Part of Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Arab-Israeli conflict series
Israeli-Palestinian peace process
Israel       The West Bank, the Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights1
Negotiating parties
Palestinians	Israel
History of the peace process
Camp David Accords • Madrid Conference • Oslo Accords • Oslo II • Hebron Agreement • Wye River Memorandum • Sharm e-Sheikh memorandum • Camp David 2000 Summit • Taba Summit • Road map • Annapolis Conference
Primary negotiation concerns
Antisemitic incitements • Status of Jerusalem • Israeli settlements • Israeli West Bank barrier • Jewish state • Palestinian political violence • Palestinian refugees • Palestinian state • Places of worship
Current Leaders
Mahmoud Abbas • Salam Fayyad	Ehud Olmert • Shimon Peres
International brokers
Diplomatic Quartet  · Arab League  · Egypt
Other proposals
Beirut Summit • Elon Peace Plan • Lieberman Plan • Geneva Accord • Hudna • Israel's unilateral disengagement plan and Realignment plan • Projects working for peace • Peace Valley plan 1 The Golan Heights are not part of Israeli-Palestinian track v • d • e

See also: Israeli-Palestinian conflict

The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles (DOP) was a milestone in Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It was the first direct, face-to-face agreement between Israel and the Palestinians. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn It was the first time that some Palestinian factions publicly acknowledged Israel's right to exist. The Right to exist is a bedrock principle of international law referring to the right of nations to exist It was also a framework for the future relations between Israel and the anticipated State of Palestine, when all outstanding final status issues between the two states would be addressed and resolved in one Package Agreement.

The Accords were finalized in Oslo, Norway on August 20, 1993, and subsequently officially signed at a public ceremony in Washington D.C. on September 13, 1993, with Yasser Arafat signing for the Palestine Liberation Organization and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin signing for the State of Israel. (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini ( Arabic: محمد عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني (August 24 1929 – November 11 The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. It was witnessed by Warren Christopher for the United States and Andrei Kozyrev for Russia, in the presence of US President Bill Clinton. Warren (Chris Minor Christopher (born October 27, 1925) is an American Diplomat, Lawyer, and Public servant. Andrey Vladimirovich Kozyrev (Андрей Владимирович Козырев born March 27 1951) was the Foreign minister of Russia under President Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States

The Oslo Accords were a framework for the future relations between the two parties. The Accords provided for the creation of a Palestinian Authority. The Palestinian Authority had responsibility for the administration of the territory under its control. It also called for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria

It was anticipated that this arrangement would last for a five year interim period during which a permanent agreement would be negotiated (beginning no later than May 1996). Permanent issues such as Jerusalem, refugees, Israeli settlements in the area, security and borders were deliberately left to be decided at a later stage. Israel has De facto control over all of Jerusalem. However there are many differing legal and diplomatic positions on Jerusalem. The term right of return refers to the principle in International law that members of an Ethnic or National group have a right to Immigration Israeli settlements are communities inhabited by Israelis in territory that was captured as a result of Jordanian attacks during the 1967 Six-Day War. Proposals for a Palestinian state (دولة فلسطين refer to the proposed establishment of an independent state for the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip, which is currently Interim self-government was to be granted in phases.

Support for the Accords, of the concessions made and the process have not been free from criticism. Repeated public posturing of all sides has discredited the process, not to mention putting into question the possibility of achieving peace, at least in the short-term. The momentum towards peaceful relations between Israel and the Palestinians as demonstrated by the signing of the Oslo Accords has been seriously jolted with the outbreak of the Second Intifada in 2000.

Further strain was put on the process after Hamas came into power as a result of the 2006 Palestinian elections. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة On January 25 2006, elections were held for the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC the legislature of the Palestinian National Authority Although offering Israel a number of longterm ceasefires and accepting the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative, Hamas has repeatedly refused to officially recognise Israel,^[1] to renounce violence or accept some agreements previously made by the Palestinian Authority, claiming it is being held to an unfair standard and illuminated the fact that Israel has neither recognized a Palestinian state, renounced violence or lived up to all pledges it has made during previous negotiations. 2002 Arab League summit|2007 Arab League summitThe Arab Peace Initiative ( Arabic Language: مبادرة السلام العربية is a Peace initiative first proposed Hamas has even renounced the Oslo Accords themselves, while at the same time claiming the benefits gained by the Palestinians from the Accords.

