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This article is about the biological unit. For the musical instrument, see Organ (music). The organ (from Greek όργανον – organon "organ instrument tool" is a Keyboard instrument of one or more divisions each
For other uses, see Organ (disambiguation).

In biology, an organ (Latin: organum, "instrument, tool", from Greek όργανον - organon, "organ, instrument, tool") is a group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism Usually there is a main tissue and sporadic tissues. The main tissue is the one that is unique for the specific organ. For example, main tissue in the heart is the myocardium, while sporadic are the nerves, blood, connective etc. The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic Myocardium is the muscular tissue of the Heart. Relationship to other layers The other tissues of the heart are the Endocardium Nervous tissue is the fourth major class of Vertebrate tissue. Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, Muscle, and Nervous tissue)

Contents

Animal organs

Animal organs include the heart, lungs, brain, eye, stomach, spleen, bones, pancreas, kidneys, liver, intestines, skin (the largest human organ), urinary bladder, and the sex organs (uterus in female animals, testicles in male). The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following The spleen is an organ found in all Vertebrate animals In humans the spleen is located in the abdomen of the body where it functions in the destruction of redundant Red Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals In Anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the Stomach to the Anus and in humans and other mammals consists The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant In Anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic organ that sits on the Pelvic floor in Mammals It is the The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male The internal organs collectively are often called viscera, the plural of the rarely-used term viscus. In Anatomy, a viscus (ˈvɪskəs ( Plural: viscera /ˈvɪsərə/ is an internal organ of an animal (including humans in particular an internal

Plant organs

Plant organs can be divided into vegetative and reproductive. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Vegetative plant organs are root, stem and leaf, while reproductive are flower, seed and fruit. ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN. A stem is one of two main structural axes of a Vascular plant. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology.

The vegetative organs are essential for maintaining the life of a plant (they preform the vital functions, such as photosynthesis), while the reproductive organs are essential in reproduction. Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy. Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of Sexual reproduction systems found across the Plant kingdom But, if there is asexual vegetative reproduction, the vegetative organs are those which create the new generation of plants (see clonal colony). Asexual reproduction is a form of reproduction which does not involve Meiosis, Ploidy reduction or Fertilization. Vegetative reproduction is a type of Asexual reproduction found in plants and is also called vegetative propagation or vegetative multiplication. "Ramet" redirects here For the commune in Alba County, Romania see Râmeţ.

Organ systems

Main article: Biological system

A group of related organs is an organ system. In Biology, a system is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task Organs within a system may be related in any number of ways, but relationships of function are most commonly used. For example the urinary system comprises organs that work together to produce, store, and carry urine. The urinary system (also called Excretory system or the genitourinary system (GUS is the Organ system that produces stores and eliminates Urine. Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra.

The functions of organ systems often share significant overlap. For instance, the nervous and endocrine system both operate via a shared organ, the hypothalamus. The nervous system is a Network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as Hormones The endocrine system is instrumental The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis For this reason, the two systems are combined and studied as the neuroendocrine system. Neuroendocrinology is the study of the interactions between the Nervous system and the Endocrine system. The same is true for the musculoskeletal system, which involves the relationship between the muscular and the skeletal system. The musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system is an organ system that gives Animals the ability to physically move using the Muscles and The muscular system is the anatomical system of a species that allows it to move In Biology, the skeleton is a strong and often a rigid framework that supports the body of an animal holding it upright and giving it shape and strength (Also skeletal

List of major human organ systems

There are typically considered to be eleven major organ systems of the human body.

