In music, an ostinato (derived from Italian: "stubborn", compare English: obstinate) is a motif or phrase which is persistently repeated in the same musical voice. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. In Music, a motif or motive is a perceivable or salient recurring fragment or succession of notes that may be used to construct the entirety or parts In Music a phrase ( Greek φράση, sentence expression, see also Strophe) is a section of music that is relatively The repeating idea may be a rhythmic pattern, part of a tune, or a complete melody. ^[1] Both "ostinatos" and "ostinati" are accepted English plural forms. Strictly speaking, ostinatos should have exact repetition, but in common usage, the term covers repetition with variation and development, such as the alteration of an ostinato line to fit changing harmonies or keys. Variation form Variation form include Ground bass, Passacaglia, Chaconne, and theme and variations In European classical music, musical development is a process by which a musical Idea is communicated in the course of a composition. In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. In Music theory, the term key is used in many different and sometimes contradictory ways

Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Music education 3 Famous examples 3.1 Popular music 3.2 Jazz music 3.3 Classical music 3.4 Electronic music 4 History 5 See also 6 References

Characteristics

Musicologist Robert Rawlins defines an ostinato as "any clearly defined melodic or rhythmic pattern that is repeated persistently". In Music, a melody (from Greek μελῳδία - melōidía, "singing chanting" also tune, voice, or Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός - rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement symmetry" is the variation of the length and accentuation of ^[2] In this usage, "pattern" implies recognizable rather than exact recurrence. The general concepts may be applied to quasi-ostinato or ostinato-like techniques lacking rhythmically "symmetrical" or regular repetition, and some have considered the twelve tone technique an extension or specific example of ostinato. Twelve-tone technique (also dodecaphony, especially in British usage twelve-note composition) is a method of musical composition devised by Arnold ^[3]

Ostinatos are to classical music what riffs are to popular music. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music In Music, a riff is an Ostinato figure a repeated Chord progression, pattern refrain or melodic figure, often played by the Rhythm Popular music is Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more They have a large role in improvised music such as in jazz and Baroque music. Improvisation (also called extemporization) is the practice of acting singing talking and reacting of making and creating in the moment and in response to the stimulus of A "favorite technique of contemporary jazz writers", ostinatos are often used in modal and Latin jazz, traditional African music including Gnawa music^[2] and Boogie-Woogie. Modal jazz is Jazz using Musical modes rather than chord progressions as its harmonic framework Latin jazz is the general term given to music that combines rhythms from African and Latin American countries with jazz and classical harmonies from Latin America the Caribbean Europe The music of Africa is as vast and varied as the continent's many regions, nations and Ethnic groups Although there is no distinctly pan-African Gnawa music is a mixture of African Berber, and Arabic religious songs and rhythms Boogie-woogie is a style of Piano -based Blues that became very popular in the late 1930s and early 1940s but originated much earlier and was extended from piano

Applicable in homophonic and contrapuntal textures they are distinguished as "repetitive rhythmic-harmonic schemes", the more familiar accompanimental melodies, or as purely rhythmic. In Music, homophony (hoʊˈmɒfəni from Greek "homófonos" where ομοιο = the same and φωνή = a sound tone is a texture in which two or more In Music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and Rhythm, and interdependent in Harmony In Music, texture is the overall quality of sound of a piece, most often indicated by the number of voices in the music and by the relationship between In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. In Music, accompaniment is the art of playing along with a soloist or ensemble, often known as the Lead, in a Supporting manner ^[3] The technique's appeal to composers from Debussy to avant-garde composers until at least the 1970s "lies in part in the need for unity created by the virtual abandonment of functional chord progressions to shape phrases and define tonality". Experimental music is a term introduced by composer John Cage in 1955 A diatonic function, in tonal Music theory, is the specific recognized Roles of Notes or chords in relation to the key. A chord progression (also chord sequence and harmonic progression or sequence) is a series of chords played in order Tonality is a system of Music in which specific hierarchical pitch relationships are based on a key "center" or tonic. ^[3] Similarly in modal music "relentless, repetitive character help to establish and confirm the modal center". In Music, a scale is an ordered series of Musical intervals which along with the key or tonic, define the pitches However mode This article is about modal frames in music for Modal logic see Kripke semantics. ^[2] Their popularity may also be justified by their ease as well as range of use, though "ostinato must be employed judiciously, as its overuse can quickly lead to monotony". ^[2]