Contents 1 Background 2 Principles of the Accords 2.1 Annexes of the accords 2.1.1 Annex 1: Conditions of Elections 2.1.2 Annex 2: Withdrawal of Israeli forces 2.1.3 Annex 3: Economic cooperation 2.1.4 Annex 4: Regional development 2.2 Agreed minutes of the accords 2.2.1 Minute A: General understandings 2.2.2 Minute B: Specific understandings 2.2.2.1 Article IV: Council's jurisdiction 2.2.2.2 Article VI (2): Transferring authority 2.2.2.3 Article VII (2): Cooperation 2.2.2.4 Article VII (5): Israel's powers 2.2.2.5 Article VIII: Police 2.2.2.6 Article X: Designating officials 2.2.2.7 Annex II: Israel's continuing responsibilities 3 The acceptance of the accords by both parties 4 Criticisms of the Oslo Accords 5 Subsequent negotiations 5.1 Oslo 2 5.2 Additional agreements 6 Loss of credibility 7 Arab-Israeli peace diplomacy and treaties 8 References 9 External links 10 See also 10.1 Issues 10.2 People

Background

From the Rhodes conference in 1949^[2] to the Madrid Conference of 1991^[3] there were many failed attempts for a settlement to bring about a lasting peace of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan The Madrid Conference was hosted by the government of Spain and co-sponsored by the USA and the USSR However, what made the Oslo’s negotiations different was the decision to hold direct, face to face talks, between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization. The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary

A renewal for the Israeli-Palestinian quest for peace began at the end of the Cold War, and it was no coincidence; as the United States would now try to take the lead in international affairs and marshal the strength of the international community behind its renewed diplomacy. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the

Also, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, optimism was high, as Francis Fukuyama wrote in an article, titled "The End of History". The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama (born 27 October 1952) is an American Philosopher, political economist, and author The hope was that the end of the Cold war had heralded in the beginning of a new international order. President George H. W. Bush, in a speech on 11 September 1990, spoke of a "rare opportunity" to move toward a "New world order" in which "the nations of the world, east and west, north and south, can prosper and live in harmony," adding that "today the new world is struggling to be born. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul For the conspiracy theory see New World Order (conspiracy, for other uses see New World Order. "^[4][5]

Despite that, the hope of a New World Order was short-lived; for Israelis the optimism of the moment appealed to them, as some had become tired of the constant violence of the Intifada (1987), and started to look at realizing the economic benefits in the new global economy and many were willing to take risks for peace. ^[6]

Furthermore, the Gulf War (1990-1991) did much to persuade Israelis that the defensive value of territory had been overstated, and that indeed the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait psychologically reduced the sense of security of both Israelis and Palestinians. The Invasion of Kuwait, also known as the Iraq-Kuwait War, was a major conflict between the Republic of Iraq and the State of Kuwait which resulted ^[7] Also the Gulf War had shown that a supreme air force and superior technology was more important than territory in winning a war.

As a result of these and other factors, as much as sixty percent of Israelis supported the Oslo Accords when it was first presented. ^[8]

For the Palestine Liberation Organization, the deterioration of the Soviet Union starting in 1989 presented them with the loss of their most important diplomatic patron along with a failing relationship between Moscow and Arafat.

Another event which pushed the PLO to the accords was the fall out from the Gulf War, which was the cutting off of financial assistance from the Arab Gulf states as a result of Arafat taking a pro-Iraqi stand. This culminated with the PLO not being invited to the Madrid Conference of October 1991 at which Israel discussed peace with Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and the Palestinian Arabs who were not associated with the PLO.

