Otto
King of Greece
Reign	February 6, 1833 - October 23, 1862
Born	June 1, 1815(1815-06-01)
Birthplace	Salzburg, Austria
Died	July 26, 1867 (aged 52)
Place of death	Bamberg, Germany
Buried	Theatinerkirche, Munich
Successor	George I
Consort	Amalia of Oldenburg
Royal House	Wittelsbach
Father	Ludwig I of Bavaria
Mother	Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen

Otto of Greece (Greek: Όθων, Βασιλεύς της Ελλάδος, Othon, Vasileus tis Ellados) (June 1, 1815 – July 26, 1867) was made the first modern king of Greece in 1832 under the Convention of London, whereby Greece became a new independent kingdom under the protection of the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire). Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Bamberg is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is located in Upper Franconia on the river Regnitz, close to its confluence with the river Main Catholic Theatine Church St Cajetan ( Theatinerkirche St Kajetan) in Munich was built from 1663 to 1690, it was founded George I King of the Hellenes (Γεώργιος A' Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων Georgios A' Vasileus ton Ellinon; 24 December 1845 &ndash 18 March 1913 was Amalia of Oldenburg, Queen of Greece (Greek Αμαλία Βασίλισσα της Ελλάδος) (born December 21, 1818 in Oldenburg The Wittelsbach family is a European Royal family and a German dynasty from Bavaria. Ludwig I (also rendered in English as Louis I) ( August 25 1786 in Strasbourg &ndash February 29, 1868 in Nice Therese Charlotte Luise of Saxony-Hildburghausen ( Therese of Bavaria; 8 July, 1792 in Seidingstadt (Castle in the duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Kingdom of Greece ( Greek:, Vasíleion tīs Elládos) was a state established in 1832 in the Convention of London by the Great The London Conference of 1832 was an international conference convened to establish a stable government in Greece. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The July Monarchy (1830-1848 was a period of liberal monarchy rule of France under Louis-Philippe The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya

The second son of the philhellene King Ludwig I of Bavaria, Otto ascended the newly-created throne of Greece while still a minor. Philhellenism ("the love of Greek culture" was the intellectual fashion at the turn of the 19th century that led Europeans like Lord Byron to lend their support for Ludwig I (also rendered in English as Louis I) ( August 25 1786 in Strasbourg &ndash February 29, 1868 in Nice His government was run by a three-man regency council made up of Bavarian court officials. Upon reaching his majority, Otto removed the regents when they proved unpopular with the people and he ruled as an absolute monarch. Eventually his subjects’ demands for a constitution proved overwhelming and in the face of an armed insurrection, Otto granted a constitution in 1843.

Throughout his reign, Otto faced political challenges concerning Greece's financial weakness and the role of the government in the affairs of the church. The politics of Greece of this era was based on affiliations with the three Great Powers, and Otto’s ability to maintain the support of the powers was key to his remaining in power. To remain strong, Otto had to play the interests of each of the Great Powers’ Greek adherents against the others, while not aggravating the Great Powers. When Greece was blockaded by the British Royal Navy in 1850 and again in 1853, to stop Greece from attacking the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War, Otto’s standing amongst Greeks suffered. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought As a result, there was an assassination attempt on the Queen and finally, in 1862, Otto was deposed while in the countryside. He died in exile in Bavaria in 1867.

Early life and reign

He was born Prince Otto Friedrich Ludwig of Bavaria at Schloss Mirabell in Salzburg (when it belonged for a short time to Bavaria),^[1] as second son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria and Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. Therese Charlotte Luise of Saxony-Hildburghausen ( Therese of Bavaria; 8 July, 1792 in Seidingstadt (Castle in the duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen Through his ancestor, the Bavarian Duke John II, Otto was a descendant of the Greek imperial dynasties of Comnenus and Lascaris. Duke John II of Bavaria-Munich (1341 &ndash 1397 (German Johann II Herzog von Bayern-München) since 1375 Duke of Bavaria - Munich. This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians The Laskaris or Lascaris (Λάσκαρις family was the Dynasty ruling the Empire of Nicaea.

