Organized crime or criminal organizations are groups or operations run by criminals, most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary profit. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Money is anything that is generally accepted as Payment for Goods and services and repayment of Debts. The Organized Crime Control Act (U.S., 1970) defines organized crime as "The unlawful activities of . The Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 ( October 15[[ 970]] was an Act of Congress signed into law by U The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. . . a highly organized, disciplined association. . . ".

Some criminal organizations, such as terrorist organizations, are politically motivated. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Motivation is the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior especially Human behavior as studied in Philosophy, Conflict, Economics Gangs sometimes become "disciplined" enough to be considered "organized". Gangsters redirects here For the computer game see Gangsters (video game. An organized gang or criminal set can also be referred to as a mob. The act of engaging in criminal activity as a structured group is referred to in the United States as racketeering. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A racket is an illegal business usually run as part of Organized crime. In the U. S. , organized crime is often prosecuted federally under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), Statute (18 U.S.C. Part I Chapter 96 §§ 1961-1968). The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (commonly referred to as RICO Act or RICO) is a United States federal law that provides for extended

Contents 1 Origins and conceptual background 2 Organized Crime Dynamics 3 Notable criminal organizations 4 Human rights law 5 Ideological crime 6 Typical activities 7 Footnotes 8 External links

Origins and conceptual background

"Piracy and banditry were to the pre-industrial world what organized crime is to modern society" (Paul Lunde, Organized Crime, 2004). Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering An outlaw or bandit is a person living the lifestyle of outlawry; the word literally means "outside the Law " by folk-etymology from the original Today, crime is thought of as an urban phenomenon, but for most of human history it was the rural world that was crime-ridden. Pirates and bandits attacked trade routes, at times severely disrupting commerce, raising costs, insurance rates and prices to the consumer.

Organized crime is deeply linked to the moral problem of integrating subcivilized energy into civilized state building. The early Christian world was dubious about an unqualified legitimacy of nation-states. St. Augustine famously defined them as what would now be called kleptocracies, states founded on theft: "If justice be disregarded, what are states but large bandit bands, and what are bandit bands but small states?" (De Civ. A kleptocracy (sometimes cleptocracy, occasionally kleptarchy) ( root klepto+kratein = rule by thieves) is a term applied to a Dei iv, 4). A later North African writer, Ibn Khaldun, observing the predatorial conquests of the Mongol leader Tamerlane in the 14th century, developed a theory of state formation based on the periodic conquest of civilized states by barbarians, who are quickly acculturated by urban life, lose their warlike qualities and succumb in turn to conquest by yet another wave of barbarians. Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among As criminologist Paul Lunde states, "Barbarian conquerors, whether Vandals, Goths, Norsemen, Turks or Mongols are not normally thought of as organized crime groups, yet they share many features associated with successful criminal organizations. They were for the most part non-ideological, predominantly ethnically based, used violence and intimidation, and adhered to their own codes of law" (ibid. ).

Although medieval feudal lords were not usually engaged in criminal activities (except for the irregular robber baron), their hierarchical courts, monopoly of violence, extension of protection to their serfs in exchange for labor and a percentage of harvests and durability are structurally similar to classic organized crime groups like the Mafia. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed The term robber baron (Raubritter dates back to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries originally referring to certain Feudal Lords The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra) is a Sicilian Criminal Secret society which is believed to have first developed in the mid-19th century In the modern world, it is difficult to distinguish some corrupt and lawless governments from organized crime gangs. These regimes, characteristic of some of the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, use the state apparatus to control organized crime for their own ends.

Organized Crime Dynamics

In order for a criminal organization to prosper, some degree of support is required from the society in which it lives. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Thus, it is often necessary to corrupt some of its respected members, most commonly achieved through bribery, blackmail, and the establishment of symbiotic relationships with legitimate businesses. Bribery, a form of pecuniary corruption is an act usually implying money or gift given that alters the behaviour of the recipient in ways not consistent with the duties of that person Blackmail is the crime of threatening to reveal substantially true information about a person to the public a family member or associates unless a demand made upon the A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to Judicial and police officers and legislators are especially targeted for control by organized crime via bribes. In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation

Lacking much of the paperwork that is common to legitimate organizations, criminal organizations can usually evolve and reorganize much more quickly when the need arises. They are quick to capitalize on newly-opened markets, and quick to rebuild themselves under another guise when caught by authorities.