In popular music, many bass guitar riffs can be regarded as a modern version of the ground bass. Popular music is Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more The electric bass guitar (also called electric bass, or simply bass; ˈbeɪs as in "base" is a Stringed instrument played primarily with the In Music, a riff is an Ostinato figure a repeated Chord progression, pattern refrain or melodic figure, often played by the Rhythm Three examples are Pink Floyd's "Money" and "One of These Days" and Black Sabbath's "Planet Caravan". Pink Floyd are " Money " is the sixth track from British Progressive rock band Pink Floyd 's 1973 album The Dark Side of the Moon. " One of These Days " is the opening track from Pink Floyd 's 1971 album Meddle. Black Sabbath are an " Planet Caravan " is a psychedelic song by Black Sabbath and appears on their 1970 album Paranoid. In retrospect, one can consider many repetitive bass patterns in popular music ground basses.

In jazz, arguably the two most famous and recognizable ground basses were penned by Miles Davis in his "All Blues" (from the album Kind of Blue) and by Wayne Shorter in his "Footprints" (became famous from the album Miles Smiles). Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. "All Blues" is a jazz composition by Miles Davis first appearing on the influential 1959 album Kind of Blue. Kind of Blue is an album by American Jazz musician Miles Davis, released August 17 1959 on Columbia Records, in both Wayne Shorter (born August 25 1933) is an American Jazz Composer and Saxophonist, commonly regarded as one of the Footprints is a Jazz standard composed by Wayne Shorter, first appearing on his 1966 album Adam's Apple. Miles Smiles is an album recorded in October 1966 by the Miles Davis quintet

Music education

The Orff-Schulwerk approach is built on a style of elemental music created by Carl Orff and Gunild Keetman. Music Education The Orff Schulwerk Orff-Schulwerk in German or simply the Orff Approach, is a developmental approach to Music Education for children Carl Orff ( &ndash) was a 20th-century German Composer, most famous for Carmina Burana (1937 Gunild Keetman (1904-1990 was the primary originator along with Carl Orff, of the approach to teaching music known as Orff Schulwerk. This approach makes extensive use of ostinati, in addition to drones (more simplified ostinati that establish the meter and tonal center). Students, beginning quite young, play ostinati, often through body percussion or upon xylophones. Body percussion may be performed on its own or as an accompaniment to song The xylophone (from the Greek words ξύλον - xylon, "wood" + φωνή - phone, "voice" meaning "wooden These drones and ostinati can then be improvised upon, either vocally, with xylophones, or using a Recorder. The recorder is a woodwind Musical instrument of the family known as Fipple Flutes ' or internal duct flutes &mdash whistle-like The Schulwerk is a very popular approach in music education throughout the world. Music Education The Orff Schulwerk Orff-Schulwerk in German or simply the Orff Approach, is a developmental approach to Music Education for children ^[4]

Famous examples

Popular music

A famous short piece of Ostinato can be found in the theme music to the movie Jaws composed by John Williams. Jaws is a 1975 thriller / horror Film directed by Steven Spielberg and based on Peter Benchley 's best-selling John Towner Williams (born February 8 1932) is an American Composer, conductor and Pianist. It used the two notes in the bass section of the scale, repeated in various tempos to express the different activities of the killer shark. The two note ostinato is perhaps the most recognisable film music in history. A film score is a broad term referring to the music in a film which is generally categorically separated from songs used within a film

Danny Elfman's theme for Men in Black is an ostinato on bass guitar. The term Men in Black ( MIB) in Popular culture, is used in UFO conspiracy theories to describe men dressed in black suits claiming to be government

Another example for understanding the procedure is the famous tune from ABBA, "Take a Chance on Me". " Take a Chance on Me " is a song recorded in 1977 by Swedish Dance-pop group ABBA. In its video, we can see each of the four members in a different corner of the screen; during the verses, Benny and Björn sing repeatedly "take a chance, take a chance, take a, take a chan-chance", while Agnetha and Frida sing the lyrics. A music video is a Short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music most commonly a Song with lyrics The structures or Musical forms of Songs in Popular music are typically sectional forms such as Strophic form. Göran Bror Benny Andersson (born in Stockholm, Sweden on December 16, 1946) is a Swedish Musician, Composer Björn Kristian Ulvaeus, bjœɳ ɵlˈveɵs (born April 25 1945 is a Swedish Musician, Composer, a former member of the Swedish musical group Agnetha Åse Fältskog (aŋneta osɛ fɛltskug (born Agneta Åse Fältskog) is a Swedish pop Singer-songwriter and Record Anni-Frid Princess Reuss von Plauen (born Anni-Frid Lyngstad 15 November 1945 in Bjørkåsen Ballangen, Norway) is a Norwegian Lyrics (in singular form Lyric) are a set of words that accompany music either by speaking or singing

American drummer Terry Bozzio has made extensive use of the ostinato as a drumset technique. Terry John Bozzio ( December 27, 1950) is an American Drummer best known for his work with the late Frank Zappa. Many examples can be heard on his instructional videos Melodic Drumming and the Ostinato Vol. I, II, and III, as well as his CDs Solo Drum Music Vol. I and II.