In December 1992, in the background of the official "Madrid negotiations" in London, Israeli vice-minister of foreign affairs Yossi Beilin and Norwegian researcher Terje Rød-Larsen set up a secret meeting for PLO-representative Ahmed Qurei and Israeli history professor Yair Hirschfeld. Dr Yosef "Yossi" Beilin (יוסי ביילין born in Petah Tikva on 12 June 1948) is a Left-wing Israeli politician Terje Rød-Larsen (born November 22, 1947) is a Norwegian Diplomat and Sociologist. Ahmed Ali Mohammed Qurei (or Qureia; احمد علي محمد قريع also known by his Arabic ''Kunya'' Abu Alaa (أبو علاء (born March Dr Yair Hirschfeld is an Israeli lecturer at the University of Haifa. Qurei and Hirschfeld made a connection and decided to meet again in what was going to be a series of 14 meetings in Oslo, Norway. During the first few meetings a concept of an accord was discussed and agreed upon. Israeli minister of foreign affairs Shimon Peres was interested and sent the highest ranking non-political representative and a military lawyer to continue the negotiations. (שמעון פרס born Szymon Perski on August 2 1923, is the ninth President of the State of Israel. In contrast to the official negotiations in Madrid, where actual meetings between the delegations were often limited to a few hours a day, the Israeli and Palestinian delegations in Norway were usually accommodated in the same residence, they had breakfast, lunch and dinner at the same table, resulting in mutual respect and close friendships. The Norwegian government covered the expenses, provided security and were able to keep the meetings away from the public eye, using the research institute Fafo as a front. The The Fafo Research Foundation is the head of two Norwegian research institutes Fafo Institute for Labour and Social Research and Fafo Institute for Applied ^[9]

In August 1993 the delegations had reached an agreement which was signed in secrecy by Shimon Peres while visiting Oslo, after which Shimon Peres took the agreement to the United States to the surprise of US negotiator Dennis Ross. Dennis B Ross (born November 26 1948 in San Francisco) is an American Author and Political figure who served as the director for policy planning The Palestinians and Israeli still had one more obstacle, they did not yet agree on the wording of a mutual agreement, in which the PLO would acknowledge the state of Israel and pledge to reject violence and terror, and Israel would acknowledge the PLO as the official Palestinian authority, allowing Yasser Arafat to return to the West Bank. Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini ( Arabic: محمد عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني (August 24 1929 – November 11 Most of the negotiations for this agreement were carried out in a hotel in Paris, now in full view of the public and the press. An agreement was reached and signed by Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin, just in time for the official signing in Washington. ^[10]

Principles of the Accords

In essence, the accords called for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank and affirmed a Palestinian right of self-government within those areas through the creation of a Palestinian Authority. The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria Palestinian rule would last for a five year interim period during which a permanent agreement would be negotiated (beginning no later than May 1996). Permanent issues such as Jerusalem, refugees, Israeli settlements in the area, security and borders were deliberately excluded from the Accords and left to be decided. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The interim self-government was to be granted in phases. Until a final status accord was established, West Bank and Gaza would be divided into three zones:

• Area A - full control of the Palestinian Authority.
• Area B - Palestinian civil control and Israeli security control.
• Area C - full Israeli control, except over Palestinian civilians. These areas were Israeli settlements and "security zones. Israeli settlements are communities inhabited by Israelis in territory that was captured as a result of Jordanian attacks during the 1967 Six-Day War. "

Together with the principles the two groups signed Letters of Mutual Recognition - The Israeli government recognized the PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people while the PLO recognized the right of the state of Israel to exist and renounced terrorism, violence and its desire for the destruction of Israel. The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary

The aim of Israeli-Palestinian negotiations was to establish a Palestinian Interim Self-Government Authority, an elected Council, for the Palestinian people in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, for a transitional period not exceeding five years, leading to a permanent settlement based on Resolution 242 and Resolution 338, an integral part of the whole peace process. United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242 was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967

In order that the Palestinians should govern themselves according to democratic principles, free and general political elections would be held for the Council.

Jurisdiction of the Palestinian Council would cover the West Bank and Gaza Strip, except for issues that would be finalized in the permanent status negotiations. The two sides viewed the West Bank and the Gaza Strip as a single territorial unit.

The five-year transitional period would commence with the withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and Jericho area. Jericho ( Arabic, ʼArīḥā; Hebrew, Standard Yəriḥo Tiberian Yərîḫô Permanent status negotiations would begin as soon as possible between Israel and the Palestinians. The negotiations would cover remaining issues, including: Jerusalem, refugees, settlements, security arrangements, borders, relations and cooperation with other neighbors, and other issues of common interest.

There would be a transfer of authority from the IDF to the authorized Palestinians, concerning education and culture, health, social welfare, direct taxation, and tourism.

