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| Name, Symbol, Number | osmium, Os, 76 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | transition metals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | 8, 6, d | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery, blue cast |
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| Standard atomic weight | 190.23(3) g·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 22. Rhenium (ˈriːniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Re and Atomic number 75 Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 Ruthenium (ruːˈθiːniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ru and Atomic number 44 Hassium (ˈhæsiəm or /ˈhɑːsiəm/ is a Synthetic element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Hs and Atomic number 108 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic "Group 8" redirects here For the Swedish organization see Group 8 (Sweden. A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 61 g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 20 g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 3306 K (3033 °C, 5491 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 5285 K (5012 °C, 9054 °F) |
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| Heat of fusion | 57. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 85 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 738 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 24. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 7 J·mol−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | hexagonal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2 (mildly acidic oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | 2. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 2 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies | 1st: 840 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1600 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 130 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 185 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 128 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | ? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (0 °C) 81. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 2 nΩ·m | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 87. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 6 W·m−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (25 °C) 5. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 1 µm·m−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 4940 m/s | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | 222 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | 0. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 25 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 462 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | 7. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 3920 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-04-2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Osmium (pronounced /ˈɒzmiəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Os and atomic number 76. Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton Osmium is a hard, brittle, blue-gray or blue-black transition metal in the platinum family, and is the densest natural element, beating iridium by 0. In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in The platinum group (alternatively the platinum group metals or platinum metals) is a collective name sometimes used for six Metallic elements Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 19 g·cm−3. Osmium is used in alloys with platinum, iridium and other platinum group metals. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 Osmium is found in nature as an alloy in platinum ore. Alloys of osmium are employed in fountain pen tips, electrical contacts and in other applications where extreme durability and hardness are needed. A fountain pen is a Pen that contains a reservoir of water-based liquid ink.
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Notable characteristics
Osmium in a metallic form is extremely dense, blue-white, brittle, and lustrous even at high temperatures. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different It is so dense in fact, that it is estimated that a football sized chunk would be too heavy for a man to lift by himself. It proves to be extremely difficult to make. Powdered osmium is easier to make, but powdered osmium exposed to air leads to the formation of osmium tetroxide (OsO4), which is very toxic. Osmium tetroxide is the Chemical compound with the formula OsO4 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The tetroxide is a powerful oxidizing agent, very volatile, water-soluble, pale yellow, crystalline solid with a strong smell that boils at 130°C. An oxidizing agent or oxidising agent (also called an oxidant, oxidizer or oxidiser) can be defined as either a Chemical compound The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. By contrast osmium dioxide (OsO2) is black, non-volatile and much less reactive and toxic. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the
Due to its very high density, osmium is generally considered to be the densest known element, narrowly defeating iridium. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 However, calculations of density from the space lattice may produce more reliable data for these elements than actual measurements and give a density of 22650 kg/m3 for iridium versus 22610 kg/m³ for osmium. In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of Density and is represented as kg/m³ where kg stands for Kilogram and m³ stands for Cubic metre Definitive selection between the two is therefore not possible at this time. If one distinguishes different isotopes, then the highest density ordinary substance would be 192Os. The extraordinary density of osmium is a consequence of the lanthanide contraction. Lanthanide contraction is a term used in Chemistry to describe different but closely related concepts associated with smaller than expected ionic radii of the
Osmium has a very low compressibility. In Thermodynamics and Fluid mechanics, compressibility is a measure of the relative volume change of a Fluid or Solid as a response Correspondingly, its bulk modulus is extremely high—commonly quoted as 462 GPa, which is higher than that of diamond but lower than that of aggregated diamond nanorods—although there is some debate in the academic community about whether it is in fact this high. In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNR s (also called "hyperdiamond" are an allotrope of Carbon believed to be the hardest and least A paper by Cynn et al [1] reported that osmium had this bulk modulus, based on an experimental result, but other authors have cast doubt upon this ([2] and references therein).
Osmium metal has the highest melting point and the lowest vapor pressure of the platinum family. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium The platinum group (alternatively the platinum group metals or platinum metals) is a collective name sometimes used for six Metallic elements Common oxidation states of osmium are +4 and +3, but oxidation states from +1 to +8 are observed. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound.
Applications
Because of the volatility and extreme toxicity of its oxide, osmium is rarely used in its pure state, and is instead often alloyed with other metals that are used in high-wear applications. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Osmium alloys such as osmiridium are very hard and, along with other platinum group metals, is almost entirely used in alloys employed in the tips of fountain pens, instrument pivots, and electrical contacts, as they can resist wear from frequent use. Osmiridium, also called iridosmium, is a natural Alloy of Osmium and Iridium, with traces of other Platinum group metals found naturally A fountain pen is a Pen that contains a reservoir of water-based liquid ink. The stylus (needle) in early phonograph designs was also made of osmium, especially for 78-rpm phonograph recordings, until industrial diamond replaced the metal in later designs. The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded Sound from the 1870s through the 1980s In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in
Osmium tetroxide has been used in fingerprint detection and in staining fatty tissue for microscope slides. A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water As a strong oxidant, it cross-links lipids mainly by reacting with unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, and thereby both fixes biological membranes in place in tissue samples and simultaneously stains them, since osmium atoms are extremely electron dense, making OsO4 an important stain for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of many biological materials. Staining is an auxiliary Technique used in Microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image An alloy of 90% platinum and 10% osmium (90/10) is used in surgical implants such as pacemakers and replacement pulmonary valves. An implant is a Medical device made to replace and act as a missing biological structure (as compared with a transplant, which indicates transplanted Biomedical For other uses see Pacemaker (disambiguation A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive
The tetroxide (and a related compound, potassium osmate) are important oxidants for chemical synthesis, despite being very poisonous.
In 1898 an Austrian chemist, Auer von Welsbach, developed the Oslamp with a filament made of osmium, which he introduced commercially in 1902. Carl Auer Freiherr von Welsbach ( 1 September 1858 - 4 August 1929) was an Austrian Scientist and Inventor who After only a few years, osmium was replaced by the more stable metal tungsten (originally known as wolfram). Tungsten (ˈtʌŋstən also known as wolfram (/ˈwʊlfrəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol W and Atomic number 74 Tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal, and using it in light bulbs increases the luminous efficacy and life of incandescent lamps.
The light bulb manufacturer OSRAM (founded in 1906 when three German companies; Auer-Gesellschaft, AEG and Siemens & Halske combined their lamp production facilities), derived its name from the elements of OSmium and wolfRAM. OSRAM is part of the industry sector of Siemens AG and one of the two leading lighting manufacturers in the world
Like palladium, powdered osmium will densely absorb hydrogen atoms, perhaps making it a potential candidate as a metal hydride battery electrode substance, but it will react with potassium hydroxide, the most common battery electrolyte.
History
Osmium (Greek osme meaning "a smell") was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant and William Hyde Wollaston in London, England. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Smithson Tennant ( November 30, 1761 - February 22, 1815) was an English Chemist. William Hyde Wollaston FRS ( August 6, 1766 &ndash December 22, 1828) was an English Chemist and physicist London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
Wollaston and Tennant were looking for a way to purify platinum by dissolution of native platinum ore in aqua regia. Solvation, commonly called dissolution, is the process of attraction and association of Molecules of a Solvent with molecules or Ions of a Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining Aqua regia ( Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive fuming yellow or red solution Large amounts of insoluble black powder remained as a byproduct of this operation.