Globalization occurs in crime as much as it does in business. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones Criminal organizations easily cross boundaries between countries. This is especially true of organized groups that engage in human trafficking. Human trafficking is the recruitment transportation harbouring or receipt of people for the purposes of slavery forced labor (including bonded labor or debt bondage and servitude

The newest growth sectors for organized crime are identity theft and online extortion. Identity theft is a term used to refer to Fraud that involves stealing money or getting other benefits by pretending to be someone else Extortion, outwresting, or exaction is a criminal offense, which occurs when a person Unlawfully obtains either money property or services These activities are troubling because they discourage consumers from using the Internet for e-commerce. Consumers refers to individuals or households that use goods and services generated within the economy. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce' or eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic E-commerce was supposed to level the playing ground between small and large businesses, but the growth of online organized crime is leading to the opposite effect; large businesses are able to afford more bandwidth (to resist denial-of-service attacks) and superior security. Security is the condition of being protected against danger loss and criminals Furthermore, organized crime using the Internet is much harder to trace down for the police (even though they increasingly deploy cybercops) since police forces and law enforcement agencies in general operate on a national level while the Internet makes it even more simple for criminal organizations to cross boundaries and even to operate completely remotely. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force The US "Report to the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection" (1997 stated "Cybercops are law enforcement personnel whose beat is Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force A Law enforcement agency ( LEA) is any agency which enforces the law The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks

In the past criminal organizations have naturally limited themselves by their need to expand. This has put them in competition with each other. This competition, often leading to violence, uses valuable resources such as manpower (either killed or sent to prison), equipment and finances. The Irish Mob boss of the Winter Hill Gang (in the 1980s) turned informant for the FBI. The Irish Mob is one of the oldest Organized crime groups in the United States, in existence since the early 19th century The Winter Hill Gang is a loose confederation of Boston Massachusetts -area Organized crime figures predominately Irish-American with a small Italian-American He used this position to eliminate competition and consolidate power within the city of Boston which led to the imprisonment of several senior organized crime figures including Gennaro "Jerry" Anguilo underboss of the Patriarca crime family. The Patriarca crime family is a criminal organization based in New England, specifically Providence, Rhode Island and Boston, Massachusetts Infighting sometimes occurs within an organization, such as the Castellamarese war of 1930-31 and the Boston Irish Mob Wars of the 1960s and '70s. The Castellammarese War (1929 - 1931 was a bloody power struggle for control of the Italian-American Mafia between two factions The Irish Mob is one of the oldest Organized crime groups in the United States, in existence since the early 19th century

Today criminal organizations are increasingly working together, realizing that it is better to work in cooperation rather than in competition with each other. This has led to the rise of global criminal organizations such as Mara Salvatrucha. Mara Salvatrucha are large gangs in Northern Central America and the United States. The Sicilian Mafia in the U. The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra) is a Sicilian Criminal Secret society which is believed to have first developed in the mid-19th century S. have had links with organized crime groups in Italy such as the Camorra, the 'Ndrangheta and the Sacra Corona Unita. Background The origins of the Camorra are not entirely clear Some assert a history going back as far as the 16th century claiming that it is a direct descendant of a Spanish secret The Calabrian 'Ndrangheta (from the Greek word andragathía for " Heroism " and " Virtue "—"The Sacra Corona Unita, (SCU or United Sacred Crown is a Mafia -like criminal organization from Apulia (in Italian Puglia) region The Sicilian Mafia has also been known to work with the Irish Mob (John Gotti of the Gambino family and James Coonan of the Westies are known to have worked together, with the westies operating as a contract hit squad for the Gambino family after they helped Coonan come to power) , the Japanese Yakuza and the Russian Mafia. The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra) is a Sicilian Criminal Secret society which is believed to have first developed in the mid-19th century The Irish Mob is one of the oldest Organized crime groups in the United States, in existence since the early 19th century John Joseph Gotti Jr ( October 27, 1940 &ndash June 10, 2002) commonly known by the media as "The Dapper Don" and "The The Gambino crime family is one of the " Five Families " that controls Organized crime activities based in New York City, United States James "Jimmy C" Coonan (b December 21 1946 is an Irish-American mobster and racketeer from Manhattan, New York who is currently serving "Westies" redirects here For other uses see Westie (disambiguation. The Gambino crime family is one of the " Five Families " that controls Organized crime activities based in New York City, United States History Origins Despite their notoriety in modern Japan the precise origin of the Yakuza is still somewhat the subject of debate Russian Mafia ( Русская мафия, Russkaya Mafiya) Red Mob ( Красная мафия Krasnaya Mafiya) or The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimates that global organized crime makes $1 trillion per year.

