Oregon Trail
IUCN Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape)
Location	Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon
Established	1978
Governing body	National Park Service

The Ox Team or the Old Oregon Trail 1852-1906 by Ezra Meeker

Pioneers traveled across the Oregon Trail, one of the main overland migration routes on the North American continent, in wagons in order to settle new parts of the United States of America during the 19th century. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[1] The Oregon Trail helped the United States implement its cultural goal of Manifest Destiny, that is, to expand the nation from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The five to six month journey spanned over half the continent as the wagon trail proceeded 2,170 miles (3,500 kilometers) west through territories and land later to become six U.S. states (Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho, and Oregon). A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Between 1841 and 1869, the Oregon Trail was used by settlers migrating to the Pacific Northwest of what is now the United States. The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean Once the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, the use of this trail by long distance travelers diminished as the railroad slowly replaced it. This article refers to a railroad built in the United States between Omaha and Sacramento completed in 1869

History

Oregon Trail reenactment at Scotts Bluff

Astorians

The first land route across what is now the United States that was well-mapped was that taken by Lewis and Clark from 1804 to 1805. They believed they had found a practical route to the west coast. However, the pass through the Rocky Mountains they took, Lolo Pass, turned out to be too difficult for wagons to pass. Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America. Lolo Pass, elevation, is a Mountain pass in the northern Rocky Mountains on the border between the U In 1810, John Jacob Astor outfitted an expedition (known popularly as the Astor Expedition or Astorians) to find an overland supply route for establishing a fur trading post at the mouth of the Columbia River at Fort Astoria. For other pages relating to Astor see John Jacob Astor (disambiguation John Jacob Astor (born Johann Jakob or Johann Jacob Astor) ( July The Astor Expedition of 1810-1812 was the next overland expedition from St The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal Fur. The Columbia River (known as Fort Astoria (also named Fort George) was the Pacific Fur Company 's primary Fur trading post in the Northwest and was the first American-owned Most of Astor's partners and all of his staff were former employees of the North West Company, known as Nor'Westers. For the grocery chain see The North West Company. The North West Company was a fur trading business headquartered in Montreal

Fearing attack by the Blackfoot, the expedition veered south of the Lewis and Clark route in what is now South Dakota and in the process passed through what is now Wyoming and then down the Snake River to the Columbia River. The Blackfoot Confederacy or Niitsítapi (meaning "original people" c South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. The Snake River is a major Tributary of the Columbia River in the U

Members of the party, including Robert Stuart, one of the Nor'wester partners, returned back east after the American Fur Company staff there sold the fort to British North West Company staff, who took over the outpost in the War of 1812 via the Snake River. For the British diplomat of the same name see Robert Stuart (diplomat (1812-1901 Robert Stuart (1785-1848 was the son of David Stuart The American Fur Company was founded by John Jacob Astor in 1808 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies The party stumbled upon South Pass: a wide, low pass through the Rockies in Wyoming. South Pass (elevation) is a Mountain pass on the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Wyoming. The party continued via the Platte River. The Platte River is an approximately 310 mi (499 km long river in the Western United States. This turned out to be a practical wagon route, and Stuart's journals were a meticulous account of it. ^[2]

Fort Astoria was returned to United States control at the end of the war. However, the British Hudson's Bay Company came to control the fur trade in the region, especially after its merger with the North West Company in 1821.

Great American Desert

Westward expansion did not begin immediately, however. Reports from expeditions in 1806 by Lieutenant Zebulon Pike and in 1819 by Major Stephen Long described the Great Plains as "unfit for human habitation" and as "The Great American Desert". Zebulon Montgomery Pike Jr ( January 5, 1779 – April 27, 1813) was an American soldier and explorer for whom Pikes Peak Stephen Harriman Long (December 30 1784 &ndash September 4 1864 was a U The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada The Great American Desert is a term that was used in the 19th century to describe the High Plains east of the Rocky Mountains. These descriptions were mainly based on the relative lack of timber and surface water. The images of sandy wastelands conjured up by terms like "desert" were tempered by the many reports of vast herds of bison. It was not until later that the Ogallala Aquifer would be discovered and used for irrigation, and railroads would allow farm products to be transported to distant markets and lumber imported. The Ogallala Aquifer, also known as the High Plains Aquifer, is a vast yet shallow underground Water table Aquifer located beneath the Great Plains In the meantime, the Great Plains remained unattractive for general settlement, especially when compared to the fertile lands, big rivers, and seaports of Oregon.

