An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Acid-base extraction is a procedure using sequential Liquid-liquid extractions to purify Acids and bases from mixtures based on their chemical properties Acid-base homeostasis is the part of Human homeostasis concerning the proper balance between Acids and bases, in other words the PH. An acidity function is a measure of the Acidity of a medium or solvent system usually expressed in terms of its ability to donate protons to (or accept protons from a For an individual weak acid or weak base component see Buffering agent. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. The proton affinity, E pa of a Anion or of a neutral Atom or Molecule is a measure of its gas-phase basicity. The self-ionization of water (also autoionization of water, and autodissociation of water) is the chemical reaction in which two water molecules react to produce a In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are A mineral acid is an Acid derived by Chemical reaction from inorganic Minerals as opposed to Organic acids These have Hydrogen A Strong acid is an Acid that Ionizes completely in an Aqueous solution (not in the case of Sulfuric acid as it is diprotic A superacid is an Acid with an Acidity greater than that of 100% Sulfuric acid, which has a Hammett acidity function ( H 0 A weak acid is an Acid that does not completely donate all of its hydrogens when dissolved in water In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and An organic base is an Organic compound which acts as a base. Organic bases are usually but not always proton acceptors In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and In Chemistry, a superbase is an extremely strong base. There is no commonly accepted definition for what qualifies as a superbase but most chemists would accept As the name suggests a non-nucleophilic base is an organic base that is a very Strong base but at the same time a poor Nucleophile. In chemistry a weak base is a Chemical base that does not Ionize fully in an Aqueous solution. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group -COOH. Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H Carboxyl group or CO2H is a Functional group present in Amino acids and Carboxylic acids Its structure is composed of one carbon atom attached Sulfonic acids, containing the group OSO3H, are relatively stronger acids. Sulfonic acid is an unstable Acid with the formula H-S(=O2-OH The relative stability of the conjugate base of the acid determines its acidity. Other groups can also confer acidity, usually weakly: -OH, -SH, enol group, and the phenol group. Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond. Enols (also known as alkenols) are Alkenes with a Hydroxyl group affixed to one of the carbon atoms composing the Double bond. Phenol, is a toxic colourless Crystalline Solid with a sweet tarry odor commonly referred to as a "hospital smell" In biological systems organic compounds containing only these groups are not generally referred to as organic acids.
A few common examples include:
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Characteristics
Generally, organic acids are weak acids and do not dissociate completely in water, whereas the strong mineral acids do. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. Citric acid is a weak organic Acid. It is a natural Preservative and is also used to add an acidic or sour taste to foods and Soft drinks Oxalic acid is the Chemical compound with the formula H2C2O4 This Dicarboxylic acid is better described with the A mineral acid is an Acid derived by Chemical reaction from inorganic Minerals as opposed to Organic acids These have Hydrogen Lower molecular weight organic acids such as formic and acetic acids are miscible in water, but higher molecular weight organic acids such as benzoic acid are insoluble in molecular (neutral) form. Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest Aromatic Carboxylic acid
On the other hand, most organic acids are very soluble in organic solvents. p-toluenesulfonic acid is a comparatively strong acid used in organic chemistry often because it is able to dissolve in the organic reaction solvent. p -Toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA is an Organic compound with the formula CH3[[benzene C6H4]] SO3H
Exceptions to these solubility characteristics exist in the presence of other substituents which affect the polarity of the compound.
Applications
Simple organic acids like formic or acetic acids are used for oil and gas well stimulation treatments. Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste These organic acids are much less reactive with metals than are strong mineral acids like HCl or mixtures of HCl and HF. Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. For this reason, organic acids are used at high temperatures or when long contact times between acid and pipe are needed.
The conjugate bases of organic acids such as citrate and acetate are often used in biologically-compatible buffer solutions. Within the Brønsted - Lowry ( protonic) theory of acids and bases, a conjugate acid is the acid member HX of a pair of two compounds that transform A citrate can refer either to the Conjugate base of Citric acid, (C3H5O(COO33&minus or to the Esters of citric An acetate, or ethanoate, is either a salt or Ester of Acetic acid. For an individual weak acid or weak base component see Buffering agent.
Citric and oxalic acids are used as rust removal. As acids, they can dissolve the iron oxides, but without damaging the base metal like stronger mineral acids. In the dissociated form, they may be able to chelate the metal ions, helping to speed removal. Chelation is the binding or complexation of a bi- or multidentate Ligand.
Biological systems create many and more complex organic acids such as L-lactic, citric and D-glucuronic acids that contain hydroxyl or carboxyl groups. Lactic acid ( IUPAC Systematic name: 2-hydroxypropanoic acid) also known as milk acid, is a Chemical compound that plays a role Citric acid is a weak organic Acid. It is a natural Preservative and is also used to add an acidic or sour taste to foods and Soft drinks Glucuronic acid (from Greek γλυκερός - "sweet" is a Carboxylic acid. Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond. Carboxyl group or CO2H is a Functional group present in Amino acids and Carboxylic acids Its structure is composed of one carbon atom attached Human blood and urine contain these plus organic acid degradation products of amino acids, neurotransmitters and intestinal bacterial action on food components. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article Examples of these categories are alpha-ketoisocaproic, vanilmandelic and D-lactic acids, derived from catabolism of L-leucine and epinephrine (adrenaline) by human tissues and catabolism of dietary carbohydrate by intestinal bacteria, respectively. For the related metabolic process see Anabolism. Catabolism is the set of Metabolic pathways which break down molecules into Leucine (abbreviated as Leu or L) is an α- Amino acid with the Chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2CH2CH(CH32
Application in nutrition and animal feeds
Research in the food preservation field has brought clear explanation on the mode of action of organic acids on bacteria and numerous trials have shown that the concept works in animal nutrition. Food preservation is the process of treating and handling Food in a way that preserves its edibility and nutrition value
Organic acids have been used successfully in pig production for more than 25 years and continue to be the alternative of choice. Even if less work has been done in poultry, the Organic Acids are very efficacious and their use is adapted to the physiology and anatomy of poultry.
Organic acids (C1-C7) are widely distributed in nature as normal constituents of plants or animal tissues. They are also formed through microbial fermentation of carbohydrates mainly in the large intestine. They are sometimes found in their sodium, potassium or calcium form.
The key basic principle on the mode of action of organic acids on bacteria is that non-dissociated (non-ionized) organic acids can penetrate the bacteria cell wall and disrupt the normal physiology of certain types of bacteria that we call “pH-sensitive” meaning that they cannot tolerate a wide internal and external pH gradient. Among those bacteria are E.coli, Salmonella spp. Salmonella is a Genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever , C. perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp. Clostridium perfringens (formerly known as Clostridium welchii) is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped anaerobic, spore-forming Bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive Bacterium, in the division Firmicutes, named for Joseph Lister. The Genus Campylobacter, (meaning 'twisted bacteria' first discovered in 1963 describes Gram-negative, spiral Microaerophilic bacteria
Upon passive diffusion of organic acids into the bacteria, where the pH is near of above neutrality, the acids will dissociate and lower the bacteria internal pH, leading to situations that will impair or stop the growth of bacteria. On the other hand, the anionic part of the organic acids that cannot escape the bacteria in its dissociated form will accumulate within the bacteria and disrupt many metabolic functions and lead to osmotic pressure increase, incompatible with the survival of the bacteria.
It has been well demonstrated that the state of the organic acids (undissociated or dissociated) is extremely important to define their capacity to inhibit the growth of bacteria, compared to undissociated acids.
Logically, organic acids added to feeds should be protected to avoid their dissociation in the crop and in the intestine (high pH segments) and reach far into the GIT, where the bulk of the bacteria population is located.
From the use of organic acids in poultry and pigs one can expect an improvement in performance similar or better than the antibiotic growth promoters, without the public health concern, a preventive effect on the intestinal problems like necrotic enteritis in chickens and Escherichia coli infection in young pigs. Also one can expect a reduction of the carrier state for Salmonella spp. & Campilobacter spp.
Kansas State University recommends Kemgest, Syneracid, Digest acid, or Tetracid 500 as acidifiers to be fed to pigs weighing less than 12 lb as a complete diet. Kansas State University, commonly shortened to K-State, is an institution of higher learning located in Manhattan, Kansas, in the United States
Sources
- Dibner J. J. , P. Butin. 2002 - Use of organic acids as a model to study the impact of gut microflora on nutrition and metabolism. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 11:453-463
- Patanen K. H. , Z. Mroz. 1999 – Organic acids for preservation. Disinfection, sterilization & preservation (S. S. Block editor) Lea Febiger, Philadelphia PA.
- Brul S. , P. Coote. 1999 – Preservative agents in foods, mode of action and microbial resistance mechnismes. Intl. J. Food Microbiology 50:1-17
See also
Acid-base extraction is a procedure using sequential Liquid-liquid extractions to purify Acids and bases from mixtures based on their chemical propertiesDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic