| Osage |
|---|
| Total population |
|
16,000 [4] |
| Regions with significant populations |
| United States (Oklahoma) |
| Languages |
| English, Osage |
| Religion |
| Christianity, other |
| Related ethnic groups |
| other Siouan peoples |
The Osage Nation is a tribe in the United States, which is mainly based in Osage County, Oklahoma, but can be found throughout America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Siouan (aka Siouan proper, Western Siouan) languages are a Native American Language family of North America, and the Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Osage County is the largest County in the US state of Oklahoma.
The Osage were originally known by Ni-U-Kon-Ska, which means meaning "Children of the Middle Waters. " Today they call themselves Wah-Zhá-Zhi, which was translated by French explorers as Ouazhigi, which later became the English name Osage. [1] Early settlers have said that the Osages were the largest Native people in North America, with the Osage men averaging over 6 feet tall. In war, they were feared by neighboring tribes.
The Osage language belongs to the Dhegihan branch of the Siouan stock of Native American languages, now spoken in Nebraska and Oklahoma. The Siouan (aka Siouan proper, Western Siouan) languages are a Native American Language family of North America, and the Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages are spoken by indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. They originally lived among the Kansa, the Ponca, the Omaha, and the Quapaw in the Ohio Valley. The Ponca ( Páⁿka iyé: Páⁿka or Ppáⁿkka ˈpːãŋkːa are a Native American Tribe. The Omaha tribe is a Native American tribe that currently resides in northeastern Nebraska and western Iowa, United States. The Quapaw people are a tribe of Native Americans who historically resided on the west side of the Mississippi River in what is now the state of Arkansas The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River.
Contents |
History
Many of the Osage had migrated to the Osage River in western Missouri by 1673, living near the Missouri River. The Osage River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 360 mi (579 km long in central Missouri in the United States. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Alongside the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache, they dominated western Oklahoma. The Kiowa (ˈkaɪoʊwə are a nation of American Indians who migrated from what is now Canada to their present location in Southwestern Oklahoma. The Comanche are a Native American ethnic group whose range (the Comancheria) consisted of present-day eastern New Mexico, southern Colorado Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. They also lived with the Quapaw and Caddo in Arkansas. The Quapaw people are a tribe of Native Americans who historically resided on the west side of the Mississippi River in what is now the state of Arkansas The Caddo are a nation or group of tribes of Southeastern Native Americans who in the 16th century inhabited much of what is now East Texas, western Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States.
The Osage held high rank among the old hunting tribes of the Great Plains. The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada From their traditional homes in the woodlands of present-day Missouri and Arkansas, the Osage would make semi-annual buffalo hunting forays out into the Great Plains to the west as well as hunt deer, rabbit, and other wild game in the central and eastern parts of their domain. The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. They grew corn, squash, and other vegetables near their villages, and they harvested nuts and wild berries. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica So, in this sense, the Osage's lifestyle did not conform to either a strictly woodland Native American tribe nor a Great Plains people.
European encounters
The French encountered the tribe in Missouri during the late 17th century. As experienced warriors, the Osage allied with the French against the Illiniwek during the early 18th century. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Illiniwek (also known as the Illini, Illinois Confederacy) were a group of six Native American Tribes in the upper Mississippi River
Friendly relations with the Osage enabled French fur trader René Auguste Chouteau to extend his business, and he monopolized trade with the tribe from 1794 to 1802. René Auguste Chouteau (born September 7, 1749 in New Orleans, Louisiana; died February 24, 1829 in St
Lewis and Clark reported that in 1802, the tribe comprised the Great Osage on the Osage River, the Little Osage upstream, and the Arkansas band on the Vermillion River, a tributary of the Arkansas River. The Osage River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 360 mi (579 km long in central Missouri in the United States. The Arkansas River is a major Tributary of the Mississippi River. The tribe then numbered some 5,500.
Wealthy fur trader Jean Pierre Chouteau, a half-brother of René Auguste Chouteau, became the United States agent for the tribe in 1804. Jean Pierre Chouteau or Pierre Chouteau ( New Orleans, 10 October 1758 - † St The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He founded the Saint Louis Missouri Fur Company in 1809 with a family member, Auguste Pierre Chouteau. August Pierre Chouteau ( St Louis 9 May 1786 - † Fort Gibson, AR 25 December 1838) was a member of the Chouteau The Spanish imprisoned Auguste in Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1817 but released him after several months. Santa Fe ( Navajo: Yootó is the Capital of the state of New Mexico. He actively traded with the Osage and made his home at Salina, Oklahoma. Salina is a town in Mayes County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 1422 at the 2000 census.