The Council would establish a strong police force, while Israel would continue to carry the responsibility for defending against external threats.

An Israeli-Palestinian Economic Cooperation Committee would be established in order to develop and implement in a cooperative manner the programs identified in the protocols.

A redeployment of Israeli military forces in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip would take place.

The Declaration of Principles would enter into force one month after its signing. All protocols annexed to the Declaration of Principles and the Agreed Minutes pertaining to it, should be regarded as part of it.

Annexes of the accords

Annex 1: Conditions of Elections

Election agreements, system of elections, rules and regulations regarding election campaign, including agreed arrangements for the organizing of mass media, and the possibility of licensing a broadcasting and TV station. (Source: Reference. com)

Annex 2: Withdrawal of Israeli forces

An agreement on the withdrawal of Israeli military forces from the Gaza Strip and Jericho area. This agreement will include comprehensive arrangements to apply in the Gaza Strip and the Jericho area subsequent to the Israeli withdrawal. Internal security and public order by the Palestinian police force consisting of police officers recruited locally and from abroad holding Jordanian passports and Palestinian documents issued by Egypt). Those who will participate in the Palestinian police force coming from abroad should be trained as police and police officers.

• A temporary international or foreign presence, as agreed upon.
• Establishment of a joint Palestinian-Israeli Coordination and Cooperation Committee for mutual security purposes.
• Arrangements for a safe passage for persons and transportation between the Gaza Strip and Jericho area.
• Arrangements for coordination between both parties regarding passages: Gaza - Egypt; and Jericho - Jordan.

Annex 3: Economic cooperation

The two sides agree to establish an Israeli-Palestinian continuing Committee for economic cooperation, focusing, among other things, on the following:

• Cooperation in the field of water.
• Cooperation in the field of electricity.
• Cooperation in the field of energy.
• Cooperation in the field of finance.
• Cooperation in the field of transport and communications.
• Cooperation in the field of trade and commerce.
• Cooperation in the field of industry.
• Cooperation in, and regulation of, labor relations and
• Cooperation in social welfare issues.
• An environmental protection plan.
• Cooperation in the field of communication and media.

Annex 4: Regional development

The two sides will cooperate in the context of the multilateral peace efforts in promoting a Development Program for the region, including the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, to be initiated by the G-7. The G7 (also known as the G-7 or Group of Seven) is the meeting of the Finance ministers from a group of seven industrialized nations

Agreed minutes of the accords

Minute A: General understandings

Any powers and responsibilities transferred to the Palestinians through the Declaration of Principles prior to the inauguration of the Council will be subject to the same principles pertaining to Article IV, as set out in the agreed minutes below.

Minute B: Specific understandings

Article IV: Council's jurisdiction

It was to be understood that: Jurisdiction of the Council would cover West Bank and Gaza Strip territory, except for issues that would be negotiated in the permanent status negotiations.

Article VI (2): Transferring authority

It was agreed that the transfer of authority would be as follows: The Palestinians would inform the Israelis of the names of the authorized Palestinians who would assume the powers, authorities and responsibilities that would be transferred to the Palestinians according to the Declaration of Principles in the following fields: education and culture, health, social welfare, direct taxation, tourism, and any other authorities agreed upon.

Article VII (2): Cooperation

The Interim Agreement would also include arrangements for coordination and cooperation.

Article VII (5): Israel's powers

The withdrawal of the military government would not prevent Israel from exercising the powers and responsibilities not transferred to the Council.

Article VIII: Police

It was understood that the Interim Agreement would include arrangements for cooperation and coordination. It was also agreed that the transfer of powers and responsibilities to the Palestinian police would be accomplished in a phased manner.

Article X: Designating officials

It was agreed that the Israeli and Palestinian delegations would exchange the names of the individuals designated by them as members of the Joint Israeli-Palestinian Liaison Committee which would reach decisions by agreement.

Annex II: Israel's continuing responsibilities

It was understood that, subsequent to the Israeli withdrawal, Israel would continue to be responsible for external security, and for internal security and public order of settlements and Israelis. Israeli military forces and civilians would be allowed to continue using roads freely within the Gaza Strip and the Jericho area.

