An organ pipe is a sound-producing element of the pipe organ that resonates at a specific pitch when pressurized air (commonly referred to as wind) is driven through it. The pipe organ is a Musical instrument that produces sound when pressurized air (wind is driven through a series of pipes, controlled by a keyboard A resonator is a device or system that exhibits Resonance or resonant behavior that is it naturally oscillates at some frequencies, called its resonance Each pipe is tuned to a specific note of the musical scale. In Music, a scale is a group of musical notes collected in ascending and descending order that provides material for or is used to conveniently represent part or all A set of organ pipes of similar timbre tuned to a scale is known as a rank or a stop. In Music, timbre (ˈtæm-bər' like timber, or, from Fr timbre tɛ̃bʁ is the quality of a Musical note or sound that distinguishes different An organ stop (or just stop) is a component of a Pipe organ which admits pressurized air (known as wind) to a set of Organ pipes Its name
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Construction
Materials
Organ pipes are generally made out of either metal or wood. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Very rarely, glass, porcelain, plastic, or even stone pipes may be seen. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere
Metal
Metal pipes are usually made of an alloy of lead and tin, along with trace amounts of antimony and copper for increased rigidity. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 The percentage of each metal in the alloy depends on the desired characteristics of the resulting pipe. The more lead used in the alloy, the darker the resulting tone will be. Conversely, if a pipe has a high proportion of tin, it will have a brighter tone. In addition, high amounts of tin give a gleaming and long-lasting polish, which may be desired if the pipe is clearly visible. The cost of each metal is also a factor, as tin is more expensive than lead. The usual exceptions to tin-lead alloys are very lowest pipes in a rank, which are sometimes made of zinc. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 In addition, pipes have been made of many metals, including copper, aluminium, gold, silver, brass, and iron. WikipediaNaming Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Brass is any Alloy of Copper and Zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26
Metal pipes are made by first casting a metal alloy of the desired metallurgical composition onto a long flat surface. Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is (usually poured into a mold which Once the metal cools, it is cut into pieces, which are then rolled into shapes around molds called mandrels and soldered together. A mandrel (ˈmændrɨl and also spelled mandril; in American English also called an arbor) is either an object used to shape machined work a Tool Thus, the cross-section of a metal pipe is usually circular.
Wood
The body of a wooden pipe is made of either a coniferous wood or hardwood, although the lower section of the pipe (comprising the foot, cap, block and mouth) will nearly always be made from hardwood to provide a precise edge for the pipe's mouth. Using screws and glue, the pipes are assembled from wooden pieces of various shapes and sizes. In contrast with the circular cross-section of a metal pipe, the cross-section of a wooden pipe is most commonly square or rectangular.
Shapes
The bodies of organ pipes are generally made in three shapes: cylindrical, conical, or rectangular. Cylindrical pipes are simple cylinders, while conical pipes are in the shape of a tapering or expanding cone. A cylinder is one of the most basic curvilinear geometric shapes the Surface formed by the points at a fixed distance from a given Straight line, the axis A cone is a three-dimensional Geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat round base to a point called the apex or vertex Rectangular pipes form cuboid shapes with either a square or rectangular cross-section when viewed from above. In anatomy the Cuboid bone is a bone in the foot See also Hyperrectangle Oblong Classification A square (regular Quadrilateral) is a special case of a Rectangle as it has four right angles and equal parallel sides In Geometry, a rectangle is defined as a Quadrilateral where all four of its angles are Right angles A rectangle with vertices ABCD would be denoted as There are some irregular shapes as well: the Flûte triangulaire, for example, has a triangular cross-section when viewed from above). A triangle is one of the basic Shapes of Geometry: a Polygon with three corners or vertices and three sides or edges which are Line In addition, a cylindrical or rectangular pipe can be tapered: that is, it can be made to be wider at the bottom than at the top. The Internal shape of the pipe is a major factor in tone color.
The end of the pipe opposite the reed or mouth may be either open or closed (also known as stopped). An open pipe produces a tone in which both the even-numbered and the odd-numbered partials are present, while a stopped pipe, such as a gedackt, produces a tone with mostly odd-numbered partials. See Harmonic series (mathematics for the (related mathematical concept Gedackt (also spelled gedeckt) is the name of a family of stops in Pipe organ building In addition, the wind travels both up and down the body of the pipe, doubling the length of the column of sound; thus, a Closed tube sounds an octave lower than an open pipe of the same length. In the field of Acoustics, a tone is created by the periodic vibrations of air applied to a resonator The tone of a stopped pipe tends to be gentler and sweeter than that of an open pipe, though this is largely at the discretion of the voicer.
Pitch
- For more about the pitch of organ stops, see Organ stop: Pitch and length. An organ stop (or just stop) is a component of a Pipe organ which admits pressurized air (known as wind) to a set of Organ pipes Its name
The pitch produced by an organ pipe is a function of its length. The nomenclature of a rank of pipes, for example an "8 foot" Open diapason refers to the length of the longest pipe in the rank. Thus the longest pipe, C, (two octaves below middle C) is 8 feet long. C or Do is the first Note of the fixed-Do Solfege. In Western Music, the expression " Middle C " refers to the note This length represents approximately 1/2 of the frequency wavelength for an open Pipe. An 8ft stop sounds at unison pitch, like a piano. The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers Much like a vibrating string, the frequency of the tone of an open pipe half the length of another, will sound one octave higher. A string is the vibrating element that is the source of vibration in String instruments such as the Guitar, Harp, Piano, and members Frequency is a measure of the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit Time. In Music, an octave ( is the the use of which is "common in most musical systems If the longest pipe, C, is 8 feet in length, the pipe one octave higher will be 4ft long, and two octaves above (middle C) will be 2ft long. Closed or Gedackt pipes will represent frequency wavelengths approximately 4 times their length. Gedackt (also spelled gedeckt) is the name of a family of stops in Pipe organ building Example: A Gedackt/closed C pipe (2 octaves below middle C) will be 4ft long.
Varieties
Flue pipes
The sound of a flue pipe is produced with no moving parts, solely from the vibration of air, in the same manner as a recorder or a whistle. The recorder is a woodwind Musical instrument of the family known as Fipple Flutes ' or internal duct flutes &mdash whistle-like A simple whistle is a Woodwind instrument which produces Sound from a stream of forced air Wind from the "flue", or windway is driven over an open window and against a sharp lip called a Labium. By Bernoulli's principle this produces a lower pressure region just below the window . In Fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an Inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in When the vacuum under the window is large enough, the airstream is pulled under the Labium lip. This vacuum means "absence of matter" or "an empty area or space" for the cleaning appliance see Vacuum cleaner. Then the process works in reverse, with a low pressure region forming over the Labium which pulls the airstream to the other side again. This 'fluttering' airflow creates high and low pressure waves within the pipe's air column. A high and a low pressure wave form a single "cycle" of the pipe's tone. The oscillating airflow produced by the Labium is called a Von Karman vortex street. A Kármán vortex street is a repeating pattern of swirling vortices caused by the unsteady separation of flow over bluff bodies
Flue pipes generally belong to one of three tonal families: flutes, diapasons (or principals), and strings. The basic "foundation" (from the French term fonds) sound of an organ is composed of varying combinations of these three tonal groups, depending upon the particular organ and the literature being played. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The organ repertoire consists of Music written for the organ.
The different sounds of these tonal families of pipes arise from their individual construction. The tone of a flue pipe is affected by the size and shape of the pipes as well as the material out of which it is made. A pipe with a wide diameter will tend to produce a flute tone, a pipe with a medium diameter a diapason tone, and a pipe with a narrow diameter a string tone. A large diameter pipe will favor the fundamental tone and restrict high frequency harmonics, while a narrower diameter favors the high harmonics and suppresses the fundamental. The science of measuring and deciding upon pipe diameters is referred to as pipe scaling, and the resulting measurements are referred to as the scale of the pipe. The subject of this article is technical in nature and requires an understanding of organ terminology Ranks of all three tonal families can be either open or stopped, although flutes are by far the most common of the three to be stopped.
