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Osborne Reynolds
Osborne Reynolds in 1903
Osborne Reynolds in 1903
Born 23 August 1842
Belfast
Died 21 February 1912
Nationality United Kingdom
Fields physics
Known for fluid dynamics
Notable awards Royal Medal in 1888

Osborne Reynolds (23 August 1842–21 February 1912) was a prominent innovator in the understanding of fluid dynamics. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Fluid dynamics is the sub-discipline of Fluid mechanics dealing with fluid flow: Fluids ( Liquids and Gases in motion The Royal Medals of the Royal Society of London, also as The Queen's Medals were established by King George IV. Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Fluid dynamics is the sub-discipline of Fluid mechanics dealing with fluid flow: Fluids ( Liquids and Gases in motion Separately, his studies of heat transfer between solids and fluids brought improvements in boiler and condenser design.

Contents

Life

Osborne Reynolds was born in Belfast and moved with his parents soon afterward to Dedham, Essex. Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. Dedham is a village within the Borough of Colchester in northeast Essex, England. His father worked as a school headmaster and clergyman, but was also a very able mathematician with a keen interest in mechanics. The father took out a number of patents for improvements to agricultural equipment, and the son credits him with being his chief teacher as a boy. Osborne Reynolds attended Cambridge University and graduated in 1867 with high honours in mathematics. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and In 1868 he was appointed a professor of engineering at Owens College in Manchester, becoming in that year one of the first professors in UK university history to hold the title of "Professor of Engineering". Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and The Victoria University of Manchester (commonly known as the University of Manchester) was a University in Manchester, England. This professorship had been newly created and financed by a group of manufacturing industrialists in the Manchester area, and they also had a leading role in selecting the 25 year old Reynolds to fill the position.

Reynolds showed an early aptitude and liking for the study of mechanics. In his late teens, for the year before entering university, he went to work as an apprentice at the workshop of a well known inventor and mechanical engineer near Essex, where he obtained practical experience in the manufacture and fitting out of coastal steamers (and thus gained an early appreciation of the practical value of understanding fluid dynamics). For the year immediately following his graduation from Cambridge he again took up a post with an engineering firm, this time as a practising civil engineer in the London (Croydon) sewage transport system. Croydon is a large town and major commercial centre in South London, and the principal settlement of the London Borough of Croydon. He had chosen to study mathematics at Cambridge because, in his own words in his 1868 application for the professorship, "From my earliest recollection I have had an irresistible liking for mechanics and the physical laws on which mechanics as a science is based. . . . my attention drawn to various mechanical phenomena, for the explanation of which I discovered that a knowledge of mathematics was essential. "[1]

Reynolds remained at Owens College for the rest of his career — in 1880 the college was renamed University of Manchester. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1877 and awarded the Royal Medal in 1888. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Royal Medals of the Royal Society of London, also as The Queen's Medals were established by King George IV. Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a He retired in 1905. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

Physics concepts his name is attached to

The following physics concepts were originated by, or else named in honour of, Osborne Reynolds:

Fluid mechanics

Reynolds most famously studied the conditions in which the flow of fluid in pipes transitioned from laminar flow to turbulent flow. In Fluid mechanics and Heat transfer, the Reynolds number \mathrm{Re} is a Dimensionless number that gives a measure of the Ratio Reynolds analogy relates turbulent momentum and heat transfer Reynolds transport theorem is a fundamental theorem used in formulating the basic conservation laws of Fluid dynamics. In Fluid dynamics and the theory of Turbulence, Reynolds decomposition is a mathematicaltechnique to separate the average and fluctuating parts of a quantity In Fluid dynamics, the Reynolds stresses (or the Reynolds Stress tensor) is the stress tensor in a fluid due to the random turbulent fluctuations in fluid momentum The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS equations are time-averagedequations of motion for Fluid flow. Reynolds' dilatancy is the observed tendency of a compacted Granular material to dilate (expand in volume as it is sheared Laminar flow, sometimes known as streamline flow occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption between the layers In Fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic Stochastic property changes From these experiments came the dimensionless Reynolds number for dynamic similarity — the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. In Fluid mechanics and Heat transfer, the Reynolds number \mathrm{Re} is a Dimensionless number that gives a measure of the Ratio The vis insita or innate force of matter is a power of resisting by which every body as much as in it lies endeavors to preserve in its present state whether it be of rest or of moving Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. Reynolds also proposed what is now known as Reynolds-averaging of turbulent flows, where quantities such as velocity are expressed as the sum of mean and fluctuating components. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS equations are time-averagedequations of motion for Fluid flow. In Physics, velocity is defined as the rate of change of Position. Such averaging allows for 'bulk' description of turbulent flow, for example using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS equations are time-averagedequations of motion for Fluid flow.

His publications in fluid dynamics began in the early 1870s. His final theoretical model published in the mid 1890s is still the standard mathematical framework used today. Examples of titles from his more groundbreaking reports:

Improvements in Apparatus for Obtaining Motive Power from Fluids and also for Raising or Forcing Fluids. (1875)
An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water in parallel channels shall be direct or sinuous and of the law of resistance in parallel channels. (1883)
On the dynamical theory of incompressible viscous fluids and the determination of the criterion. (1895)

Reynolds' contributions to fluid mechanics were not lost on ship designers ("naval architects"). The ability to make a small scale model of a ship, and extract useful predictive data with respect to a full size ship, depends directly on the experimentalist applying Reynolds' turbulence principles to friction drag computations, along with a proper application of William Froude's theories of gravity wave energy and propagation. William Froude (ˈfruːd (born November 28, 1810 in Devon - died May 4, 1879 in Simonstown, South Africa) Reynolds himself had a number of papers concerning ship design published in Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects.


Contributions in other areas of science and engineering

Reynolds published about seventy science and engineering research reports. When towards the end of his career these were republished as a collection they filled three volumes. For a catalog and short summaries of them see [2] and [3]. Areas covered besides fluid dynamics included thermodynamics, kinetic theory of gases, condensation of steam, screw-propeller-type ship propulsion, turbine-type ship propulsion, hydraulic brakes, hydrodynamic lubrication, and laboratory apparatus for better measurement of Joule's mechanical equivalent of heat. The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity


External links

Volume 1
Volume 2
Volume 3
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