Osage Indian wars
The Osage prohibited the Kickapoo from entering onto their Missouri reservation, keeping them in ceded lands in Illinois. The Kickapoos ( Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi) are one of the Algonquian speaking Native American Tribes The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Choctaw chief Pushmataha had a notable career as a warrior against the Osage tribe. The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States ( Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana) Pushmataha (c1760's - 24 December 1824; also spelled Pooshawattaha, Pooshamallaha, or Poosha Matthaw) the "Indian General" The Five Civilized Tribes removed to the Indian Territory clashed briefly with the Osage after arriving on the Trail of Tears. The Five Civilized Tribes is the term applied to five Native American nations the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and The Indian Territory, also known as The Indian Country, The Indian territory or the Indian territories, was land set aside within the United States The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma in the Western United States
In 1833, the Osage clashed with the Kiowa near the Wichita Mountains in modern day south central Oklahoma in an incident known as the Cutthroat Gap Massacre. The Wichita Mountains are located in southwestern Oklahoma. The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, a favorite for hikers and rock The Massacre of Cutthroat Gap occurred in the spring of 1833 in the Wichita Mountains. The Osage cut off the heads of their victims and arranged them in rows of brass cooking buckets. Not a single Osage died in this attack. Later, Kiowa warriors, allied with the Comanche, raided the Osage and others. The Kiowa (ˈkaɪoʊwə are a nation of American Indians who migrated from what is now Canada to their present location in Southwestern Oklahoma. The Comanche are a Native American ethnic group whose range (the Comancheria) consisted of present-day eastern New Mexico, southern Colorado
In 1867, because of their scouting expertise, excellent terrain knowledge, and military prowess, Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer employed Osage scouts in his campaign against Chief Black Kettle and his band of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians in western Oklahoma near the Washita River. Chief Black Kettle ( Cheyenne, Moke-tav-a-to) (born Ca 1813 died November 27 Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taa'e (more commonly The Arapaho (in French: Gens de Vache) tribe of Native Americans historically living on the eastern plains of Colorado and Wyoming The Washita River forms in eastern Roberts County Texas ( near the town of Miami Texas in the Texas Panhandle. Chief Black Kettle and his band were taken by surprise in the early morning by Custer and his soldiers, believed to have been led there by Osage scouts. Chief Black Kettle was killed, along with others from both sides. This incident became known as the Battle of Washita River. The Battle of Washita River (or Battle of the Washita) occurred on November 27, 1868 when Lt
Treaties
The Osage began treaty-making with the United States in 1808 with the first cessation of lands in Missouri (Osage Treaty). Subsequent treaties and laws through the 1860s reduced the lands of the Osage and finally provided for a reservation in the Cherokee Outlet in 1870. The Osage moved from their homelands on the Osage River in 1808 and moved to western Missouri. The major part of the tribe had moved to the Three-forks region of what would become Oklahoma soon after the arrival of Lewis and Clark. Since this part of the tribe did not participate in the negotiations for the treaty of 1808, their assent was obtained in 1809.
The tribe began concluding treaties in 1810 that eventually ceded their tribal territory across Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. They first moved onto a southeast Kansas reservation, on which the city of Independence, Kansas now sits. Independence is a city in Montgomery County, Kansas, United States.
American Civil War
During the American Civil War the Osage tribe was split between supporters of the Union and the Confederacy.