This rise in cooperation between criminal organizations has meant that law enforcement agencies are increasingly having to work together. The FBI operates an organized crime section from its headquarters in Washington and is known to work with other national (e. g. Polizia di Stato and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police), federal (e. The Polizia di Stato (State Police or PdS is one of the National police forces of Italy. g. Drug Enforcement Administration and the United States Coast Guard), state (e. The Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA) is a United States Department of Justice Law enforcement agency tasked with combating drug smuggling and g. Massachusetts State Police Special Investigation Unit and the New York State Police Bureau of Criminal Investigation) and city (e. The Massachusetts State Police ( MSP) is an agency of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ' Executive Office of Public Safety responsible for criminal law enforcement The New York State Police ( NYSP) is the State police force of 4600 sworn Troopers for the state of New York. g. New York Police Department Organized Crime Unit and the Los Angeles Police Department Special Operations Division) law enforcement agencies.

Notable criminal organizations

Perhaps the best known criminal organizations are the Sicilian and American Cosa Nostra, most commonly known as the Mafia. The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra) is a Sicilian Criminal Secret society which is believed to have first developed in the mid-19th century The Neopolitan Camorra, the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta, and the Apulian Sacra Corona Unita are similar Italian organized crime groups. Background The origins of the Camorra are not entirely clear Some assert a history going back as far as the 16th century claiming that it is a direct descendant of a Spanish secret The Calabrian 'Ndrangheta (from the Greek word andragathía for " Heroism " and " Virtue "—"The Sacra Corona Unita, (SCU or United Sacred Crown is a Mafia -like criminal organization from Apulia (in Italian Puglia) region Other organized crime groups include the Japanese Yakuza, the Triads, the Russian mafia and other East European crime syndicates, the Irish Mob, Jamaican Yardies or Posses and Latin American drug cartels. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. History Origins Despite their notoriety in modern Japan the precise origin of the Yakuza is still somewhat the subject of debate Triad ( also known as) is a term that describes many branches of Chinese underground society and/or organizations based in Hong Kong and Macau and also Russian Mafia ( Русская мафия, Russkaya Mafiya) Red Mob ( Красная мафия Krasnaya Mafiya) or The Irish Mob is one of the oldest Organized crime groups in the United States, in existence since the early 19th century Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Yardie is a term stemming from the slang name given to occupants of government yards in Trenchtown, a neighborhood in West Kingston Jamaica. The Jamaican Posse is a loose coalition of Gangs, based predominantly in the New York City area first being involved in drugs and Gun-running Drug cartels are Criminal organizations developed with the primary purpose of promoting and controlling drug trafficking operations On a lower level in the criminal food chain are many street gangs, such as the Bloods, Crips and MS-13. The Bloods is one of the street Gangs originally founded in Los Angeles The Crips are a primarily but not exclusively African American gang founded in Los Angeles California in 1969 mainly by 16-year-old Raymond Mara Salvatrucha are large gangs in Northern Central America and the United States.

Criminal organizations may function both inside and outside of prison, such as the Mexican Mafia, Folk Nation, and the Brazilian PCC. The Mexican Mafia, also known as La eMe (Spanish for the letter M is a Mexican Criminal organization, and is one of the oldest and most powerful The Folk Nation (also known as Folks) is an alliance of Street gangs based in the Chicago area which has since spread throughout the United States |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Primeiro Comando da Capital, PCC for short ( Portuguese for First Capital Command; pɾi'me(iɾu ko'mɐ̃du da kapi'taw is an Anti-establishment Biker gangs such as the Hells Angels may also be involved in organized crime. The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club ( HAMC) is a world-wide " one-percenter " motorcycle gang whose members typically ride Harley-Davidson

Terrorist and paramilitary organizations such as the Provisional IRA, UDA, FARC and the PKK have been known to engage in organized crime to raise funds for their political activities. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the The Ulster Defence Association ( UDA) is a loyalist Paramilitary criminal organization in Northern Ireland, outlawed as a Terrorist The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo also known by the Acronym of The Kurdistan Workers' Party (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan or PKK, also called KADEK, Kongra-Gel, and KGK It is listed as a terrorist

World leaders throughout history who have been accused of running their country like a criminal organization include Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Idi Amin, Mobutu Sese Seko, Nicolae Ceauşescu, Francisco Franco, Hugo Banzer, Kim Jong Il, Slobodan Milošević, Alberto Fujimori (in league with his advisor Vladimiro Montesinos), Senior General Than Shwe of Burma and various other dictators and military juntas. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Idi Amin Dada (mid 1920s &ndash 16 August 2003 commonly known as Idi Amin, was a Ugandan military dictator and the President of Uganda Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga ( October 14, 1930 September 7, 1997) known commonly as Mobutu, or Mobutu Nicolae Ceauşescu (nikoˈlaje tʃauˈʃesku (January 26 1918 – December 25 1989 was the communist dictator of Romania from 1965 until December 1989 when a revolution Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Hugo Banzer Suárez ( May 10, 1926 &ndash May 5, 2002) was a politician military general and President of Bolivia. Kim Jong-il (also written as Kim Jong Il) (born 16 February 1941 Vyatskoye, Soviet Union; official biographies state 16 February 1942 Baekdu Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori (Japanese name) (born in Lima, Peru on July 28 1938 is a Peruvian and Japanese ref> Fujimori secures Japanese haven Vladimiro Lenin Montesinos Torres (born May 20, 1945) was the long-standing head of Peru 's intelligence service Senior General Than Shwe (သန်းရွှေ θáɴ ʃwè born 2 February 1933 is Head of State of Myanmar (Burma serving as Commander-in-Chief of the Tatmadaw A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute A military dictatorship is a Form of government wherein the political power resides with the Military; it is similar but not identical to a Stratocracy, Corrupt political leaders may have links to existing organized crime groups, either domestic or international, or else may simply exercise power in a manner that duplicates the functioning and purpose of organized crime.

Human rights law

Another use of the term "criminal organization" exists in human rights law and refers to an organization which has been found guilty of crimes against humanity. Human rights law is a system of laws both domestic and international designed to promote human rights Once an organization has been determined to be a criminal organization, one must only demonstrate that an individual belonged to that organization to be punished and not that the individual actually individually committed illegal acts.

This concept of the criminal organization came into being during the Nuremberg Trials. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after Several public sector organizations of Nazi Germany such as the SS and Gestapo were judged to be criminal organizations, while other organizations such as the German Army High Command were indicted but acquitted of charges. The public sector is the part of economic and administrative life that deals with the delivery of goods and services by and for the Government, whether national Regional Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the The ( contraction of ge heime Sta ats' po' lizei: "Secret State Police" was the official Secret police of Nazi Germany The Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH was Germany 's Army High Command from 1936 to 1945

This conception of criminal organizations was, and continues to be, controversial, and has not been used in human rights law since the trials at Nuremberg.

Ideological crime

In addition to what is considered traditional organized crime involving direct crimes of fraud swindles, scams, racketeering and other RICO predicate acts motivated for the accumulation of monetary gain, there is also non-traditional organized crime which is engaged in for political or ideological gain or acceptance. The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (commonly referred to as RICO Act or RICO) is a United States federal law that provides for extended Such crime groups are often labeled terrorist organizations and include such groups as Al-Qaeda and the Irgun. Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using Terrorism as a Military tactic to achieve their goals and there is no international Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Irgun (ארגון shorthand for HaIrgun HaTzva'i HaLe'umi BeEretz Yisra'el, he הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל "National Military Organization