The acceptance of the accords by both parties

The accords aroused in both parties, the Israeli and the Palestinian, a wave of hope for an end to the conflict, but skeptics abounded everywhere.

In Israel, a strong debate over the accords took place; the left wing supported them, while the right wing opposed them. After a two day discussion in the Knesset on the government proclamation in the issue of the accord and the exchange of the letters, on September 23, 1993 a vote of confidence was held in which 61 Knesset members voted for the decision, 50 voted against and 8 abstained. For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar)

The Palestinian reactions to the accords were not homogeneous, either. Fatah, the group that represented the Palestinians in the negotiations, accepted the accords, but Hamas, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, which were known as the "refusal organizations", objected to the accords because their charters refuse to recognize Israel's right to exist in Palestine. Fatah (فتح literally opening, is a reverse Acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (حركة التحرير Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (حركة الجهاد الإسلامي في فلسطين - Harakat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filastīn The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( PFLP) ( Arabic: الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين al-Jabhah al-Sha`biyyah li-Tahrīr Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River.

On both sides there were fears of the other side's intentions. Israelis suspected that the Palestinians were entering into a tactical peace agreement, and that they were not sincere at all to reach peace and coexistence with Israel, but see it as part of the Ten Point Program (which is called in Israel Tokhnit HaSHlavim or Torat HaSHlavim). The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary For evidence they brought statements of Arafat's in Palestinian forums in which he compared the accord to the Hudaibiya agreement that Muhammad signed with the sons of the tribe of Quraish. The Treaty of Hudaybiyya ( Arabic: صلح الحديبية) is the treaty that took place between the state of Medina and the Quraishi IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش Those statements would then be understood as an attempt to justify the signing of the accords in accordance with historical-religious precedent, with no intention of honoring it.

After the signing of the agreements, Israel refrained from building new settlements although the Oslo agreements stipulated no such ban. However, it continued construction within existing settlements that fell far short of the 1991-92 level. The Israeli's trust in the accords was undermined by the fact, according to the Israeli government, that after the signing of the accords the terrorist attacks against Israel did not cease and even intensified,^[11] which some explained as an attempt by the terror organizations to thwart the peace process. Others believed that the Palestinian Authority had no interest in ceasing these attacks and was instead endorsing them. As evidence they showed that when violence flared up in September 1996, Palestinian police turned their guns on the Israelis in clashes which left 61 Arabs and 15 Israeli soldiers dead. ^[12] Important sections of the Israeli public opposed the process; notably, the Jewish settlers feared that it would lead to them losing their homes.

Criticisms of the Oslo Accords

The Oslo Accords may appear not to have considered factors that would have externally influenced its interpretations. For example, the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre is often blamed for destabilizing the Palestinians' trust in the process. See also Hebron massacre (disambiguation The Cave of the Patriarchs massacre was a terrorist attack on Muslim Arabs praying at the Also, the expansion of the settlements^[13] and blockades which caused the deterioration of economic conditions caused frustration and a corresponding drop in support for the accord and those who stood behind its ratification. Israeli settlements are communities inhabited by Israelis in territory that was captured as a result of Jordanian attacks during the 1967 Six-Day War.

Some academics have argued that the principles of the Oslo Accord simply cannot be accepted by both parties as it could serve only to separate further still the Israelis and Palestinians: both of whom believe they have a valid claim to the land they are fighting over, by creating a superior one over an inferior other.

There have been suggested alternatives to boundary setting and creating principles that divide the Israeli and Palestinians. One alternative that has the potential to be accepted by both parties is to rethink the principles of the Oslo Accord and move a peace process towards the creation of a bi-national state that promotes co-existence rather than to continuing to divide. The one-state solution, also known as the binational solution, is a proposed resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. An argument for this as a possible way of reconciliation is that neither side can wholly justify a claim for homogeneity. Palestine has a varied history of occupancy, such as the Canaanites, Hittites and Ammonites in ancient times. "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. ^[14] Also, some Israeli and Palestinian thinkers have previously argued for a bi-national state as a more attractive alternative to separatism. ^[15]

Subsequent negotiations

In addition to the first accord, namely the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government, other more specific accords are often informally also known as "Oslo":

Oslo 2

• The Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (also called Oslo 2), signed in September 28, 1995 gave the Palestinians self-rule in Bethlehem, Hebron, Jenin, Nablus, Qalqilya, Ramallah, Tulkarm, and some 450 villages. Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip or Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement, or simply the Interim Agreement, also known as Oslo 2 (or Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Bethlehem ( بيت لحم,, lit "House of Meat" Βηθλεέμ Bethleém בית לחם Beit Lehem, lit "House of Bread" is a Hebron ( al-Ḫalīl or al-Khalīl, Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron Tiberian Hebrew: Ḥeḇrôn is the largest city in the West Bank, located in the south Jenin ( Arabic:; ג'נין a city in the West Bank 's Jenin Governorate, is a major Palestinian agricultural center Nablus ( sometimes Nābulus; Arabic:; næːblʊs is a Palestinian city in the northern West Bank, approximately north of Jerusalem Qalqilyah ( Arabic قلقيلية Qalqīlyaḧ; Hebrew קַלְקִילִיָה) is a Palestinian city in the West Bank. Ramallah ( Arabic:) (lit "Height of God" is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank adjacent to Al-Bireh with a population 118000 Tulkarm or Tulkarem ( طولكرم Ṭūlkarm; טול כרם) is a Palestinian city in the Tulkarm Governorate in the

Additional agreements

Additional Israeli-Palestinian documents related to the Oslo Accords are:

• Israel-Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition, (September 9, 1993),
• Protocol on Economic Relations, signed in Paris on April 29, 1994,
• 1994 Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area (May 4, 1994),
• 1994 Washington Declaration (July 25, 1994),
• Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities Between Israel and the PLO (29 August 1994),
• Protocol on Further Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities signed at Cairo on August 27, 1995
• Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron (January 15/January 17, 1997)
• Wye River Memorandum (October 23, 1998)
• Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum (September 4, 1999)

Loss of credibility

Since the start of the al-Aqsa Intifada, the Oslo Accords are viewed with increasing disfavor by both the Palestinian and Israeli public. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron, also known as The Hebron Protocol or Hebron Agreement, began January 7 and was concluded from January Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The Wye River Memorandum was a political agreement negotiated to implement the earlier Interim Agreement of 28 September 1995 brokered by the United States between Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) In May 2000, seven years after the Oslo Accords and five months before the start of the al-Aqsa Intifada, a survey by the Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research at the University of Tel Aviv found that: 39% of all Israelis supported the Accords and that 32% believed that the Accords would result in peace in the next few years. Tel Aviv University (TAU אוניברסיטת תל־אביב את"א is Israel 's largest on-site University, located in Tel Aviv. ^[16]. By contrast, the May 2004 survey found that 26% of all Israelis supported the Accords and 18% believed that the Accords would result in peace in the next few years. Many Palestinians believed that the Oslo Accords had turned the PLO leadership into a tool of the Israeli state in suppressing their own people. While benefiting a small elite, the conditions of most Palestinians worsened. This was seen as one of the causes for the al-Aqsa Intifada.

Arab-Israeli peace diplomacy and treaties

• Paris Peace Conference, 1919
• Faisal-Weizmann Agreement (1919)
• 1949 Armistice Agreements
• Camp David Accords (1978)
• Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty (1979)
• Madrid Conference of 1991
• Oslo Accords (1993)
• Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace (1994)
• Camp David 2000 Summit
• Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
• Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs
• List of Middle East peace proposals
• International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict

References

• Bregman, Ahron Elusive Peace: How the Holy Land Defeated America. Ahron (Ronnie Bregman (אהרון ברגמן born 1958 in Israel) is a British-Israeli Political scientist, writer and journalist specialising on the
• Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. Vintage. ISBN 1-4000-3003-X.
• Eran, Oded. "Arab-Israel Peacemaking. " The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. Avraham Sela is an Israeli authority on the Politics of the Middle East and International relations. New York: Continuum, 2002.

