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Osorkon II
Pendant bearing cartouche of Osorkon II
Pendant bearing cartouche of Osorkon II
Pharaoh of Egypt
Reign 872–837 BC,  22nd Dynasty
Predecessor Shoshenq II
Successor Shoshenq III
Royal titulary
Died 837 BC
Burial Necropolis at Tanis

Usermaatre Setepenamun Osorkon II was a pharaoh[1] of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Ancient Egypt and the son of Takelot I and Queen Kapes. Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The creation of a reliable Chronology of Ancient Egypt is a task fraught with problems The Twenty-First Twenty-Second, Twenty-Third Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Third Intermediate Heqakheperre Shoshenq II was an Egyptian king of the 22nd dynasty of Egypt King Usermaatre Setepenre or Usimare Setepenamun Shoshenq III ruled Egypt's 22nd Dynasty for 39 years according to contemporary historical The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt Tanis (Τάνις the Greek name of ancient Djanet (modern صان الحجر Ṣān al-Ḥaǧar) is a city in the north-eastern Nile delta Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods The Twenty-First Twenty-Second, Twenty-Third Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title Third Intermediate Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Hedjkheperre Setepenre Takelot I was a son of Osorkon I and Queen Tashedkhons who ruled Egypt for 13 Years according to Manetho. He ruled Egypt around 872 BC to 837 BC from Tanis, the capital of this Dynasty. Events and trends 879 BC — Death of Zhou yi wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. Events and trends 836 BC — Shalmaneser III of Assyria leads an expedition against the Tabareni. Tanis (Τάνις the Greek name of ancient Djanet (modern صان الحجر Ṣān al-Ḥaǧar) is a city in the north-eastern Nile delta After succeeding his father, he was faced with the competing rule of his cousin, King Harsiese A, who controlled both Thebes and the Western Oasis of Egypt. Hedjkheperre Setepenamun Harsiese or Harsiese A, is viewed by the Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen in his Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, to be both a "High Thebes ( Thēbai) was a city in Ancient Egypt located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean on the east bank of the river Nile ( Osorkon feared the serious challenge posed by Harsiese's kingship to his authority, but, when Harsiese conveniently died in 860 BC, Osorkon II ensured that this problem would not recur by appointing his own son Nimlot C as the High Priest of Amun at Thebes. Events and trends 865 BC — Kar Kalmaneser was conquered by the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III. Nimlot C was the High Priest of Amun at Thebes during the latter part of the reign of his father Osorkon II. His younger son Shoshenq was made the High Priest of Ptah in Memphis. In Egyptian mythology, Ptah (also spelt Peteh) was the deification of the primordial mound in the Ennead Cosmogony, which was more literally In this period of Egypt's history, religious and political power were at their most inseparable.

According to a recent paper by Karl Jansen-Winkeln, king Harsiese A, and his son [. Hedjkheperre Setepenamun Harsiese or Harsiese A, is viewed by the Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen in his Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, to be both a "High . du] were only ordinary Priests of Amun, rather than High Priests of Amun, as was previously assumed. The inscription on the Koptos lid for [. . du], Harsiese A's son, never once gives him the title of High Priest. [2] demonstrates that the High Priest Harsiese who served is attested in statue CGC 42225 – which mentions this High Priest and is dated explicitly under Osorkon II – was, in fact, Harsiese B. Harsiese B was a High Priest of Amun in 874 BC. Earlier Egyptologists assumed he was both the High Priest of Amun (HPA and son of the High The High Priest Harsiese B served Osorkon II in his final 3 years. This statue was dedicated by the Letter Writer to Pharaoh Hor IX, who was one of the most powerful men in his time. [3] However, Hor IX almost certainly lived during the end of Osorkon II's reign since he features on Temple J in Karnak which was built late in this Pharaoh's reign, along with the serving High Priest Takelot F(the son of the High Priest Nimlot C and therefore, Osorkon II's grandson). Hor IX later served under both Shoshenq III, Pedubast I and Shoshenq VI. Shoshenq VI is known to be Pedubast I 's immediate successor at Thebes based upon the career of the Letter Writer to Pharaoh Hor IX, who This means that the High Priest Harsiese mentioned on statue CGC 42225 must be the second Harsiese: Harsiese B. Harsiese B was a High Priest of Amun in 874 BC. Earlier Egyptologists assumed he was both the High Priest of Amun (HPA and son of the High

Contents

Foreign policy and monumental program

Despite his astuteness in dealings with matters at home, Osorkon was forced to be more aggressive on the international scene. The growing power of Assyria meant the latter's increased meddling in the affairs of Israel and Syria – territories well within Egypt's sphere of influence. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية In 853 BC, Osorkon's forces, in a coalition with those of Israel and Byblos, fought the army of Shalmaneser III at the Battle of Qarqar to a standstill thereby halting Assyrian expansion in Canaan, for a brief while. Events and trends 859 BC — Assurnasirpal II died 859 BC — Shalmaneser attacked Syria and Palestine. Byblos ( Βύβλος) is the Greek name of the Phoenician city Gebal (earlier Gubla) Shalmaneser III ( Šulmānu-ašarēdu, "the god Shulmanu is pre-eminent" was king of Assyria (859 BC-824 BC and son of the previous ruler The Battle of Karkar (or Qarqar) was fought in 853 BC when the army of Assyria, led by king Shalmaneser III, encountered an allied army Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement.