American Progressive metal band Symphony X often uses the melody as an Ostinato, while having the bassline act as a moving line. Progressive metal (often referred to simply as prog metal) is a sub-genre of Heavy metal music which blends the powerful guitar-driven sound of metal with the complex Symphony X is an American Heavy metal band from New Jersey founded in 1994 by guitarist Michael Romeo. In Music, a melody (from Greek μελῳδία - melōidía, "singing chanting" also tune, voice, or

American Progressive metal band Dream Theater showcases harmonized guitar-keyboard Ostinatos in songs such as Learning to Live and In the Name of God. Progressive metal (often referred to simply as prog metal) is a sub-genre of Heavy metal music which blends the powerful guitar-driven sound of metal with the complex Dream Theater is an American Progressive metal band formed in 1985 under the name " Majesty " by John Myung, John Petrucci

Also, Seasons of Love from the broadway show Rent features an ostinato in the beginning. " Seasons of Love " is the most celebrated song from the Broadway musical Rent, written and composed by Jonathan Larson. Rent is a Rock musical, with music and lyrics by Jonathan Larson based on Giacomo Puccini 's Opera La Bohème

We Can't Live Together from Joe Jackson's Big World album has an ostinato fretless bass which relents only for the bridge. Joe Jackson (born David Ian Jackson, 11 August 1954 Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire) is an English Musician and Singer-songwriter Big World is a 1986 album by Joe Jackson. The album was recorded live in at the Roundabout Theatre in New York City on January 22-25 1986

Stupidly Happy from XTC's Wasp Star (Apple Venus Volume 2) offers a variety of melodic excursions over an ostinato guitar riff which elaborates only a tiny bit over the course of the song. XTC was a New Wave band from Swindon, England, active between 1976 and 2005 Wasp Star is an album by XTC. It is the second volume of the Apple Venus set

Operation Ground and Pound, Cry For Eternity and Black Winter Night by English power metal band, DragonForce all have harmonized ostinato guitar lines during their openings. " Operation Ground and Pound " is the fourth track of Power metal band DragonForce 's third album Inhuman Rampage. Power metal is a style of Heavy metal music combining characteristics of traditional metal with Thrash metal or Speed metal, often within DragonForce are a British band formed in 1999 History DragonForce was formed in 1998 from the remnants of the band Demoniac under the name

Immigrant Song by Led Zeppelin features a bass and guitar ostinato on an F# octave throughout the song. " Immigrant Song " is the opening track on English rock band Led Zeppelin's third album, Led Zeppelin III Led Zeppelin were

Many third-wave ska songs utilize an ostinato as a brass melody. Third wave ska is a Music genre that was a revival of Jamaican Ska with various additional American and British styles of music such

Jazz music

In jazz, a vamp is simply a repeating musical figure or accompaniment. In Jazz, gospel, soul, and Musical theater, a vamp is a repeating Musical figure or Accompaniment. The equivalent in classical music would be an ostinato. A background vamp provides a performer, or perhaps the pianist's right hand, a harmonic framework upon which to improvise. A vamp often acts as a springboard at the opening of an improvisation.

Classic examples in jazz, include "A Night in Tunisia", "Take Five", "A Love Supreme", "Maiden Voyage", and "Cantaloupe Island". " A Night in Tunisia " is a Musical composition written by Dizzy Gillespie in 1942 while he was playing with the Earl Hines Band " Take Five " is a classic Jazz piece first recorded by The Dave Brubeck Quartet and released on its 1959 album Time Out. A Love Supreme is a Jazz Album released by John Coltrane 's quartet in 1965. Maiden Voyage is the fifth Album led by Jazz musician Herbie Hancock, and was recorded by Rudy Van Gelder in 1965 for Blue Note " Cantaloupe Island " is a Jazz standard composed by Herbie Hancock. ^[2]

