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Methane is the simplest possible organic compound
Methane is the simplest possible organic compound

An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon, are considered inorganic. In Chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or Ester of Carbonic acid. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a This is a list of the Allotropes of Carbon. Diamond See also Diamond Diamond is one of the best known allotropes Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin The division between "organic" and "inorganic" carbon compounds while "useful in organizing the vast subject of chemistry. . . is somewhat arbitrary"[1].

Organic chemistry is the science concerned with all aspects of organic compounds. Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation Organic synthesis is the methodology of their preparation. Organic synthesis is a special branch of Chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of Organic compounds via Organic reactions Organic

Contents

History

The "organic" is a historical name, dating back to 19th century, when it was believed that organic compounds could only be synthesized in living organisms through vis vitalis - the "life-force". The theory that organic compounds were fundamentally different from those that were "inorganic", that is, not synthesized through a life-force, was disproved with the synthesis of urea, an "organic" compound by definition of its known occurrence only in the urine of living organisms, from potassium cyanate and ammonium sulfate by Friedrich Wöhler in the Wöhler synthesis. Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] Friedrich Wöhler (31 July 1800 - 23 September 1882 was a German Chemist, best-known for his synthesis of Urea, but also the first to isolate several The Wöhler synthesis is the conversion of Ammonium Cyanate into Urea. The kinds of carbon compounds that are still traditionally considered inorganic are those that were considered inorganic before Wöhler's time; that is, those which came from "inorganic" (i. Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin e. , lifeless) sources such as minerals. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific [1]

Classification

See Organic chemistry#Classification of organic substances

Organic compounds may contain atoms of further elements, so-called heteroatoms. Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. In the nomenclature of Organic chemistry, a heteroatom (from Ancient Greek heteros, different + atomos) is any Atom that Organometallic compounds constitute a further subsection, characterized by covalent bonds between organic carbon and a metal. Organometallic chemistry is the study of Chemical compounds containing bonds between Carbon and a Metal. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across

There is also a large number of inorganic carbon compounds to distinguish from organic compounds. There is an immense number of distinct compounds that contain carbon atoms

Natural compounds

An important subset of organic compounds is still extracted from natural sources because they would be far too expensive to be produced artificially. Examples include most sugars, some alkaloids and terpenoids, certain nutrients such as vitamin B12, and in general, those natural products with large or stereoisometrically complicated molecules which are present in reasonable concentrations in living organisms. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. The terpenoids, sometimes referred to as isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally-occurring organic chemicals similar to Terpenes derived

Further compounds of prime importance in biochemistry are antigens, carbohydrates, enzymes, hormones, lipids and fatty acids, neurotransmitters, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides and amino acids, vitamins and fats and oils. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as An antigen (from antibody-generating) or immunogen is a substance that prompts the generation of Antibodies and can cause an immune response Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article A nucleic acid is a Macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric Nucleotides In Biochemistry these Molecules carry Genetic information Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Peptides (from the Greek πεπτίδια, "small digestibles" are short Polymers formed from the linking in a defined order of α- Amino In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this A vitamin is an Organic compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water

Synthetic compounds

Many polymers, including all plastics are organic compounds. A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products

Nomenclature

The IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds slightly differs from the CAS nomenclature. The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemical Abstracts Service ( CAS) is a division of the American Chemical Society, and produces Chemical Abstracts, and related products

Databases

There is a great number of more specialized databases for diverse branches of organic chemistry.

Structure determination

See Structure determination

Today, the main tools are proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Structure determination, structural determination or structural redetermination or simply redetermination in Chemistry is the process of Proton NMR (also Hydrogen-1 NMR, or 1HNMR) is the application of Nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of Atoms within a Crystal, in which a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal and scatters

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Organometallic chemistry is the study of Chemical compounds containing bonds between Carbon and a Metal. There is an immense number of distinct compounds that contain carbon atoms This page aims to list well-known Organic compounds including Organometallic compounds to stimulate the creation of Wikipedia articles The original list from this page has been split into the following three lists as the number of compounds became too long Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin Spencer L Seager is Professor of Chemistry at Weber State University. Slabaugh. Chemistry for Today: general, organic, and biochemistry. Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004, p. 342. ISBN 053439969X

Dictionary

organic compound

-noun

  1. (organic chemistry) Any compound containing carbon atoms covalently bound to other atoms.
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