamid I |
| Abdulmecid I | 1823 - 1861 | 1 July 1839 | 25 June 1861 | Son of Mahmud II |
| Abdülâziz | 1830 - 1876 | 25 June 1861 | 30 May 1876 (deposed) | Son of Mahmud II |
| Murad V | 1840 - 1904 | 30 May 1876 | 31 August 1876 (deposed) | Son of Abdulmecid I |
| Abdul Hamid II | 1842 - 1918 | 31 August 1876 | 27 April 1909 (deposed) | Son of Abdulmecid I |
| Mehmed V (Reşad) | 1844 - 1918 | 27 April 1909 | 3 July 1918 | Son of Abdulmecid I |
| Mehmed VI (Vahideddin) | 1861 - 1926 | 3 July 1918 | 1 November 1922 (deposed) | Son of Abdulmecid I |
Post-Imperial Heads of the House of Osman (1922–present)
| Name | Born-Died | Reign start | Reign end |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdulmecid II | 1868 - 1944 | 19 November 1922 | 23 August 1944 |
| Ahmed IV Nihad | 1883 - 1954 | 23 August 1944 | 4 June 1954 |
| Osman IV Fuad | 1895 - 1973 | 4 June 1954 | 19 May 1973 |
| Mehmed Abdulaziz II | 1901 - 1977 | 19 May 1973 | 19 January 1977 |
| Ali Vâsib | 1903 - 1983 | 19 January 1977 | 9 December 1983 |
| Mehmed VII Orhan | 1909 - 1994 | 9 December 1983 | 12 March 1994 |
| Ertuğrul Osman V | 1994 - | 12 March 1994 | Present |
Note: Although Abdul Mejid II was chosen as caliph in 1922, he was no longer Sultan, as the National Assembly had abolished the sultanate to turn Turkey into a republic. Suleyman Shah ( Ottoman Turkish: سليمان شاه Süleyman Şah ( d This article is about the Ottoman leader Ertuğrul. For the Ottoman frigate see Ertuğrul (Ottoman frigate. Osman I (1258 Sogut, Anatolia, Turkey &ndash1326 Sogut) Ottoman: عثمان بن أرطغرل Turkish: Osman Orhan I ( Ottoman: اورخان غازی Turkish: Orhan Gazi or Orhan Bey) (1284&ndash1359 was the second Bey, or chief of the Murad I (nick-named Hüdavendigâr - from Khodāvandgār - "the God-like One" (I Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Bayezid I ( Ottoman: بايزيد الأول Turkish: Beyazıt, nicknamed Yıldırım (Ottoman ییلدیرم "the Thunderbolt" Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold The Ottoman Interregnum (also known as the Ottoman Triumvirate; Fetret Devri in Turkish) was a period in the beginning of the 15th Mehmed I Çelebi ( Ottoman: چلبی محمد IMehmet or Çelebi Mehmet) (1389 May 26 1421 Edirne, Turkey) was a sultan of the Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Murad II ( June 1404 Amasya February 3, 1451, Edirne) ( Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثانى Murād-ı sānī Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Murad II ( June 1404 Amasya February 3, 1451, Edirne) ( Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثانى Murād-ı sānī Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Bayezid II (1447/48 May 26, 1512) ( Ottoman Turkish: بايزيد ثانى Bāyezīd-i sānī, Turkish: II Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Selim I ( Ottoman: سليم الأول, Turkish: ISelim; also known as "the Grim" or "the Brave" Yavuz in Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Selim II ( Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثانى Selīm-i sānī, Turkish: II Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Murad III ( Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثالث Murād-i sālis, Turkish: III Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Mehmed III ( Ottoman Turkish: محمد ثالث Meḥmed-i sālis, Turkish: III Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Ahmed I ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد اول Aḥmed-i evvel, Turkish: I Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Mustafa I (born 1591 in Manisa died January 20, 1639 in Istanbul) (مصطفى الأول was the Sultan of the Ottoman Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Sultan Osman II (also known as Genç Osman meaning Young Osman in Turkish) ( Ottoman Turkish عثمان ثانى ‘Osmān-i sānī Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Mustafa I (born 1591 in Manisa died January 20, 1639 in Istanbul) (مصطفى الأول was the Sultan of the Ottoman Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Murad IV ( Ottoman Turkish: مراد رابع Murād-i rābi‘) ( June 16, 1612 February 9, 1640 Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Ibrahim I (in Arabic ابراهيم الأول ( November 5, 1615 August 12, 1648) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Mehmed IV ( Ottoman Turkish: محمد رابع Meḥmed-i rābi‘; also known as Avcı, "hunter" ( January 2, 1642 &ndash Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Suleiman II ( April 15, 1642 June 23 1691) ( Ottoman Turkish: سليمان ثانى Süleymān-i sānī) was the Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Ahmed II ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثانى Aḥmed-i sānī) ( February 25, 1643 February 6 Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Mustafa II ( Ottoman Turkish: مصطفى ثانى Muṣṭafā-yi sānī) ( February 6, 1664 December Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Ahmed III ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث Aḥmed-i sālis) ( December 30, 1673 &mdash July Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1730 ( MDCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Mahmud I (in Arabic محمودالأول ( August 2, 1696 December 13, 1754) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1730 ( MDCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 1754 ( MDCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Osman III or Othman III ( Ottoman Turkish: عثمان ثالث ‘Osmān-i sālis) ( January 2, Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1754 ( MDCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1757 ( MDCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Mustafa III ( Ottoman Turkish: مصطفى ثالث Muṣṭafā-yi sālis) ( January 28, 1717 January Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1757 ( MDCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Abdülhamid I ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد اول `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i evvel) ( March 20, 1725 April 7, 1789 Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Selim III ( Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i sālis) ( December 24, 1761 &ndash July 28/29 Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Mustafa IV ( Ottoman Turkish: مصطفى رابع Muṣṭafā-yi rābi‘) ( September 8, 1779 November 15, 1808) son of Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Mahmud II ( Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثاني Mahmud-ı sānī) ( July 20, 1785 July 1, 1839 Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Abdülmecid I ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد المجيد اول ‘Abdü’l-Mecīd-i evvel) ( April 23 1823 June 25 1861 "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Abdülaziz ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد العزيز ( February 9, 1830 June 4 1876) was the 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Sultan Mehmed Murad V ( September 21, 1840 - August 29, 1904) (مراد الخامس was the 33rd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Abdülhamid II His Imperial Majesty Sultan of the Ottoman Empire ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî, İkinci Abdülhamit Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Mehmed V ( Turkish: Mehmed V Reşad or Reşat Mehmet) ( November 2, 1844 – July 3, 1918) was the 35th Ottoman Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Mehmed VI ( Turkish: Mehmed Vahideddin or Mehmet Vahdettin) ( January 14 1861 May 16 1926) was the 36th and Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Abdülmecid II (also with various alternate spellings including Abdul Mejid, Aakhir Khalifatul Muslimeen Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid, Abdul Medjit, and in Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Prince Ahmed Nihad Efendi ( July 6, 1883 - June 4 1954) was the second post-imperial head of the Imperial House of Osman. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Prince Osman Fuad Efendi ( 24 February 1895 - May 19 1973) was the 39th head of the Ottoman dynasty. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Prince Mehmed Abdulaziz Efendi ( September 26 1901 - January 19 1977) was the 40th head of the Ottoman dynasty. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Prince Ali Vâsib Efendi ( October 13 1903 - December 9 1983) was the 41st head of the Ottoman dynasty. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Prince Mehmed Orhan Efendi ( July 11 1909 - March 12 1994) was the 42nd head of the Ottoman dynasty. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Ertuğrul Osman Osmanoğlu, pretender to the title of Prince of the Ottoman Empire (full title: Devletli Necabetli Ertuğrul Osman Efendi Hazretleri, born Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Abdülmecid II (also with various alternate spellings including Abdul Mejid, Aakhir Khalifatul Muslimeen Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid, Abdul Medjit, and in The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah The caliphate was abolished in turn in 1924.
See also
References
External links
In English
- Turkey, includes all the full ruler styles with various biographical data in the Royal Ark
- Sultans, Contemporary Paintings by Ismail Acar
- Everything about Ottoman Empire Everything about the history, culture and civilization of Ottoman Empire
- MSN encarta - the Ottoman Empire (see Sultanate)
- WorldStatesmen- Turkey
- Ottoman Dynasty meet at Dolmabahçe Palace
- Ottoman Empire - The Family
In Turkish
In French
- interview with Neslişah Sultan on YouTube, granddaughter of the last emperor about her family's exile
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— ROYAL HOUSE —
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| New Dynasty |
Ruling house of the Ottoman Empire 1299 – 19 November 1922 |
Vacant |
| Preceded by ‘Abbāsid Dynasty |
Caliphate Dynasty 1517 – 3 March 1924 |
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