Otto of Greece entering Náfplio, Peter von Hess, 1835. Nafplion (Ναύπλιο in the Peloponnese in Greece, is a seaport town that has expanded up the hillsides near the north end of the Argolic Gulf Peter Heinrich Lambert von Hess ( 29 July, 1792, Düsseldorf - 4 April, 1871, München) was a German painter known

When he was elected king, the Great Powers extracted a pledge from Otto’s father to restrain him from hostile actions against the Ottoman Empire, and insisted on his title being that of “King of Greece” instead of “King of the Greeks”, which would imply a claim over the millions of Greeks then still under Turkish rule. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Not quite 18, the young prince arrived in Greece with 3,500 Bavarian troops and three Bavarian advisors aboard the British frigate HMS Madagascar. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία For the bird see Frigatebird. A frigate /ˈfrɪgɪt/ is a warship HMS Madagascar was a 43-gun Fifth-rate Frigate launched on 15 November 1822. The Bavarian advisors were arrayed in a council of regency headed by Count Josef Ludwig von Armansperg, who as minister of finance, had recently succeeded in restoring Bavarian credit at the cost of his popularity. Josef Ludwig Graf von Armansperg (Κόμης Ιωσήφ Λουδοβίκος Άρμανσμπεργκ ( 28 February 1787 - 3 April 1853) served Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 The United Kingdom and the Rothschild bank, who were underwriting the Greek loans, insisted on financial stringency from Armansperg. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Rothschild family (often referred to simply as the Rothschilds) is an international Banking and Finance Dynasty of German The Greeks were soon more heavily taxed than under Turkish rule^[2]; they had exchanged a hated Ottoman tyranny, which they understood, for government by a foreign bureaucracy, the "Bavarocracy" (Βαυαροκρατία), which they despised. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish In modern usage a tyrant is a single ruler holding absolute power over a State or within an Organization. Bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity usually in large organizations and government In addition, Otto showed little respect for local customs. A staunch Roman Catholic, he refused to adopt Orthodoxy, making him a heretic in the eyes of pious Greeks. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world His heirs however would have to be Orthodox according to the terms of the 1843 Constitution. "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance. The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches ^[3]

King Otto’s early reign was notable for the establishment of schools and hospitals including the Athens Polytechnic University. The National Technical University of Athens ( Greek: Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο National Metsovian Polytechnic) sometimes simply known

In 1837, Otto visited Germany and married the beautiful and talented Duchess Amelie of Oldenburg (December 21, 1818 - May 20, 1875). Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Amalia of Oldenburg, Queen of Greece (Greek Αμαλία Βασίλισσα της Ελλάδος) (born December 21, 1818 in Oldenburg Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The wedding took place not in Greece, but in Oldenburg, on November 22, 1836; the marriage did not produce an heir and the new queen made herself unpopular by interfering in the government. ||-||-||-||} Oldenburg ( Low German: Ollnborg) is an Independent City in Lower Saxony, Germany. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Not entirely faithful to his wife, Otto had a liaison with Jane Digby, a notorious woman his father had previously taken as a lover. Jane Elizabeth Digby ( 3 April 1807 &ndash 11 August 1881) was an English aristocrat who lived a scandalous life of romantic adventure ^[4]

Meanwhile, due to his overtly undermining the king, Armansperg was dismissed as Prime Minister by King Otto immediately on his return. However, despite high hopes by the Greeks, the Bavarian Rundhart was appointed chief minister and the granting of a constitution was again postponed. Ignaz von Rundhart (1790-1838 was a Bavarian scholar and public servant who was dispatched to Greece to serve as President of the Privy Council ( Prime Minister The attempts of Otto to conciliate Greek sentiment by efforts to enlarge the frontiers of his kingdom, for example, by the suggested acquisition of Crete in 1841, failed in their objective and only succeeded in embroiling him with the Great Powers. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the

Parties, finances and the church

Main article: Early Greek Parties

Throughout his reign, King Otto found himself confronted by a recurring series of issues: partisanship of the Greeks, financial uncertainty, and ecclesiastical issues. Early Greek parties were not features of the provisional and regional governments that were set up between 1821 and 1832.

Greek parties in the Othonian era were based on two factors: the political activities of the diplomatic representatives of the Great Powers: Russia, United Kingdom and France and the affiliation of Greek political figures with these diplomats. A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

A romantic portrayal of Otto in front of ancient Greek remains.

Styles of King Otto of Greece
Reference style	His Majesty
Spoken style	Your Majesty
Alternative style	Sir

Financial uncertainty of the Othonian monarchy was the result of 1) Greece's poverty, 2) the concentration of land in the hands of a small number of wealthy “primates” like the Mavromichalises of Mani, and 3) the promise of 60,000,000 francs in loans from the Great Powers, which kept these nations involved in Greek internal affairs and the Crown constantly seeking to please one or the other power to ensure the flow of funds. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the Majesty is an English word derived ultimately from the Latin Maiestas, meaning Greatness. Petros Mavromichalis (1765-1848 (Πέτρος Μαυρομιχάλης also known as Petrobey (el Πετρομπέης was the leader of the Maniot people ^[5]

The political machinations of the Great Powers was personified in their three legates in Athens: the French Theobald Piscatory, the Russian Gabriel Catacazy, and the English Edmund Lyons. Edmund Lyons 1st Baron Lyons, GCB, KCH, British naval commander and diplomat led a distinguished career in the Royal Navy, culminating with They informed their home governments on the activities of the Greeks, while serving as advisers to their respective allied parties within Greece.