The route of the Oregon Trail began to be scouted out as early as 1823 by fur traders and explorers. The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal Fur. The trail began to be regularly used by fur traders, missionaries, and military expeditions during the 1830s. At the same time, small groups of individuals and the occasional family attempted to follow the trail, and some succeeded in arriving at Fort Vancouver in Washington. Fort Vancouver was a 19th century fur trading outpost along the Columbia River that served as the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company in the company's Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

The Peoria Party

On May 1, 1839 a group of men from Peoria, Illinois set out with the intention to colonize the Oregon Country on behalf of the United States of America and drive out the English fur trading companies operating there. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Peoria Illinois (named after the Peoria tribe is the largest city on the Illinois River and the County seat of Peoria County, Illinois Oregon Country or Oregon (to be distinguished from the American State also called Oregon) was a predominantly American term referring to The men of the Peoria Party were among the first pioneers to blaze the Oregon Trail. The Peoria Party was a group of men from Peoria in the US state of Illinois, who set out on May 1, 1839 with the intention to colonize The men were led by Thomas J. Farnham and called themselves the Oregon Dragoons. Thomas Jefferson Farnham (1804-1848 was an explorer and author of the American West in the first half of the 19th Century The Peoria Party was a group of men from Peoria in the US state of Illinois, who set out on May 1, 1839 with the intention to colonize They carried a large flag emblazoned with their motto "OREGON OR THE GRAVE". Although the group split up on the trail, several of their members did reach Oregon and were among the prominent early pioneers of that region

Elm Grove Expedition

On May 16, 1842, the first organized wagon train on the Oregon Trail set out from Elm Grove, Missouri, with more than 100 pioneers (members of the party later disagreed over the size of the party, one stating 160 adults and children were in the party, while another counted only 105). Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Wagon Train is a Television Western Series on NBC from 1957 - 1962 and then on ABC from 1962- Elm Grove Missouri is cited in historical accounts as the site of the start of the first Oregon Trail expedition The party was led by Elijah White, appointed Indian Sub-Agent to Oregon, the first U. Dr Elijah White (1806-1879 was a missionary and agent for the United States government in Oregon Country during the mid 1800s S. official in the region (never confirmed by Congress). Despite company policy to discourage U. S. emigration, John McLoughlin, Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Vancouver, offered the American settlers food and farming equipment on credit, being unwilling to watch able-bodied people starve. For the survivor of the attacks of September 11 2001 see John McLoughlin (World Trade Center attack survivor For articles on John McLaughlin see Vancouver is a city on the north bank of the Columbia River in the U

Free land

The biggest driving force for settlement was the offer of free land.

In 1843, the settlers of the Willamette Valley by a vote of 52 to 50 drafted a constitution that organized the land claim process in the state. The Willamette Valley () is the region in northwest Oregon in the United States that surrounds the Willamette River as it proceeds northward from its emergence The Organic Laws of Oregon were two sets of laws passed in the 1840s that established a structure for government in the Oregon Country in the northwest corner of North America Married couples were allowed to claim up to 640 acres (a "section" which is a square mile, or 260 hectares) at no cost and singles could claim 320 acres (130 ha). ^[3]

In 1848, the United States formally declared what was left of the Oregon Country a U. Oregon Country or Oregon (to be distinguished from the American State also called Oregon) was a predominantly American term referring to S. territory, after it effectively partitioned it in 1846. The Donation Land Act of 1850 superseded the earlier laws, but it did recognize the earlier claims. The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 (ch 76 9 Stat 496 September 27 1850) sometimes known just as the Donation Land Act, was a statute enacted by the Settlers after 1850 could be granted half a section (320 acres) if married and a quarter section if single. A four-year residence and cultivation was required. In 1854, the land was no longer free (although still cheap—initially $1. 25/acre, or $0. 51/ha).

Opening of the trail

In what was dubbed "The Great Migration of 1843" or the "Wagon Train of 1843",^[4][5] an estimated 1000 immigrants, led by Marcus Whitman, arrived in the Willamette Valley. Marcus Whitman ( September 4, 1802 &ndash November 29, 1847) was an American physician and missionary in the Oregon Hundreds of thousands more followed, especially after gold was discovered in California in 1848. The California Gold Rush (1848&ndash1855 began on January 24 1848 when Gold was discovered by James Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The trail was still in use during the Civil War, but traffic declined after 1869 when the transcontinental railroad was completed. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Transcontinental Railroad is a Railroad that crosses a Continent from "coast-to-coast" The trail continued to be used into the 1890s, and modern highways eventually paralleled large portions of the trail, including U.S. Highway 26 which follows the trail for much of its length. US Route 26 is an east-west United States highway. It started in Ogallala, Nebraska, and gradually grew to reach the West Coast in Oregon

Other migration paths for early settlers prior to the establishment of the transcontinental railroads involved taking passage on a ship rounding the Cape Horn of South America or to the Isthmus (now Panama) between North and South America. Cabo de Hornos redirects here for the Chilean commune see Cabo de Hornos Chile. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a An isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a There, an arduous mule trek through hazardous swamps and rain forests awaited the traveler. A ship was then typically taken to San Francisco, California. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city

Routes

The 20th Century saw a host of Oregon Trail boosters celebrate the old trail as a patriotic pathway of Manifest Destiny. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. Oregon Trail pioneer Ezra Meeker erected this boulder near Pacific Springs on Wyoming's South Pass in 1906. Ezra Meeker ( December 29, 1830 &ndash December 3, 1928) was an early pioneer who traveled the Oregon Trail by ox cart as a young man South Pass (elevation) is a Mountain pass on the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Wyoming. ^[6]