Classical music

Some famous examples of ostinatos are the basso continuo part from Pachelbel's Canon in D and the military 5/4 rhythm in Gustav Holst's "Mars" from The Planets. Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of integer Musical notation used to indicate intervals, chords and Nonchord tones in relation Pachelbel's Canon, also known as Canon in D major, or more formally Canon and Gigue in D major for three Violins and Basso Continuo Gustav Theodore Holst (21 September 1874 – 25 May 1934was an English Composer and was a music teacher for nearly 20 years The Planets Op 32 is a seven- movement Orchestral suite by the British composer Gustav Holst, written between 1914 The ostinato in the Confutatis movement of Mozart's Requiem carries with it the irresistible whispers of the inferno. The Requiem Mass in D minor ( K 626 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was composed in 1791 Other notable examples include Holst's St. Paul's Suite Mvt. II (in which the subdivided second violins play a repeating pattern of eighth notes), the rhythmic pattern in Ravel's Boléro, the second section of Shostakovich's 7th Symphony, Mvt. Boléro is a one-movement orchestral piece by Maurice Ravel. Originally composed as a ballet, the piece which premiered in 1928 is considered Ravel's Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich ( Russian: ru Дмитрий Дмитриевич Шостакович ( &ndash 9 August 1975 was a Russian Composer I (called the "inexorable march", or "an unstoppable machine," and darkly symbolizing the German Army's advance on Russia), and the harmonic pattern in Chopin's Berceuse. In Anton Arensky's Orchestral Suite No. 1 in G minor (Op. 7), the Basso Ostinato theme introduced with low brass and contrabasses convey the Theme Russe very elegantly. Wagner's Das Rheingold features prominent ostinatos on the "anvil" leitmotif in its third and fourth scenes, which build to inexorable climaxes. Das Rheingold ("The Rhine Gold" is the first of the four operas that comprise Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung) by Richard Wagner Ostinatos are used in 20th-century music to stabilize groups of pitches, as in Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring "Introduction" and "Omens of Spring". ^[1] Composer Chad Twedt has also written 4-movement "ostinato suites" that showcase the ostinato technique.

Electronic music

Electronic music, especially that of the dance variety, has relied on ostinato-like basslines, especially that of tunes from the genre relying on the Roland TB-303 synthesizer (which was originally developed in 1982 by Roland as a "bass-player substitute" for guitarists, but gained more favor in later years as a bassline synthesizer in its own right). Synonyms Since around the mid-1980s electronic dance music has enjoyed popularity in many Nightclubs and as of 2006 is the predominant type of music played in The Roland TB-303 Bass Line is a Synthesizer with built-in sequencer manufactured by the Roland corporation from 1982 to 1984 Since the 303 also has a pattern sequencer as well and can be controlled to play back at various speeds, it is very easy to create ostinato basslines with it, and genres of electronic dance music such as acid house consist of such, created by the 303 and similar synthesizers. Acid house is a sub-genre of House music that emphasizes a repetitive hypnotic and trance -like style with samples or spoken lines usually used rather than sung lyrics

History

As a very accessible frame that allows improvisation, the ostinato was heavily used in the Baroque epoch. Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 and 1750. For about a century and a half (starting around 1770), the technique was almost abandoned. It suddenly revived in the dawn of the 20th century with the development of jazz music^[5] and also became "perhaps the most typically twentieth-century accompanimental device" used in classical music, in part because of its neoclassical appeal. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States A revolution occurred in 20th century Music listening as the Radio gained popularity worldwide and new media and technologies were developed to record capture Neoclassicism in music was a 20th century development particularly popular in the period between the two World Wars in which composers drew inspiration from music of the 18th century ^[3] By the end of the 1910s, the first records featuring jazz music were released. The 1910s decade ran from January 1 1910 through December 31 1919 A gramophone While most of the performers were not able to notate music, mainly the surviving records prove that early jazz music used a technique similar to ostinato. See also Modern musical symbols Music notation or musical notation is any system which represents aurally perceived Music through the use During the New Orleans era (which ended in the late 1920s), the rhythm section concept crystallized and determined collective improvisation to turn into an "individualised" style, which became a definitive characteristic of the swing style. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada A rhythm section is the Musicians in a Popular music band or ensemble who establish the Rhythmic pulse of a Song or musical Swing music, also known as swing jazz, is a form of Jazz music that developed in the early 1930s and had solidified as a distinctive style by 1935 in the United ^[6]

See also

• Vamp
• Riff
• Lick (music)
• Hook (music)
• Ciaconna
• Folia, La
• Passacaglia
• Pedal point

References

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic