Roman province of Osroene, 120, higlighted within the Roman Empire

Osroene (also spelled Osrohene, Osrhoene; Syriac:ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܥܣܪܐ ܥܝܢܐ Malkuṯā d-Bēt ʿŌsrā ʿĪnē), also known by the name of its capital city, Edessa (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey), was a historic Syriac kingdom located in Mesopotamia, which enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 244. See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language Edessa ( Greek:) is the historical name of a Syriac town in northern Mesopotamia, refounded on an ancient site by Seleucus I Nicator Şanlıurfa (often simply known as Urfa in daily language formerly cited as Edessa or in Kurdish; Riha or Urhāy Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Aramean-Syriac people ( Syriac: arc [[arcܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ]]) are an Ethnic group who are widely Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding ^[1] It was a Syriac speaking kingdom^[2]. The Aramean-Syriac people ( Syriac: arc [[arcܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ]]) are an Ethnic group who are widely

The kingdom's area, the upper course of the Euphrates, became a traditional battleground for the powers that ruled Asia Minor, Persia, Syria, and Armenia. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia History of Bahrein, AND COMPARE THE TRUE IMPORTANCE OF THE TWO STATES The Kingdom of Armenia (or Greater Armenia) was an independent kingdom from 190 BC to AD 387 and a client state of the Roman and Persian empires until On the dissolution of Seleucid Empire, it was divided between Rome and Parthia. The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i Parthia ( Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran At this time Osrhoene was within Parthian suzerainty. Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a However, the Romans later made several attempts to recover the region.

Osroene, or Edessa, acquired independence from the collapsing Seleucid empire under a dynasty of Arab stock from 132 BC. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Most of the kings of Osroene are called Abgar or Manu and they were Arab sheiks who settled in urban centers^[3][4]. The name Osroene is derived from Osroes an Arab sheik who in 120 BC wrested control of this region from the Seleucids in Syria^[5]. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding

Osroene in Roman Sources

This article is part of the series on: History of the Assyrian people Early history Ancient Assyria (20th - 10th c. The Assyrian people ( Aramaic: Āṯūrāyē; Akkadian: Aššūrāyu) are descended from the ancient Assyrians of Mesopotamia The Assyrian people ( Aramaic: Āṯūrāyē; Akkadian: Aššūrāyu) are descended from the ancient Assyrians of Mesopotamia Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture BC) Aramaeans (14th - 9th c. The Aramaeans (also Arameans) ( Aramaic / Syriac: ܐܪܡܝܐ, Ārāmāye' were a Semitic (West Semitic language group BC) Neo-Assyrian Empire (911 - 612 BC) Achaemenid Assyria (539 - 330 BC) Osroene (132 BC - 244 AD) Roman Syria (64 BC - 637 AD) Adiabene (15 - 116 AD) Roman Assyria (116 - 118) Asuristan (226 - 651) Syriac Christianity Syriac Christianity (since 325) Nestorian Schism (5th c. The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 934 BC and ended in 609 BC "Aturia" redirects here For the Fossil Nautilus Genus, see Aturia (cephalopod. Syria was a Roman province, conquered in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursing victory in the Third Mithridatic Adiabene (from the Αδιαβηνή Adiabene, itself derived from Aramaic syr ܚܕܝܐܒ Ḥaḏy’aḇ or Ḥḏay’aḇ) was Assyria was one of three provinces (Armenia Mesopotamia and Assyria created by the Roman emperor Trajan in 116 C Asuristan ( Assyria) was a province of the Sassanid Empire ( 226 &ndash 651) Syriac Christianity is a culturally and linguistically distinctive community within Eastern Christianity. The Nestorian Schism was the split between the Byzantine church of the West and the Assyrian church of the East in the 5th century. ) Emirs of Mosul (905-1383) Principality of Antioch (1098-1268) Ottoman Empire (1534-1917) Rise of nationalism Modern History Assyrian Genocide (1914-1920) Assyrian diaspora Independence movement (since 1919) Simele massacre (1933) Post-Saddam Iraq (since 2003)