Typical activities

Organized crime often victimize businesses through the use of extortion or theft and fraud activities like hijacking cargo trucks, robbing goods, committing bankruptcy fraud (also known as "bust-out"), insurance fraud or stock fraud (inside trading). Extortion, outwresting, or exaction is a criminal offense, which occurs when a person Unlawfully obtains either money property or services Carjacking is a Crime of stealing a motor vehicle when the vehicle is occupied Robbery is the Crime of seizing Property through Violence or Intimidation. Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their Creditors Creditors may file a bankruptcy petition against In the broadest sense a fraud is a Deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual Insurance fraud is any act committed with the intent to Fraudulently obtain payment from an insurer. Software for Fixed assets management and Stock control developed in 2004. Insider trading is the trading of a Corporation 's Stock or other securities (e Organized crime groups also victimize individuals by car theft (either for dismantling at "Chop shops" or for export), burglary, credit card fraud, and stock fraud ("pump and dump" scam). A chop shop is a slang phrase for an illegal location or business which disassembles stolen automobiles for the purpose of selling them as parts Credit card fraud is a wide-ranging term for Theft and Fraud committed using a Credit card or any similar payment mechanism as a fraudulent source Microcap stock fraud is a form of Securities fraud involving stocks of " microcap " companies generally defined in the United States as those with a market Some organized crime groups defraud national, state, or local governments by bid-rigging public projects, counterfeiting money, smuggling or manufacturing untaxed alcohol (bootlegging) or cigarettes (buttlegging), and providing immigrant workers to avoid taxes. Bid rigging is an illegal agreement between two or more competitors A counterfeit is an imitation that is made usually with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins Smuggling, also known as trafficking, is the clandestine transportation of goods or persons past a point where prohibited such as out of a building into a Prison A cigarette ( French "small Cigar " from cigar + -ette) is a product consumed through Smoking and manufactured Organized crime groups seek out corrupt public officials in executive, law enforcement, and judicial roles so that their activities can avoid, or at least receive early warnings about, investigation and prosecution. ^[1][2]

Organized crime groups also provide a range of illegal services and goods, such as loansharking of money at very high interest rates, bookmaking and gambling, prostitution, drug trafficking, gunrunning, providing murder for hire, illegal dumping of toxic waste, people smuggling and trafficking in human beings . A loan shark is a person or body that offers illegal Unsecured loans at high Interest rates to individuals often backed by Blackmail or threats A bookmaker, bookie or turf accountant, is an organization or a person that takes bets and pays winnings depending upon results and depending on the nature Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs Illegal arms trafficking, also known as Gunrunning is trafficking in ( Smuggling) contraband Weapons and Ammunition. For other uses of this term see Hitman (disambiguation A hitman usually is an Assassin who is hired to assassinate a target via Toxic waste is waste material often in chemical form that can cause death or injury to living creatures People smuggling is a term which is used to describe transportation of people across international borders to a non-official entry point of a destination country for a variety of reasons Human trafficking is the recruitment transportation harbouring or receipt of people for the purposes of slavery forced labor (including bonded labor or debt bondage and servitude Organized crime groups also do a range of business and labor racketeering activities, such as casino skimming, Insider trading, setting up monopolies in industries such as garbage collecting and cement pouring, bid rigging, getting "no-show" and "no-work" jobs, using non-union labor and pocketing the wage difference, money laundering, political corruption, and bullying. A casino is in the modern sense of the word a facility that houses and accommodates certain types of Gambling activities Insider trading is the trading of a Corporation 's Stock or other securities (e Bid rigging is an illegal agreement between two or more competitors Money laundering is the practice of engaging in financial Transactions in order to conceal the Identity, source and/or destination of Money, Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain Bullying is the act of intentionally causing harm to others through verbal Harassment, physical Assault, or other more subtle methods of Coercion

Footnotes

External links

• BBC radio series on global crime (including audio files)
• UN Office on Drugs and Crime - Sub-section dealing with organized crime worldwide

• Organized Crime Research - Has a vast collection of definitions of organized crime, reviews of books on organized crime, research papers, and other material
• Extensive page of links relating to organized crime
• Hungary emerges as base for foreign organized crime groups Jane's Intelligence Review, July 2006
• Organized crime killings shock Ireland

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