Otto pursued policies, such as balancing power among all the parties and sharing offices among the parties, ostensibly to reduce the power of the parties while trying to bring a pro-Otto party into being. The parties, however, became the entree into government power and financial stability. The effect of his (and his advisors') policies was to make the Great Powers’ parties more powerful, not less. The Great Powers did not support curtailing Otto’s increasing absolutism, however, which resulted in a near permanent conflict between Otto’s absolute monarchy and the power bases of his Greek subjects. ^[6]

Otto found himself confronted by a number of intractable ecclesiastical issues: monasticism, autocephaly, the king as head of the church and toleration of other churches. Ecclesiology (from Greek grc ἐκκλησίᾱ ekklēsiā, "congregation church" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the Monasticism (from Greek μοναχός, monachos, derived from Greek monos, alone is the religious practice in which one Autocephaly, in Hierarchical Christian churches and especially Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches is the status of a hierarchical church whose His regents, Armansperg and Rundhart, established a controversial policy of suppressing the monasteries. This was very upsetting to the church hierarchy and the Russian Party, which was a stalwart defender of Orthodoxy. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Once he rid himself of his Bavarian advisers, Otto allowed the statutory dissolution of the monasteries to lapse. On the issue of autocephaly and his role as king within the church, Otto was overwhelmed by the arcana of church doctrine and popular discontent with his Roman Catholicism. Autocephaly, in Hierarchical Christian churches and especially Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches is the status of a hierarchical church whose ^[7] In 1833, the regents had unilaterally declared the autocephaly of the Church of Greece. The Church of Greece ( Greek: Ekklēsía tês Helládos, ekliˈsia tis eˈlaðos is one of the fifteen Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches This recognized the de facto political situation, as the Patriarch of Constantinople was under the political control of the Ottoman Empire. "Patriarch of Constantinople" redirects here For the institutional church itself see Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Conservatives (mostly in the Russian Party), concerned that having a Catholic as the head of the Church of Greece would weaken the Orthodox Church, criticised the unilateral declaration of autocephaly as non-canonical. Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches They likewise resisted the foreign, mostly Protestant, missionaries who established schools throughout Greece for the same reason. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Tolerance of other religions was supported by some in the English Party and others educated in the West as a symbol of Greece’s progress as a liberal European state. In the end, power over the church and education was ceded to the Russian Party, while the king maintained a veto over the decision of the Synod of Bishops. A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church convened to decide an issue of doctrine administration or application This was to avoid discrediting Greece in the eyes of Western Europe as a backward, religiously intolerant society. ^[8]

September Third Revolution and later reign

Although King Otto tried to function as an absolute monarch, as Thomas Gallant writes, he “was neither ruthless enough to be feared, nor compassionate enough to be loved, nor competent enough to be respected. ”^[9] By 1843, public dissatisfaction with him had reached crisis proportions and there were demands for a constitution. Initially Otto refused to grant a constitution, but as soon as German troops were withdrawn from the kingdom, a military coup was launched. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Greek coup d’état of 1843, also known as the 3 September 1843 coup d’état ( NS 13 September gave modern Greece her first constitution On September 3, 1843, the infantry led by Colonel Kallergis and the respected Revolutionary captain Ioannis Makriyannis assembled in the Square in front of the Palace in Athens. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Dimitri Kalergis ( Demitrios) (1803-1867 Greek statesman was a Cretan by birth studied medicine at Paris and on the outbreak of the War General Yannis Makriyannis (Ιωάννης Μακρυγιάννης also anglicized as Ioannis Ioannes and Makriyiannis Makrygiannis Makrygiannēs Macriyannis etc ^[10]

Otto exiled in Bavaria two years before his death.

Eventually joined by much of the population of the small capital, the rebellion refused to disperse until the King agreed to grant a constitution, which would require that there be Greeks in the Council, that he convene a permanent national assembly and that Otto personally thank the leaders of the uprising. Left with little recourse, now that his German troops were gone, King Otto gave in to the pressure and agreed to the demands of the crowd over the objections of his opinionated Queen. Amalia of Oldenburg, Queen of Greece (Greek Αμαλία Βασίλισσα της Ελλάδος) (born December 21, 1818 in Oldenburg This square was renamed Constitution Square (Πλατεία Συντάγματος) to commemorate the events of September 1843. Syntagma Square (Πλατεία Συντάγματος Constitution Square) is located in central Athens, Greece. ^[11] Now for the first time the king had Greeks in his council and the French party, the English Party or the Russian Party (according to which of the Great Powers’ culture they most esteemed) vied for rank and power. A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale

The King’s prestige, which was based in large part on his support by the combined Great Powers, but mostly the support of the British, suffered in the Pacifico incident of 1850, when British Foreign Secretary Palmerston sent the British fleet to blockade the port of Piraeus with warships, to exact reparation for injustice done to a British subject. The Don Pacifico Affair concerned a Portuguese Jew, named David Pacifico (known as Don Pacifico who was a trader and the Portuguese consul in Athens during The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the "Lord Palmerston" and "Henry Temple" redirect here Piraeus (pɪˈræʊs Πειραιάς, piɾeˈas Πειραιεύς, piɾeˈefs is a city in the periphery of Attica, Greece, and a

The Great Idea (Μεγάλη Ιδέα), Greece’s dream of restoring the Byzantine Empire under Christian rule, led to his contemplating to enter the Crimean War against Turkey in 1853; the enterprise was unsuccessful, and resulted in renewed intervention by the Great Powers and a second blockade of Piraeus. Megali Idea ( Modern Greek: Μεγάλη Ιδέα "Great Idea" was an Irredentist concept of Greek nationalism that expressed the goal A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Piraeus (pɪˈræʊs Πειραιάς, piɾeˈas Πειραιεύς, piɾeˈefs is a city in the periphery of Attica, Greece, and a In 1861, a student named Aristeidis Dosios (son of politician Konstantinos Dosios)^[12] attempted to murder Queen Amalia, and was openly hailed as a hero. Amalia of Oldenburg, Queen of Greece (Greek Αμαλία Βασίλισσα της Ελλάδος) (born December 21, 1818 in Oldenburg His attempt, however, also prompted spontaneous feelings of monarchism and sympathy towards the royal couple among the Greek population. ^[12]

Exile and death

The expulsion of Otto King of Greece in 1862 as portrayed in a popular colour lithograph. Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface

While on a visit to the Peloponnese in 1862, a new coup was launched and this time a provisional government was set up and summoned a national convention. A provisional government is an emergency or interim government set up when a political void has been created by the collapse of a previous administration or regime Ambassadors of the Great Powers urged King Otto not to resist, and the king and queen took refuge on a British warship and returned to Bavaria the same way they had come to Greece (aboard a foreign warship), taking with them the Greek royal regalia which he had brought from Bavaria in 1832. A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 It has been suggested that had Otto and Amalia borne an heir, then the King would not have been overthrown, as succession was a major unresolved question at the time. ^[13] It is also true, however, that the Constitution of 1843 made provision for his succession by his two younger brothers and their descendants.

He died in the palace of the former bishops of Bamberg, Germany, and was buried in the Theatiner Church in Munich. Bamberg is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is located in Upper Franconia on the river Regnitz, close to its confluence with the river Main Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Catholic Theatine Church St Cajetan ( Theatinerkirche St Kajetan) in Munich was built from 1663 to 1690, it was founded Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. During his retirement, he would still wear the traditional uniform nowadays worn only by the evzones; during the rebellion in Crete against the Ottoman Empire in 1866, Otto donated most of his fortune to support the revolt by supplying it with arms. The Evzones, or Evzoni, (Εύζωνες Ευζώνοι is the name of several historical elite Light infantry and Mountain units of the Greek The Cretan Revolt of 1866–1869 (Κρητική Επανάσταση του 1866 was the most important of a series of Cretan uprisings against Ottoman Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish A weapon is a Tool used either in Hunting, or attack or defence in Combat for the purpose of subduing enemy personnel or to destroy enemy weapons He also made provisions for his donation to be kept secret until his death, to avoid causing political problems to the new King, George I. George I King of the Hellenes (Γεώργιος A' Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων Georgios A' Vasileus ton Ellinon; 24 December 1845 &ndash 18 March 1913 was

Ancestors

References

Bibliography

• Bower, Leonard, and Gordon Bolitho. John Van der Kiste, author was born in Wendover, Buckinghamshire in 1954 son of Wing Commander Guy Van der Kiste (1912-99 Otho I, King of Greece: A Biography. London: Selwyn & Blount, 1939.

• Dümler, Christian, and Kathrin Jung. Von Athen nach Bamberg: König Otto von Griechenland, Begleitheft zur Ausstellung in der Neuen Residenz Bamberg, 21. Juni bis 3. November 2002. München: Bayerische Schlösserverwaltung, 2002. ISBN 3932982452.

• Murken, Jan, and Saskia Durian-Ress. König-Otto-von-Griechenland-Museum der Gemeinde Ottobrunn. Bayerische Museen, Band 22. München : Weltkunst, 1995. ISBN 3921669162.

• Amalie, 1818-1875: Herzogin von Oldenburg, Königin von Griechenland. Oldenburg: Isensee, 2004. ISBN 3899951220.