Osorkon II devoted considerable resources into his building projects by adding to the temple of Bastet at Bubastis which featured a substantial new hall decorated with scenes depicting his Sed festival and images of his Queen Karomama. In Egyptian mythology, Bast (also spelled Ubasti, and later Bastet) is an ancient Solar and War Goddess, worshipped at Bubastis ( Greek:, Herod ii 59 137 or, Strabo xvii p 805 Diodorus xvi The sed festival (also known as Heb Sed or Feast of the Tail) was an Ancient Egyptian ceremony which was held to celebrate the continued rule of a Pharaoh Queen Karomama I was an Egyptian queen married to Osorkon II. Mutemhat was another of his wives. Monumental construction was also performed at Thebes, Memphis, Tanis and Leontopolis. Tanis (Τάνις the Greek name of ancient Djanet (modern صان الحجر Ṣān al-Ḥaǧar) is a city in the north-eastern Nile delta This article is about the large ancient city of Lower Egypt for other uses of Leontopolis see Leontopolis (disambiguation Leontopolis ( Osorkon II also built Temple J at Karnak during the final years of his reign, which was decorated by his then serving High Priest Takelot F(the future Takelot II). The Karnak temple complex, universally known only as Karnak, describes a vast conglomeration of ruined temples chapels pylons and other buildings Hedjkheperre Setepenre Takelot II Si-Ese was a Pharaoh of the Twenty-Third Dynasty of Ancient Egypt in Middle and Upper Egypt Takelot F was the son of the deceased High Priest Nimlot C and, thus, Osorkon II's grandson. Osorkon II was the last great Twenty-second Dynasty king of Tanis who ruled Egypt from the Delta to Upper Egypt because his successor, Shoshenq III lost effectively control of Middle and Upper Egypt in his 8th Year with the emergence of king Pedubast I at Thebes. King Usermaatre Setepenre or Usimare Setepenamun Shoshenq III ruled Egypt's 22nd Dynasty for 39 years according to contemporary historical Pedubastis I or Pedubast I (c 829 BC &ndash 804 BC) was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.

Reign length

Osorkon II died around 837 BC and is buried in Tomb NRT I at Tanis. Events and trends 836 BC — Shalmaneser III of Assyria leads an expedition against the Tabareni. He is now believed to have reigned for more than 30 years, rather than just 25 years. The celebrations of his first Sed Jubilee was traditionally thought to have occurred in his 22nd Year but the Heb Sed date in his Great Temple of Bubastis is damaged and can be also be read as Year 30, as Edward Wente noted. The sed festival (also known as Heb Sed or Feast of the Tail) was an Ancient Egyptian ceremony which was held to celebrate the continued rule of a Pharaoh Bubastis ( Greek:, Herod ii 59 137 or, Strabo xvii p 805 Diodorus xvi [4] The fact that this king's own grandson, Takelot F, served him as High Priest of Amun at Thebes–as the inscribed Walls of Temple J prove – supports the hypothesis of a longer reign for Osorkon II.

Recently, it has been demonstrated that Nile Quay Text No. The Nile Level Texts (or Nile Quay Texts) are inscribed on the cult terrace (the so-called "quay" at the temple of Karnak, in Thebes 14 (dated to Year 29 of an Usimare Setepenamun) belongs to Osorkon II on palaeographical grounds. [5] This finding suggests that Osorkon II likely did celebrate his first Heb Sed in his 30th Year as was traditionally the case with other Libyan era Pharaohs such as Shoshenq III and Shoshenq V. The Twenty-third Dynasty of ancient Egypt was a separate regime of Meshwesh Libyan kings, who ruled Ancient Egypt. In addition, a Year 22 stela from his reign preserves no mention of any Heb Sed celebrations in this year as would be expected, (see Von Beckerath). A stele (from Greek:, stēlē, ˈstiːli plural stelae,, stēlai, ˈstiːlaɪ also found Latinised singular stela Jürgen von Beckerath (born 19 February 1920) is a prominent German Egyptologist.

While Osorkon II's precise reign length is unknown, some Egyptologists such as Von Beckerath – in his 1997 book Chronology of the Egyptian Pharaohs[6] – and Aidan Dodson have suggested a range of between 38 to 39 years. This is a partial list of Egyptologists. An Egyptologist is any Archaeologist, Historian, linguist, or Art historian who specializes in [7] However, these much higher figures are not verified by the current monumental evidence. Gerard Broekman gives Osorkon II a slightly shorter reign of 34 Years. [8]

Marriages and children

Osorkon II is known to be the father of Tjesbastperu, Nimlot C--a High Priest of Amun at Thebes--and Shoshenq, a High Priest of Ptah at Memphis who died young in his father's reign. Nimlot C was the High Priest of Amun at Thebes during the latter part of the reign of his father Osorkon II. [9] Nimlot C, in turn, would be the father of Takelot II who later ruled Upper Egypt at the same time that Shoshenq III ruled Lower Egypt. Hedjkheperre Setepenre Takelot II Si-Ese was a Pharaoh of the Twenty-Third Dynasty of Ancient Egypt in Middle and Upper Egypt

Successor

David Aston has convincingly argued in a JEA 75 paper that Osorkon II was succeeded by Shoshenq III at Tanis rather than Takelot II Si-Ese as Kitchen assumed because none of Takelot II's monuments have been found in Lower Egypt where other genuine Tanite kings such as Osorkon II, Shoshenq III and even the short-lived Pami(at 6-7 Years) are mentioned on donation stelas, temple walls and/or annal documents. King Usermaatre Setepenre or Usimare Setepenamun Shoshenq III ruled Egypt's 22nd Dynasty for 39 years according to contemporary historical Hedjkheperre Setepenre Takelot II Si-Ese was a Pharaoh of the Twenty-Third Dynasty of Ancient Egypt in Middle and Upper Egypt Ancient Egypt was divided into two regions known as Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Usermaatre Setepenre Pami was an Egyptian Pharaoh who ruled Egypt for 7 years [10] The only documents which mention a king Takelot in here such as a Royal Tomb at Tanis, a Year 9 donation stela from Bubastis and a heart scarab featuring the nomen 'Takelot Meryamun' — have now been attributed exclusively to king Takelot I. The English Egyptologist Aidan Dodson in his 1994 book, The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt, observes that Shoshenq III built "a dividing wall, with a double scene showing Osorkon II" and himself "each adoring an unnamed deity" in the antechamber of Osorkon II's tomb. [11] Dodson concludes that while one may argue Shoshenq III erected the wall to hide Osorkon II's sarcophagus, it made no sense for Shoshenq to create such an elaborate relief if Takelot II had really intervened between him and Osorkon II at Tanis for 25 years unless Shoshenq III was Osorkon II's immediate successor. Shoshenq III must, hence, have wished to associate himself with his predecessor – Osorkon II. [12] Consequently, the case for establishing Takelot II as a Twenty-second Dynasty king and successor to Osorkon II disappears, as Dodson writes. Other scholars such as Gerard Broekman and Karl Jansen-Winkeln have also strongly endorsed this position. Gerard Broekman writes in a recent 2005 GM article that "in light of the monumental and geneaological evidence," Aston's Chronology for the position of the 22nd Dynasty kings "is highly preferable" to Kitchen's chronology. [13]

Tomb

The French excavator, Pierre Montet discovered Osorkon II's thoroughly plundered royal tomb at Tanis on February 27, 1939. Pierre Montet ( June 27 1885 &ndash June 19 1966) was a respected French Egyptologist. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It revealed that Osorkon II was buried in a massive granite sarcophagus with a lid carved from a Ramesside era statue. Only some fragments of a Hawk-headed coffin and canopic jars remained in the robbed tomb to identify him. San el-Hagar

References

  1. ^ [1] Osorkon (II) Usermaatre
  2. ^ Karl Jansen-Winkeln, "Historische Probleme Der 3. Zwischenzeit," JEA 81(1995), pp. 129-149.
  3. ^ David Aston, "Takeloth II: A King of the Theban 23rd Dynasty?," JEA 75(1989), p. 152
  4. ^ Edward Wente, Review of Kenneth Kitchen's The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt c. Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (born 1932 is Personal and Brunner Professor Emeritus of Egyptology and Honorary Research Fellow at the School of Archaeology, Classics and 1100-650 BC, JNES 35(1976), pp. 275-278
  5. ^ Gerard Broekman, "The Nile Level Records of the Twenty-Second and Twenty-Third Dynasties in Karnak," JEA 88(2002), pp. 174-178
  6. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten, MAS:Philipp von Zabern, (1997), p. 98 & p. 191
  7. ^ Aidan Dodson, A new King Shoshenq confirmed?, GM 137(1993), p. 58
  8. ^ Gerard Broekman, 'The Reign of Takeloth II, a Controversial Matter,' GM 205(2005), pp. 31 & 33
  9. ^ Nos ancêtres de l'Antiquité, 1991. Christian Settipani, p. Christian Settipani (born January 31 1961) is the Technical Director of an IT Company in the Paris area and a self-taught 153 and 166
  10. ^ Aston, op. cit. , pp. 139-153
  11. ^ Aidan Dodson, "The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt," (Kegan Paul Intl: 1994), p. 95
  12. ^ Dodson, op. cit. , p. 95
  13. ^ Gerard Broekman, 'The Reign of Takeloth II, a Controversial Matter,' GM 205(2005), pp. 31
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