External links

• UNSCO Key documents

See also

• Second Intifada
• Economic Cooperation Foundation
• Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
• Peace Now
• Aqabah

Issues

• Israeli-Palestinian conflict
• Proposals for a Palestinian state
• Arab-Israeli conflict

People

• Yair Hirschfeld - academic who made first secret contacts with Ahmed Qurei in London. The Economic Cooperation Foundation (ECF Heb. הקרן לשיתוף פעולה כלכלי was founded by Dr Peace Now ( Hebrew: שלום עכשיו - Shalom Akhshav) is a left-wing Non-governmental organization in Israel with the agenda of For the city in southern Jordan see Aqaba and for the nearby Palestinian town see 'Aqqaba. Proposals for a Palestinian state (دولة فلسطين refer to the proposed establishment of an independent state for the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip, which is currently Dr Yair Hirschfeld is an Israeli lecturer at the University of Haifa.
• Terje Rød-Larsen and Mona Juul - Norwegian facilitators during the negotiations. Terje Rød-Larsen (born November 22, 1947) is a Norwegian Diplomat and Sociologist. Mona Juul (born 1959 in Steinkjer) is an official in the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and former politician for the Labour Party.
• Johan Jørgen Holst - Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs. Johan Jørgen Holst ( November 28, 1936 - January 23, 1994) was a Norwegian politician representing Labour, best known for
• Jan Egeland - Norwegian Deputy Foreign Minister, provided political cover, facilities and finances for the negotiations. Jan Egeland (born September 12, 1957 in Norway) was the United Nations Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief
• Ahmed Qurei - currently negotiator for the Palestinian Authority, was head of the Palestinian negotiating team. Ahmed Ali Mohammed Qurei (or Qureia; احمد علي محمد قريع also known by his Arabic ''Kunya'' Abu Alaa (أبو علاء (born March
• Uri Savir - former Director General of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, was Head of the Israeli negotiating team. Uri Savir (אורי סביר (born 7 January 1953) is an Israeli diplomat and former member of the Knesset. The Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel (שר החוץ Sar HaHutz) is the political head of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
• Joel Singer - Chief lawyer for the Israeli negotiating team.
• Ron Pundak - currently Director General of the Peres Center for Peace, formed first Israeli negotiating team with Hirschfeld, before official Israeli involvement. The Peres Center for Peace located in Tel Aviv, Israel, is an independent non-profit non-partisan Non-governmental organization founded in
• Yossi Beilin - former Minister of Justice and head of Meretz Party, was initiator of negotiations, and conducted numerous meetings in Israel, West Bank and worldwide. Dr Yosef "Yossi" Beilin (יוסי ביילין born in Petah Tikva on 12 June 1948) is a Left-wing Israeli politician
• Shimon Peres - currently President of Israel, was the Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs and received Nobel Peace Prize. (שמעון פרס born Szymon Perski on August 2 1923, is the ninth President of the State of Israel. The Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel (שר החוץ Sar HaHutz) is the political head of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor
• Yitzhak Rabin - Israeli prime minister who initated official governmental negotiations with the PLO, signed the Oslo Accords, and was assassinated by a Jewish-religious fundamentalist in 1995. The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary Received Nobel Peace Prize. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor
• Bill Clinton - US president who encouraged the parties to meet and negotiate, hosted the Oslo Accords signing ceremonies and also convened the Camp David summit in 2000. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States The Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as Camp David, is the rustic 125-acre (0
• Yasser Arafat - was Chairman and President of the Palestinian Authority, previously Chairman of the PLO, initiated official PLO negotiations with Israel. Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini ( Arabic: محمد عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني (August 24 1929 – November 11 The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary Received Nobel Peace Prize. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor
• Mahmoud Abbas - currently Presdient of the Palestinian Authority, was the lead drafter of the Oslo Accords, and maintained communications between negotiators and Arafat throughout the negotiations process. Mahmoud Abbas (محمود عباس (born March 26, 1935) also known by the kunya Abu Mazen (ابو مازن was elected President
• Yigal Amir - religious student at Bar Ilan University Law School who assassinated Yitzhak Rabin to prevent Israeli withdrawal from Judea, Samaria and Gaza. Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is a frequently vandalized article and vandalism is reverted immediately Currently serving life in prison.
• Ehud Barak - currently Minister of Defense, was the Israeli prime minister during Camp David summit in 2000. Ehud Barak (אֵהוּד בָּרָק born Ehud Brog on 12 February 1942) is an Israeli politician former Prime Minister, and The Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as Camp David, is the rustic 125-acre (0 Previously, was the Chief of Staff of the IDF between 1992-1995. The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit

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