Tigranes, the Armenian king, was pursuing an effective policy of conquest against the Parthians and managed to push them back into the interior of Asia. This is a list of the rulers of the Iraqi city of Mosul. Emirs Hamdanid Dynasty Abu'l-Haija 'Abdullah 905-929 The Principality of Antioch, including parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria, was one of the Crusader states created during the First Crusade The Assyrian people ( Aramaic: Āṯūrāyē; Akkadian: Aššūrāyu) are descended from the ancient Assyrians of Mesopotamia The term Assyrianism or Assyrian nationalism refers to a variant of Syriac Christian Nationalism, which originated in the 19th century and is The Assyrian Genocide (also known as Sayfo or Seyfo; Aramaic: ܩܛܠܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ or ܣܝܦܐ Since World War I, the Assyrian diaspora has steadily increased so that there are now more Assyrians living in western and eastern Europe, North America The Assyrian independence (also known as the Assyrian Question) is a Political movement and Ideology that supports the creation of an Assyrian homeland The Simele massacre ( Syriac: syr ܦܪܡܬܐ ܕܣܡܠܐ Premta d-Simele) was the first of many massacres committed by the This article is about a king of Armenia in the 1st century BCE. Parthia ( Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran Media Atropatene, Corduene, Adiabene and the region around Nisbis all fell to Armenia and became its dependencies. Atropatene was the Seleucid -era Koine Greek name given to a kingdom established in the 4th century BCE and the nominal ancestor of the name ' Azerbaijan Corduene (also known as Gorduene, Cordyene, Cardyene, Carduene, Gordyene, Gordyaea, Korduene, Korchayk Adiabene (from the Αδιαβηνή Adiabene, itself derived from Aramaic syr ܚܕܝܐܒ Ḥaḏy’aḇ or Ḥḏay’aḇ) was Nusaybin ancient Nisibis, Nisibia Nisibin is a city in Mardin Province, southeastern Turkey populated by Turks, Aramean-Syriacs Tigranes also handed over the kingdom of Edessa or Osrhoene to a tribe of nomad Arabs, which he had resettled in the region^[6]. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Arabs in Osrhoene were later brought into submission by Lucius Afranius. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Lucius Afranius was also the name of a Comic Poet of the 90s BC He started out his campaign from Corduene and proceeded to upper Mesopotamia and, after a perilous march through the desert, he managed to defeat the Arabs of Osroene with the help of the Hellenes settled in Carrhae^[7]. Corduene (also known as Gorduene, Cordyene, Cardyene, Carduene, Gordyene, Gordyaea, Korduene, Korchayk Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Note Hellen was not the same person as Helen of Troy, or Helenus, son of King Priam of Troy.

Abgarus of Osrhoene had signed a peace treaty with the Romans during time of Pompey and was initially an ally of the Roman general Crassus in his campaign against the Parthians in 53 BC. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation Marcus Licinius Crassus ( Latin: M·LICINIVS·P·F·P·N·CRASSVS (ca Parthia ( Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran Year 53 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Later on, however, he secretly switched sides and became a spy for the Parthian king Orodes II in the war effort by providing faulty intelligence to Crassus. Orodes II of Parthia (also called Hyrodes) ruled the Parthian Empire from 57 to 38 BC This was one of the main factors in Crassus' defeat. He influenced Crassus' plans, convincing him to give up the idea of advancing to the Greek city of Seleucia near Euphrates, whose inhabitants were sympathetic to the Romans. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Instead Abgarus persuaded him to attack Surena, however in the midst of the battle he himself joined the other side^[8]. Abgarus has been identified as an Arab shaikh in another source. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding In this campaign, an Armenian force of 16,000 cavalry and 30,000 infantry accompanied Crassus. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Orodes also managed to keep the Armenian force out by making peace with Artavazd^[9].

During Trajan's time, around 116 A. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who D. , the Roman general Lucius Quietus sacked Edessa and put an end to Osrhoene's independence. Lusius Quietus was a Roman General and Governor of Iudaea in 117 After the war with Parthians under Marcus Aurelius, forts were built and a Roman garrison was stationed in Nisibis. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops Nusaybin ancient Nisibis, Nisibia Nisibin is a city in Mardin Province, southeastern Turkey populated by Turks, Aramean-Syriacs Osrhoene attempted to throw off the Roman yoke, however in 216, its king Abgar IX was imprisoned and exiled to Rome and the region became a Roman province. Events By Place Roman Empire The Baths of Caracalla in Rome are completed In the period from Trajan's conquest to 216, Christianity began to spread in Edessa. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Abgar IX (179-186 AD) was the first Christian King of Edessa. It is believed that the Gospel of Thomas emanated from Edessa around 140 AD. The Gospel According to Thomas ( Coptic: ⲡⲉ̅ⲩ̅ⲁ̅ⲅⲅ̅ⲉⲗ̅ⲓⲟⲛ̅ ⲡⲕ̅ⲁ̅ⲧⲁ ⲑ̅ⲱ̅ⲙⲁⲥ also known as The Gospel Prominent early Christian figures have lived in and emerged from this region such as Tatian the Assyrian who came to Edessa from Hadiab (Adiabene). Tatian the Assyrian was an early Christian writer and theologian of the second century. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Adiabene (from the Αδιαβηνή Adiabene, itself derived from Aramaic syr ܚܕܝܐܒ Ḥaḏy’aḇ or Ḥḏay’aḇ) was He made a trip to Rome and returned to Edessa around 172-173. He had controversial opinions, seceded from the Church, denounced marriage as defilement and maintained that the flesh of Christ was imaginary. Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " He composed Diatessaron or harmony of the Gospels in Syriac which contained eclectic ideas from Jewish-Christian and dualistic traditions. See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language This became the Gospel par-excellence of Syriac-speaking Christianity until in the fifth century Rabbula bishop of Edessa suppressed it and substituted a revision of the Old Syriac Canonical Gospels. See Syriac (disambiguation for other uses Syriac (syr ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leššānā Suryāyā) is an Eastern Aramaic language A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight ^[10].

After this, Edessa was again brought under Roman control by Decius and it was made a center of Roman operations against the Persian Sassanids. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Amru, possibly a descendant of Abgar, is mentioned as king in the Paikuli inscription, recording the victory of Narseh in the Sassanid civil war of 293. The Paikuli inscription was set up as a monument to victory and tells how and why Narseh ousted his grand-nephew from power Narseh (whose name is also sometimes written as Narses or Narseus) was the seventh Sassanid King of Persia (293&ndash302 and son of Shapur Historians identify this Amru as Amru ibn Adi, the fourth king of the Lakhmid dynasty which was at that time still based in Harran, not yet moved to Hirah in Babylonia^[11]. The Lakhmids ( Arabic:) Banu Lakhm ( Arabic:) Muntherids ( Arabic:) were a group of Arab Christians who lived in Al Hīra ( Arabic, الحيرة) was an ancient city located south of Al-Kufah in south-central Iraq.

Many centuries later, Dagalaiphus and Secundinus duke of Osrhoene, accompanied Julian in his war against the Sassanid king Shapur II in 4th century^[12]. Flavius Claudius Julianus, known also as Julian or Julian the Apostate (331 or 332 to 26 June 363) was Roman Emperor (Caesar The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Shapur II was the ninth King of the Sassanid Empire from 309 to 379

In his writings Pliny refers to the natives of Osroene and Commagene as Arabs and the region as Arabia^[13]. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author For the kingdom please see Kingdom of Commagene. Commagene or Kommagene ( Greek: Kομμαγηνή, Kommagênê Կոմմագենէ The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The history of Pre- Islamic Arabia before the rise of Islam in the 630s is not known in great detail According to Pliny, a nomadic Arab tribe called Orrhoei occupied Edessa about 130 B. C. ^[14]. Orrhoei founded a small state ruled by their chieftains with the title of kings and the district was called after them Orrhoene. This name eventually changed into Osroene, in assimilation to the Parthian name Osroes or Chosroes (Khosrau)^[15].

History

Osroene was one of several kingdoms arising from the dissolution of the Seleucid Empire. The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i The kingdom occupied an area on what is now the border between Syria and Turkey. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

It was in this region that the "legend of Abgar" originated, for which see Abgarus of Edessa. For the other historical kings Abgar of Osroene see Osroene. Abgar V or Abgarus V of Edessa (4 BC - AD 7 and AD 13 - 50

Osroene was absorbed into the Roman Empire in 114 as a semi-autonomous vassal state, after a period under Arsacid (Persian) rule, incorporated as a simple Roman province in 214. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Events By Place Roman Empire The kingdom of Osroene becomes a Province of the Roman Empire. Osroene was the first state to have a Christian king. ^[16]The independence of the state ended in 244 when it was incorporated in the Roman Empire. Events By Place Roman Empire February 11 — Emperor Gordian III is killed by his Praetorian Prefect Philip the The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial [7]

Map showing Osroene as a vassal of the Armenian Empire under Tigranes the Great

Since Emperor Diocletian's Tetrarchy reform circa 300, it was part of the diocese of Oriens, in the praetorian prefecture of the same name. The Kingdom of Armenia (or Greater Armenia) was an independent kingdom from 190 BC to AD 387 and a client state of the Roman and Persian empires until This article is about a king of Armenia in the 1st century BCE. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals Events By place Roman Empire The Franks penetrate into what is now northern Belgium (approximate date The Diocese of the East ( Latin: Dioecesis Orientis, Διοίκησις Ανατολής) was a diocese of the later Roman Empire The praetorian prefecture of the East or of Oriens ( Latin: praefectura praetorio Orientis ἔπαρχότητα/ὑπαρχία τῶν πραιτωρίων τῆς It was governed by a Dux, who ranked as vir spectabilis and commanded (circa 400) the following troops:

• Equites Dalmatae Illyriciani, garrisoned at Ganaba. Dux (plural duces) is Latin for leader (from the verb ducere, 'to lead' and could refer to anyone who commanded troops such
• Equites promoti Illyriciani, Callinico.
• Equites Mauri Illyriciani, Dabana.
• Equites promoti indigenae, Banasam
• Equites promoti indigenae, Sina Iudaeorum.
• Equites sagittarii indigenae, Oraba.
• Equites sagittarii indigenae, Thillazamana.
• Equites sagittarii indigenae Medianenses, Mediana.
• Equites primi Osrhoeni, Rasin.
• Praefectus legionis quartae Parthicae, Circesio.
• (an illegible command, possibly Legio III Parthica), Apatna. Legio III Parthica was a Roman legion levied by Emperor Septimius Severus in 197, for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence

as well as, 'on the minor roll', apparently auxiliaries:

• Ala septima Valeria praelectorum, Thillacama.
• Ala prima Victoriae, Tovia -contra Bintha.
• Ala secunda Paflagonum, Thillafica.
• Ala prima Parthorum, Resaia.
• Ala prima nova Diocletiana, inter Thannurin et Horobam.
• Cohors prima Gaetulorum, Thillaamana.
• Cohors prima Eufratensis, Maratha.
• Ala prima salutaria, Duodecimo constituta.

His Officium (administrative staff) included the Princeps de scola agentum in rebus, some Numerarii and their adiutores, a Commentariensis, an Adiutor, an A libellis = subscribendarius and various Exceptores 'and other' officiales. Officium (plural officia) is a Latin word with various meanings in Ancient Rome, including "service" "(sense of duty" "courtesy"

According to Sozomen's Ecclesiastical history, "there were some very learned men who formerly flourished in Osroene, as for instance Bardasanes, who devised a heresy designated by his name, and his son Harmonius. Salminius Hermias Sozomenus (Σωζομενός (c 400 - c 450 was a Historian of the Christian church Bardaisan (ܒܪܕܝܨܢ Bardaiṣān; 154–222 also Latinized as Bardesanes) was a Syriac Gnostic, founder of the Bardaisanites It is related that this latter was deeply versed in Grecian erudition, and was the first to subdue his native tongue to meters and musical laws; these verses he delivered to the choirs" and that Arianism —a more successful heresy— met with opposition there. Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius (c AD 250-336 who was ruled a heretic by the Christian church at the Council of Nicea.

Rulers of Osroene

• Aryu (132–127 BC)
• Abdu bar Maz'ur (127–120 BC)
• Fradhasht bar Gebar'u (120–115 BC)
• Bakru I bar Fradhasht (115–112 BC)
• Bakru II bar Bakru (112–94 BC)
• Ma'nu I (94 BC)
• Abgar I Piqa (94–68 BC)
• Abgar II bar Abgar (68–52 BC)
• Ma'nu II (52–34 BC)
• Paqor (34–29 BC)
• Abgar III (29–26 BC)
• Abgar IV Sumaqa (26–23 BC)
• Ma'nu III Saphul (23–4 BC)
• Abgar V Ukkama bar Ma'nu (Abgarus of Edessa) (4 BC–AD 7)
• Ma'nu IV bar Ma'nu (AD 7–13)
• Abgar V Ukkama bar Ma'nu (13–50)
• Ma'nu V bar Abgar (50–57)
• Ma'nu VI bar Abgar (57–71)
• Abgar VI bar Ma'nu (71–91)
• Sanatruk (91–109)
• Abgar VII bar Ezad (109–116)
• Roman interregnum 116–118
• Yalur (118–122, co-ruler with Parthamaspates)
• Parthamaspates (118–123)
• Ma'nu VII bar Ezad (123–139)
• Ma'nu VIII bar Ma'nu (139–163)
• Wa'il bar Sahru (163–165)
• Ma'nu VIII bar Ma'nu (165–167)
• Abgar VIII (167–177)
• Abgar IX (the great) (177–212)
• Abgar X Severus bar Ma'nu (212–214)
• Abgar (X) Severus Bar Abgar (IX) Rabo (214–216)
• Ma’nu (IX) Bar Abgar (X) Severus (216–242)
• Abgar (XI) Farhat Bar Ma’nu (IX) (242–244)

See also

• Abgarus of Edessa
• Edessa, Mesopotamia
• Assyria (Roman province)
• Lists of incumbents
• Serapion of Antioch
• Roman provinces

Sources and references

• Notitia dignitatum
• Westermann, Großer Atlass zur Weltgeschichte (German)
• Catholic encyclopaedia (passim)