Osseointegration is the direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of a load-bearing artificial implant, typically made of titanium. Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce An implant is a Medical device made to replace and act as a missing biological structure (as compared with a transplant, which indicates transplanted Biomedical Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 It is a property virtually unique to titanium and hydroxylapatite, and has enhanced the science of medical bone, and joint replacement techniques. Hydroxylapatite, also called hydroxyapatite, is a Mineral. It is a naturally occurring form of calcium Apatite with the formula Ca5(PO43(OH Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Joint replacement is one of the most common and successful operations in modern Orthopaedic surgery.
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Applications
- Dental implants
- Retention of a craniofacial prosthesis such as an artificial ear (ear prosthesis), eye (orbital prosthesis), or nose (nose prosthesis)
- Bone anchored hearing conduction amplification (Bone Anchored Hearing Aid)
Theories
Two theories regarding the chemical mechanism by which endosteal implants integrate with bone have been proposed:
- Osseointegration by Dr. A dental implant is an Artificial tooth root replacement and is used in prosthetic Dentistry to support restorations that resemble a tooth or group of teeth Craniofacial prostheses are made by individuals trained in Anaplastology or maxillofacial prosthodontics who medically help rehabilitate those suffering from facial An orbital prosthesis is a type of Craniofacial prosthesis used to replace an absent eye socket/eye A Bone-Anchored Hearing Aid is a type of Hearing aid based on Bone conduction. Per-Ingvar Brånemark
- Fibro-osseous integration by Dr. A. Weiss
Branemark’s theory of osseointegration
Branemark proposed that implants integrate such that the bone is laid very close to the implant without any intervening connective tissue. The titanium oxide permanently fuses with the bone, as Branemark showed in 1950s. Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring Oxide of Titanium, chemical formula Ti[[oxygen Osseointegration can be defined as,
- Osseous integration, the apparent direct attachment or connection of osseous tissue to an inert alloplastic material without intervening connective tissue. Osseous tissue, or bone tissue is the major structural and supportive Connective tissue of the body
- The process and resultant apparent direct connection of the endogenous material surface and the host bone tissues without intervening connective tissue.
- The interface between alloplastic material and bone.
Branemark also stated that the implant should not be loaded and left out of function during the healing period for osseous integration to occur.
Weiss' theory of fibro-osseous integration
Weiss' theory states that there is a fibro-osseous ligament formed between the implant and the bone and this ligament can be considered as the equivalent of the periodontal ligament found in the gomphosis. Gomphosis is a synarthrosis (joint that binds the teeth to bony sockets ( dental alveoli) in the maxillary bone and Mandible. He defends the presence of collagen fibres at the bone-implant interface. Collagen is the main Protein of Connective tissue in Animals and the most abundant protein in Mammals making up about 50% of the whole-body protein He interpreted it as the peri-implantal ligament with an osteogenic effect. He advocates the early loading of the implant.
Osseointegration versus Biointegration
In 1985, Dr. C. de Putter proposed two ways of implant anchorage or retention as mechanical and bioactive. Mechanical retention can be achieved in cases where the implant material is a metal, for example, commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys. In these cases, topological features like vents, slots, dimples, threads (screws), etc. aid in the retention of the implant. There is no chemical bonding and the retention depends on the surface area: the greater the surface area, the greater the contact.
Bioactive retention can be achieved in cases where the implant is coated with bioactive materials such as hydroxyapatite. Hydroxylapatite, also called hydroxyapatite, is a Mineral. It is a naturally occurring form of calcium Apatite with the formula Ca5(PO43(OH These bioactive materials stimulate bone formation leading to a physico-chemical bond. The implant is ankylosed with the bone. Ankylosis, or Anchylosis (from Greek αγκυλος bent crooked is a stiffness of a Joint, the result of Injury or Disease.
See also
Links
The European Association for Osseointegration (EAO is a non-profit organisation founded in Munich in 1991 to serve as an international interdisciplinary and independent science based The British Society of Oral Implantology is dedicated to the advancement of education and training in implant Dentistry.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic