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The organ repertoire consists of music written for the organ. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. The organ (from Greek όργανον – organon "organ instrument tool" is a Keyboard instrument of one or more divisions each Because it is one of the oldest musical instruments in existence, written organ repertoire spans a time period almost as long as that of written music itself. The organ's solo repertoire is among the largest for any musical instrument. Because the organ was found almost exclusively in the western churches from the Middle Ages until the emergence in the Romantic era of large concert hall instruments, a significant portion of organ repertoire is sacred in nature. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Thus, most organ music comes from Western Europe and North America; because the eastern religions (such as the Eastern Orthodox Church) did not use any instruments in their worship. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Owing to the age of the instrument and its frequent use in Western worship, the organ has one of the most varied repertoires of any instrument.

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Renaissance

The earliest surviving keyboard compositions (keyboard music was not instrument-specific until the sixteenth century) are from England (Robertsbridge Codex c. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The Robertsbridge Codex ( 1360) is a music manuscript of the 14th century. 1365) and Italy (Faenza Codex, 15th century).

The English virginal style was a manner of composition and performance prevalent in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries; some manuscripts are preserved in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book. The Fitzwilliam Virginal Book is a primary source of keyboard music from the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean periods in England, i Sweelinck was strongly influenced by this style. Organ music was almost exclusively based on learned contrapuntal, exemplified by the Fantasia ("Fancy"), as well as works based on contrapuntal treatment of chant. Composers well known for their choral works wrote organ music, for example Tallis, Byrd and Gibbons.

Baroque

France

Main article: French organ school

In France, baroque organ music (referred to as French classical music, despite being from the Baroque period) was almost exclusively liturgical in nature and composed and performed in a very systemized manner. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc The French organ school formed in the first half of the 17th century In addition, the organs were built along standardized lines. The compositions were smaller scale compared with those in other countries. Some of the forms (the Plein jeu, the Récit de Cromorne, and the Tierce en Taille, for example) utilized almost no counterpoint, while others (the Duo, the Trio, and the Fugue) were contrapuntal in nature (though the counterpoint was not generally as complex as in Germany).

England

English composers John Stanley and William Boyce wrote a number of important works at this time. Charles John Stanley ( January 17, 1712 &ndash May 19, 1786) was an English Composer and Organist. William Boyce ( September 11, 1711 &ndash February 7, 1779) is widely regarded as one of the most important English -born Composers Handel is primarily known for his 12 organ concertos.

Germany

Main article: German organ schools

In Germany and Austria, baroque organ music utilized increasing amounts of counterpoint. The 17th century organ composers of Germany can be divided into two primary schools the north German school and the south German school (sometimes a third school Organ music in the baroque can be divided into works based on Lutheran chorales (e. g. chorale preludes and chorale fantasias) and those not (e. g. toccatas, fantasias and free preludes). There are marked stylistic differences between the composers of North, South and Central Germany such that further generalisation is inaccurate. The North German Praeludium (an important form consisting of alternating sections of free material written in the largely misunderstood stylus phantasticus and fugal material) reached its zenith in Dieterich Buxtehude, informed by Matthias Weckmann and Heinrich Scheidemann (influenced most strongly by Jan Peeterszoon Sweelinck and by the Italian school transported to North Germany by Heinrich Schütz and Samuel Scheidt). Dieterich Buxtehude ( Dietrich, Diderich) (c 1637 &ndash 9 May 1707 was a German-Danish Organist, Lutenist Georg Böhm remained firmly representative of the South German School, though Johann Pachelbel's influence as a teacher extended across North, South and Central Germany. Georg Böhm ( September 2, 1661 - May 18, 1733) was a German Baroque Organist and Composer. Baroque organ music arguably reached its height in the works of Johann Sebastian Bach. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Many of Bach's earlier free works are heavily influenced by Buxtehude's style, but much more importantly, Bach developed a style essentially separate from the predominant styles of North, South and Central Germany. The majority of his free works consisted of two parts: a prelude, toccata or fantasia, and a fugue. Bach also wrote a large number of chorale preludes.

Classical era

The great composers of the classical era wrote sparingly if at all for the organ: Haydn wrote only for clockwork organs, and Beethoven and Mozart wrote only a handful of works. The dates of the Classical period in Western music are generally accepted as 1750 to 1810 Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist.

English composers John Stanley and William Boyce wrote a number of important works at this time. Charles John Stanley ( January 17, 1712 &ndash May 19, 1786) was an English Composer and Organist. William Boyce ( September 11, 1711 &ndash February 7, 1779) is widely regarded as one of the most important English -born Composers

Romantic era

France

During the Romantic era, technological advances allowed new features to be added to the organ, increasing its potential for expression. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the The work of the French organ builder Aristide Cavaillé-Coll in particular represented a great leap in organ building. Aristide Cavaillé-Coll ( 4 February 1811 &ndash 13 October 1899) was a French Organ builder. Cavaillé-Coll refined the English swell box by devising a spring-loaded (later balanced) pedal with which the organist could operate the swell shutters. An expression pedal is an important control found on many organs and Synthesizers that allows the volume of the sound to be manipulated He invented an ingenious pneumatic combination action system for his five-manual organ at Saint-Sulpice. A combination action is a system designed to capture specific organ registrations to be recalled instantaneously by the player while he is playing Saint-Sulpice may mean The saints Sulpicius Severus (c 360 - c He adjusted pipemaking and voicing techniques, thus creating a whole family of stops imitating orchestral instruments such as the bassoon, the oboe, and the flute. The bassoon is a Woodwind instrument in the Double reed family that typically plays music written in the bass and Tenor registers and occasionally "Hautbois" redirects here for the strawberry variety see Hautbois strawberry. The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its He introduced divided windchests which were controlled by ventils, allowing for the use of higher wind pressures. For a mechanical tracker action to operate under these higher wind pressures, pneumatic assistance provided by the Barker lever was required, which Cavaillé-Coll included in his larger instruments. Tracker action is a term used in reference to Pipe organs to indicate a mechanical linkage between keys or pedals pressed by the organist and the valve that allows air to flow The Barker-lever is named after Charles Spackman Barker (1804-79 engineer and organ -builder This pneumatic assist made it possible to couple all the manuals together and play on the full organ without expending a great deal of effort. All these innovations allowed the organist to execute a seamless crescendo from pianissimo all the way to fortissimo: something that had never before been possible by the organ. Composers were now able to write music for the organ which mirrored that played by the symphony orchestra. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well For this reason, both the organs and the literature of this time period are considered symphonic.

César Franck, Charles-Marie Widor, and Félix-Alexandre Guilmant were important organist-composers who were inspired by the sounds made possible through Cavaillé-Coll's advances in organ building. César Franck (December 10 1822 – November 8 1890 a Composer, Organist and music teacher of Belgian and German origin who lived in France Charles-Marie Jean Albert Widor (February 21 1844 &ndash March 12 1937 was a French organist, Composer and teacher Félix-Alexandre Guilmant ( 12 March 1837 - 29 March 1911) was a French Organist and Composer. They wrote extensively for the organ, and their works have endured. A particularly important form of organ composition in the Romantic era was the organ symphony, first seen in César Franck's Grand pièce symphonique and refined in the ten symphonies of Widor and the six of Louis Vierne. An Organ Symphony is a piece for solo Pipe organ in various movements. Louis Victor Jules Vierne was a renowned French organist and Composer. The organ symphony, comprising several movements, paralleled symphonies written for the orchestra. Guilmant wrote several compositions similar to organ symphonies; however, preferring to remain in the classical mold, he called them sonatas. Usage of sonata The Baroque applied the term sonata to a variety of works though most works in the Baroque Period were fugues and toccatas In addition to organ symphonies, composers of the day wrote in other forms: Franck wrote eleven other major organ works, including the Prélude, Fugue et Variation and the Trois Chorals; Widor wrote a Suite Latine on various plainsong tunes; Vierne composed 24 pièces de fantaisie, of which the Carillon de Westminster is perhaps the best-known. For the band see " Plainsong (band " For the song on The Cure's 1989 album see " Disintegration " The influence of these composers has persisted through generations of composers for the organ through history, all the way to the modern-day composers Olivier Messiaen and Naji Hakim. Olivier Messiaen ( December 10 1908 &ndash April 27 1992 was a French Composer, organist and ornithologist. Naji Subhy Paul Irénée Hakim (born October 31, 1955, in Beirut, Lebanon Arabic: ناجي حاك)

Germany

In Germany, a revival of interest in organ music began with Felix Mendelssohn. Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer He wrote six Sonatas, three Preludes & Fugues, and several smaller works for the organ. Josef Rheinberger wrote 20 sonatas for the organ and numerous smaller works, all of which blend the romantic style with the contrapuntal complexity of the old German masters. Joseph Gabriel Rheinberger (also Josef ( March 17, 1839, in Vaduz &ndash November 25, 1901, in Munich) was a Liechtensteinian Johannes Brahms and Robert Schumann did not leave any large-scale works for the organ, but both left behind some smaller works which have attracted considerable attention. Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer Robert Schumann, sometimes given as Robert Alexander Schumann (June 8 1810 &ndash July 29 1856 was a German Composer, Aesthete and influential Music critic During the mid-19th century, composers such as Franz Liszt and Julius Reubke wrote works for the organ of immense scale. Julius Reubke ( March 23 1834 &ndash June 3 1858) was a German Composer, pianist and organist. Organs being built during this time were larger and had greater dynamic range than organs of the Baroque period, and Romantic composers were determined to exploit the capabilities of these instruments. One of Liszt's most famous organ works is his Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale Ad nos ad salutarem undam. The Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale Ad nos ad salutarem undam, S The entire 30-minute work is based on a single theme by Giacomo Meyerbeer and it shows the influence of Liszt's Sonata in B minor for piano. Giacomo Meyerbeer ( September 5, 1791 &ndash May 2, 1864) was a noted German -born Opera Composer, and Liszt's student, Reubke, wrote a programmatic Sonata in C minor based on selected verses from Psalm 94. The work, while original in its own right, is heavily influenced by the work of Liszt. These two works are the most monumental compositions for the organ from the mid-19th century.

Organ music in Germany at the end of the 19th century is dominated by the towering figure of Max Reger. Johann Baptist Joseph Maximilian Reger ( March 19 1873 &ndash May 11 1916) was a German Composer, conductor Reger's works represent extreme Romanticism; extremely dense harmonies, sudden dynamic contrasts, and extensive forms are all present in Reger's organ works.

In the 20th-century, German organ music was strongly influenced by the neo-Baroque movement. A revival of interest in Baroque forms and performance practices led to a rejection of the complexity and Romanticism of Liszt and Reger. Important composers of this period are Hugo Distler and Paul Hindemith. Hugo Distler ( June 24, 1908 – November 1, 1942) was a German Composer. Paul Hindemith (16 November 1895 &ndash 28 December 1963 was a German Composer, Violist, violinist teacher music theorist and conductor. Hindemith is widely known for his three organ sonatas. Distler's organ music is not as well-known, and Distler is remembered primarily as a choral composer. His most popular work is the Partita on "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland", a work which treats the old Lutheran chorale in a clearly modern idiom.

United States

In the United States, Dudley Buck was a prominent composer, although his work has remained largely unknown outside of the U. Dudley Buck ( March 10, 1839 &ndash October 6, 1909) was an American Composer of music S.

During this time, transcriptions of other music - usually orchestral music or piano solos — for organ became popular. This article is about music For other uses see Transcription disambiguation page In Music, transcription is the act of notating An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well See also Solo (music and Solo Piano (disambiguation The Piano is often used to provide harmonic Accompaniment Often the transcriptions would utilize only an excerpt of the original piece. The most famous transcriber for the organ is Edwin Lemare. Edwin Henry Lemare (9 September 1866 - 24 September 1934 was an English organist and He transcribed hundreds of works for the organ, the most memorable being his transcriptions of Wagner works.

20th century

During the 20th century, there were a number of independent trends in organ repertoire:

See also

The following is a list of organ composers. It details those composers who wrote or write for the pipe organ. The following is a list of compositions for organ from the Western tradition of classical organ music
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