Reed pipes
The sound of a reed pipe is produced by a beating reed: wind is directed towards a curved piece of brass (the reed). A reed is a thin strip of material which vibrates to produce a sound on a Musical instrument. Brass is any Alloy of Copper and Zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties A partial vacuum is created by higher velocity air flowing under the Reed which causes it to be pulled closed against a hard surface called the shallot. This shuts off the vacuum and allows the Reed to spring open again. A tuned resonator extends above this assembly and reinforces the sound produced. A resonator is a device or system that exhibits Resonance or resonant behavior that is it naturally oscillates at some frequencies, called its resonance The principle is the same as that of the orchestral clarinet. The clarinet is a Musical instrument in the Woodwind family The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word The pitch of a reed pipe is determined primarily by the length of the reed but the cubic volume of air in the resonator supports that frequency. Most Reed pipes have a slide to adjust the vibrating length of the Reed to fine tune it. Because of the precision required in the making of the vibrating reed,resonator pipe and its accompanying parts, reed pipes are more complicated to manufacture than flue pipes.
By altering any of several parameters (including the shape and cubic volume of the resonator, as well as the thickness and shape of the reed), a reed pipe can produce a wide variety of tonal colors. This allows reed stops to imitate historical musical instruments, such as the krumhorn or the regal. The crumhorn is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family most commonly used during the Renaissance period The regal was a small late-medieval portable organ, furnished with beating reeds and having two Bellows like a Positive organ. Because the resonator is partially stopped/closed by the Reed, odd-numbered partials/harmonics are dominant (in the hollow tones of Krumhorn and Clarinet stops, for example). If the resonator pipe expands outward to conical, the geometry allows the production of both even- and odd-numbered partials, resulting in the fuller tones of Trumpet and Oboe stops.
Diaphone pipes
The diaphone is a unique and uncommon organ pipe. Invented by Robert Hope-Jones around 1900, it has characteristics of both flue pipes and reed pipes. Robert Hope-Jones ( 9 February 1859 in Cheshire, England &mdash 13 September 1914 in Rochester New York, Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar The pipe speaks through a resonator, much like a reed pipe, but a spring-loaded pallet instigates the vibration instead of a reed. The pipe is generally made of wood and can be voiced at various wind pressures. The diaphone is usually found at 16′ and 32′ pitches, however there are a few examples of 8′ diaphones, and a full-length 64′ Diaphone-Dulzian is installed in the Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ in Atlantic City. The Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ is the Pipe organ in the Main Auditorium of the Boardwalk Hall (formerly known as the Atlantic City Convention Hall
Hope-Jones also developed an imitative version of the diaphone called the diaphonic horn, which had a more reed-like quality than the diaphone and was voiced on lower wind pressures. Wurlitzer built a version of the diaphonic horn for their theater organs at 32′ and 16′ pitches with huge wooden resonators as extensions of its Diaphonic diapason, and at 16′ with metal resonators as an extension of its smaller-scale Open diapason. The Rudolph Wurlitzer Company, usually referred to simply as Wurlitzer, is an American company formerly a producer of stringed instruments woodwind brass instruments A theatre organ is a Pipe organ originally designed specifically for imitation of an orchestra but in latter years new designs have tended to be around some of the sounds and The Austin Organ Company also developed a metal diaphone at 16′ pitch known as a Magnaton. Austin Organs Inc is a manufacturer of Pipe organs based in Hartford Connecticut. Due to its penetrating tone, the diaphone has also been used in foghorns and fire signals. For other meanings see Foghorn (disambiguation. A foghorn or fog signal is a device that uses sound to warn vehicles of hazards (or of the
A working example of a Hope-Jones diaphonic horn survives at Battersea Arts Centre (formerly Town Hall) in the large HJ designed concert organ there. This stop is pitched at 8ft and extends as a diaphone up to about middle G, where its resonators are only about a foot long. After that it is of flue pipes. It also extends down to 16ft pitch, although the lower octave is not working at present. The Battersea organ is currently being restored and is likely to be the largest and most intact example of a Hope-Jones designed instrument left in the UK.
References
Dictionary
organ pipe
-noun
- A tuned metal or wooden tube connected mechanically or electrically to an organ console.
- An organ pipe cactus.
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