Organs of the human body by region

Head and neck

Back

Chest

Abdomen

Pelvis and perineum

Upper limbs/Lower limbs

See also

The Integumentary System is an organ system that protects the body from damage comprising the Skin, Hair, scales, nails, sweat glands and their The lymphatic system in Vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called Lymph. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor The urinary system (also called Excretory system or the genitourinary system (GUS is the Organ system that produces stores and eliminates Urine. Homeostasis (from Greek: ὅμος hómos, "equal" and ιστημι istēmi, "to stand" lit An electrolyte is any substance containing free Ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The ear is the sense organ that detects Sounds The Vertebrate ear shows a common biology from Fish to Humans with variations Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain The mouth, buccal cavity, or oral cavity is the first portion of the Alimentary canal that receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up The tongue is the large bundle of Skeletal muscles on the floor of the Mouth that manipulates Food for chewing and swallowing (deglutition Anatomically a nose is a protuberance in Vertebrates that houses the Nostrils or nares which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the The scalp is the anatomical area bordered by the Face anteriorly and the Neck to the sides and posteriorly The larynx (plural larynges) colloquially known as the voicebox, is an organ in the Neck of Mammals involved in protection of the The pharynx (plural pharynges) is the part of the Neck and Throat situated immediately Posterior to (behind the Mouth and Nasal The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva The meninges (singular meninx) is the system of membranes which envelops the Central nervous system. The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body The parathyroid glands are small endocrine Glands in the neck usually located behind the Thyroid gland, which produce Parathyroid hormone. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant A vertebra (plural vertebrae) is an individual Irregular bone in the spinal or Vertebral column ( aka ischis a flexuous and flexible column The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected In Vertebrate Anatomy, ribs ( Latin costae) are the long curved Bones which form the ribcage. The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive In Human anatomy, the thymus is an organ located in the upper Anterior portion of the chest cavity just behind the Sternum. In higher Vertebrates the peritoneum is the Serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity &mdash it covers most of the intra-abdominal In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm (10-12 in long connecting the Stomach to the Jejunum In Anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the Stomach to the Anus and in humans and other mammals consists The colon is a storage tube for solid wastes The main function of the colon appears to be extraction of Water and salts from Feces. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The spleen is an organ found in all Vertebrate animals In humans the spleen is located in the abdomen of the body where it functions in the destruction of redundant Red The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles In Mammals the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped Endocrine glands that sit on top of the Kidneys their In Human anatomy, the appendix (or vermiform appendix; also cecal (or caecal appendix; also vermix) is a blind ended tube connected to the The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant The gallbladder (or cholecyst sometimes gall bladder is a small organ whose function in the body is to store Bile and aid in the digestive process In Anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic organ that sits on the Pelvic floor in Mammals It is the The pelvis (pl pelvises or pelves) or pelvic girdle is the irregular bony structure located at the base of the spine (properly known The sacrum is a large triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the Pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between The coccyx (pronounced kok -siks (Latin os coccygis) commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the human vertebral column "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. The Fallopian tubes, also known as oviducts, uterine tubes, and salpinges ( singular salpinx) are two very fine tubes lined with ciliated The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the The vulva (from Latin, vulva, plural vulvae or vulvas; see etymology) is the region of the external genital organs The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in Female Mammals In humans the visible button-like portion is located near the Anterior In Human anatomy, the perineum is generally defined as the surface region in both males and females between the Pubic symphysis and the Coccyx. In Anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic organ that sits on the Pelvic floor in Mammals It is the The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the Large intestine in some Mammals The penis (plural penises, penes Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual Bones supported and supplemented by Ligaments Tendons Muscles and Cartilage A nerve is an enclosed cable-like bundle of peripheral Axons (the long slender projections of Neurons. The hands ( med / lat: manus pl manūs are the two intricate prehensile multi- Fingered body parts normally located at the end of each arm of a In Human anatomy, the wrist is the flexible and narrower connection between the Forearm and the palm. The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint&mdashthe ginglymus or Hinge joint in the middle of the Arm. In Human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the Humerus attaches to the Scapula. The knee is the lower extremity Joint connecting the Femur, Patella, and the Tibia. In Human anatomy, the ankle Joint is formed where the Foot and the leg meet The foot is an Anatomical structure found in many Animals It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows Locomotion. Fascia (făsh'ē-ə pl fas·ci·ae (făsh'ē-ē adj fascial (făsh'ē-əl (from Latin: a band is the Soft tissue component of In Cell biology, an organelle (pronunciation /ɔː(rgəˡnɛl/ is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function and is usually separately enclosed The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called
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