Wollaston concentrated on the soluble portion and discovered palladium (in 1802) and rhodium (in 1804), while Tennant examined the insoluble residue. Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the Year 1802 ( MDCCCII) was a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In the summer of 1803, Tennant identified two new elements, osmium and iridium. 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 Discovery of the new elements was documented in a letter to the Royal Society on June 21, 1804. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
Occurrence
Turkey, with 127,000 tons, has the world's largest known reserve of osmium. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Bulgaria also has substantial reserves of about 2500 tons. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian This transition metal is also found in iridiosmium, a naturally occurring alloy of iridium and osmium, and in platinum-bearing river sands in the Ural Mountains, and North and South America. Osmiridium, also called iridosmium, is a natural Alloy of Osmium and Iridium, with traces of other Platinum group metals found naturally Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a It also occurs in nickel-bearing ores found in the Sudbury, Ontario region with other platinum group metals. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Greater Sudbury (2006 Census population 157857 is a city in Northern Ontario, Canada. Even though the quantity of platinum metals found in these ores is small, the large volume of nickel ores processed makes commercial recovery possible.
Compounds
- See also: Category:Osmium compounds
- Osmium(III) chloride OsCl3
- Osmium(IV) oxide OsO2
- Osmium(VIII) oxide OsO4
- Osmium carbonyl Os3(CO)12
Isotopes
Osmium has seven naturally occurring isotopes, 6 of which are stable: 184Os, 187Os, 188Os, 189Os, 190Os, and (most abundant) 192Os. Osmium tetroxide is the Chemical compound with the formula OsO4 Osmium ( Os) has seven naturally-occurring Isotopes 5 of which are stable 187Os 188Os 189Os 190Os and (most Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 186Os undergoes alpha decay with enormously long half-life of (2. Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an Atomic nucleus emits an Alpha particle (two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 0±1. 1)×1015 yr and for many practical purposes can be considered to be stable as well. Alpha decay is predicted for all 7 naturally occurring isotopes, but due to very long half-lives, it was observed only for 186Os. It is predicted also that 184Os and 192Os can undergo double beta decay but this radioactivity is not yet observed. In the process of Beta decay, unstable nuclei decay by converting a Neutron in the nucleus to a Proton and emitting an Electron and an electron
187Os is the daughter of 187Re (half-life 4. Rhenium (ˈriːniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Re and Atomic number 75 Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 56×1010 years) and is used extensively in dating terrestrial as well as meteoric rocks (see Rhenium-osmium dating). A meteorite is a natural object originating in Outer space that survives an impact with the Earth 's surface In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere Rhenium-Osmium dating is a form of Radiometric dating based on the Beta decay of the Isotope 187 Re which usually has a Half life It has also been used to measure the intensity of continental weathering over geologic time and to fix minimum ages for stabilization of the mantle roots of continental cratons. The mantle is a part of an Astronomical object. The interior of the Earth, similar to the other Terrestrial planets, is Chemically divided A craton ( Greek kratos / κρἀτος ( neut. "strength" is an old and stable part of the Continental crust that has survived This decay is a reason why rhenium-rich minerals contain an abnormally high isotopic abundance of 187Os. However, the most notable application of Os in dating has been in conjunction with iridium, to analyze the layer of shocked quartz along the K-T boundary that marks the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77 Shocked quartz is a form of Quartz that has a microscopic structure that is different from normal quartz The Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which occurred approximately ( Ma) was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically
Precautions
Osmium tetroxide is highly volatile and penetrates skin readily, and is very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin, and if swallowed. Osmium tetroxide is the Chemical compound with the formula OsO4 Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Airborne low concentrations of osmium vapour can cause lung congestion and skin or eye damage, and should therefore be used in a fume hood. lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain Osmium tetroxide is rapidly reduced to relatively inert compounds by polyunsaturated vegetable oils, such as corn oil. Corn oil is Oil extracted from the germ of corn ( Maize) Its main use is in cooking where its high Smoke point makes it a valuable Frying
References
- ^ H Cynn, J E Klepeis, C S Yeo and D A Young, "Osmium has the Lowest Experimentally-Determined Compressibility", Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 #13 (2002).
- ^ B R Sahu and L Kleinman, "Osmium Is Not Harder Than Diamond", Phys. Rev. B 72 (2005)
External links
- Los Alamos National Laboratory: Osmium
- National Synchrotron Light Source: Science Highlights
- WebElements.com: Osmium
- pure Osmium >99,96% picture in the element collection from Heinrich Pniok
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