See: Indian cavalry
Little House on the Prairie
It was at this time that the family of Laura Ingalls Wilder moved to the territories. Indian cavalry is the name collectively given (for lack of a better one to the Heartland and Eastern American Indians who fought during the American Civil Laura Ingalls Wilder ( February 7, 1867 – February 10, 1957) was an American Author, who wrote the Little House series Laura recalled her family's encounters with the Osage in Little House on the Prairie, especially the visit of a French-speaking Osage chief she calls Soldat du Chêne. Little House on the Prairie is a children's book by Laura Ingalls Wilder that was published in 1935
Reservation living
The Nation later bought land in Oklahoma Osage Indian Reservation becoming the only nation to buy their own reservation. Osage County is the largest County in the US state of Oklahoma. It comprises Osage County, Oklahoma, in the north-central portion of the state between Tulsa, Oklahoma and Ponca City, Oklahoma. Ponca City is a city in Kay and Osage counties in the US state of Oklahoma named after the Ponca Tribe ( Páⁿka iyé The tribal leaders orchestrated a deal with the Federal government to move onto their own hunting ground on the prairie lands. The Osages had experience with the government and negotiated in 1907 to maintain mineral rights to their new homeland. They were unyielding and held up statehood for Oklahoma before signing an Allotment Act.
Natural resources and headrights
Unlike most other tribes, the Osage unexpectedly stumbled upon a valuable natural resource on their reservation lands that allowed them to financially prosper. In 1894 large quantities of oil was discovered to lie deep beneath the vast prairie the tribe owned. Because of his recent discoveries of oil in southern Kansas, Henry Foster, a petroleum developer, approached the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to request that they allow him exclusive privileges to explore the Osage reservation for oil and natural gas. History Although the bureau which was called the Office of Indian Affairs was formed in 1824 similar agencies had existed in the U The BIA granted his request in 1896, with the stipulation Foster was to pay the Osage tribe at that time a 10% royalty on all sales of petroleum produced on the reservation. The rise in production over the next 10 years prompted Congress to pass the Osage Allotment Act on June 28, 1906. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting This act states all persons listed on tribal rolls prior to January 1, 1906 or born before July 1907 would be allocated a share of the reservation's subsurface natural resources, regardless of blood quantum. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Blood Quantum Laws is an umbrella term that describes legislation enacted to define membership in Native American groups
After mineral leases were auctioned by the tribe and explored, the oil business on the Osage reservation boomed. Overnight, Osage share holders became in the words of many the "richest people in the world". When royalties peaked in 1925, annual headright earnings were at $13,000. A headright is a legal grant of land of settlers moving into an area uninhabited by settlers A family of 4 who were all on the allotment role would earn $52,800, comparable to approximately $600,000 in today's economy. [2] Although the Osage Allotment Act protected the tribe's petroleum interests, the surface land was sold freely by any adult of a sound mind. In the time between 1907 and 1923, thousands of acres of land that was formerly restricted was sold or leased to non-Indian persons. Many Osage at this time did not understand the intricacies or value of these contacts and were promptly swindled by greedy businessmen.
Another trick used by non-Indian Americans to cash in on the new found Osage wealth was to marry in to a family that had headrights. This tactic took a shocking and heinous turn in 1921 when a white man Ernest Burkhart married into an Alottee family and with the help of his uncle and brother plotted to murder those that would inherit the headrights. This became known as the Osage Indian Murders and went so far as to received attention from Federal law enforcement. Osage Indian Murders - Between 1921 and 1923 over a dozen people on the Osage Indian Reservation died under suspicious circumstances This violence finally invoked Congress to pass legislation limiting inheritance of headrights to only those with Osage Indian blood and required those with no degree of Osage Indian blood to sell their shares to the tribe. Today, headrights have become split up among the Osage descendants of those who originally possessed them, although it is estimated that 25% of headrights are owned by non Osage people. [3] The social consequences of the oil boom for the Osage Nation have been depicted in John Joseph Mathews' semi-autobiographical novel Sundown (1934). John Joseph Mathews (c 1894-1979 was a World War I veteran who became one of the Osage Nation 's most important spokespeople and writers
Today
Ballerina Maria Tallchief, an Osage born in 1925 in Fairfax, Oklahoma, contributed greatly to the success of ballet dance in America. Maria Tallchief (born January 24 1925 was an American Ballerina. Fairfax is a town in Osage County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 1555 at the 2000 census. Her younger sister, Marjorie Tallchief, also performed as a dancer.
Today, the Osage Nation claims more than 10,000 members. The Osage Museum in Pawhuska, Oklahoma, the oldest extant tribal museum in the country, documents their history. Pawhuska is a city in and the County seat of Osage County, Oklahoma, United States, and the capital of the Osage Nation.
Notes
External links
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