The trail is marked by numerous cutoffs and shortcuts from Missouri to Oregon. The basic route follows river valleys. Starting initially in Independence/Kansas City, the trail followed the Santa Fe Trail south of the Wakarusa River. Independence is a city in Jackson County in the US state of Missouri, and the fourth largest city in the state Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages The Santa Fe Trail was a Historic 19th century transportation route through southwestern North America connecting Missouri with Santa Fe The Wakarusa River is a tributary of the Kansas River, approximately 50 mi (80 km long in eastern Kansas in the United States. After crossing The Hill at Lawrence, Kansas, it crossed the Kansas River near Topeka, Kansas, and angled to Nebraska paralleling the Little Blue River until reaching the south side of the Platte River, where it traveled along the Great Platte River Road. Mount Oread is a geographical feature located in Lawrence Kansas, at approximately 38°57'47 Lawrence is the sixth largest city in the US State of Kansas and the County seat of Douglas County. The Kansas River (also known as the Kaw) is a River in northeastern Kansas in the United States. Topeka ( Kansa: Tó Ppí Kˀé ˌto ˈpːi ˌkˀeɪ Ioway: Dó Pí Kˀé ˌto ˈpʰi ˌkˀeɪ Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and For the Jackson County Missouri river see Little Blue River (Missouri The Little Blue River is a 450-mile long river in southern Nebraska and northern Kansas that The Platte River is an approximately 310 mi (499 km long river in the Western United States. The Great Platte River Road was the convergence point for the Trapper's Trail, the Oregon Trail, the Mormon Trail, the California Trail, the It followed the Platte, North Platte, and Sweetwater Rivers to South Pass in the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming. South Pass (elevation) is a Mountain pass on the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Wyoming. From South Pass the trail approximately parallels the Snake River to the Columbia River at The Dalles, Oregon. The Snake River is a major Tributary of the Columbia River in the U The Columbia River (known as This page is about the Oregon town For the nearby geological formation The Dalles see Celilo Falls. From there, several branches and route variations over time led to the Willamette Valley, including boats down the Columbia River, the Santiam Wagon Road, the Applegate Trail and—the most popular route—the Barlow Road. The Willamette Valley () is the region in northwest Oregon in the United States that surrounds the Willamette River as it proceeds northward from its emergence The Santiam Wagon Road was a freight route in the US state of Oregon between the Willamette Valley and Central Oregon regions from 1865 to The Applegate Trail was a wilderness trail through today's US The Barlow Road (at inception Mount Hood Road) is a historic road in what is now the U

While the first few parties organized and departed from Elm Grove, the Oregon Trail's generally designated starting point was Independence or Westport on the Missouri River. Westport is a historic Neighborhood in Kansas City, Missouri, USA. Several towns along the Missouri River had feeder trails and make claims to being the starting point including Weston, Missouri; Fort Leavenworth, Kansas; Atchison, Kansas; and St. Joseph, Missouri. Weston is a city in Platte County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1631 at the 2000 census Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army facility located in Leavenworth County Kansas (just north of the city of Leavenworth) in the upper northeast Two views of a pedestrian mall on Commercial Street in downtown Atchison Saint Joseph (informally St Joe) is the largest city in Northwest Missouri, serving as the County seat for Buchanan County.

The Oregon Trail's termination point was Oregon City, at the time the proposed capital of the Oregon Territory. Oregon City was the first city in the United States west of the Rocky Mountains to be incorporated The Oregon Territory is the name applied both to the unorganized Oregon Country claimed by both the United States and Britain (but normally referred to However, many settlers branched off or stopped short of this goal and settled at convenient or promising locations along the trail. Commerce with pioneers going further west greatly assisted these early settlements in getting established and launched local micro-economies critical to these settlements' prosperity.

At many places along the trail, alternate routes called "cutoffs" were established either to shorten the trail or to get around difficult terrain. The Lander and Sublette cutoffs provided shorter routes through the mountains than the main route, bypassing Fort Bridger. Fort Bridger was a 19th century fur trading outpost established in 1842 on Blacks Fork of the Green River In later years, the Salt Lake cutoff provided a route to Salt Lake City. Salt Lake City is the Capital and the most populous city of the U

Numerous other trails followed the Oregon Trail for part of its length. These include the Mormon Trail from Illinois to Utah, and the California Trail to the gold fields of California. The Mormon The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. The California Trail was a major overland Emigrant route across the Western United States from Missouri to California in the middle 19th

Remnants of the trail in Idaho, Kansas, Oregon, and Wyoming, have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the entire trail is a designated National Historic Trail (listed as the Oregon National Historic Trail). The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP is the United States government's official list of districts sites buildings structures and objects deemed worthy of National Historic Trail is a designation for a Protected area in the United States containing historic trails and surrounding areas

Landmarks

Oregon Trail reenactment at Scotts Bluff

Many rock formations became famous landmarks that the Oregon Trail pioneers used to navigate as well as leave messages for pioneers following behind them. The first landmarks that the pioneers encountered were in western Nebraska, such as Courthouse and Jail Rocks, Chimney Rock, and Scotts Bluff. Courthouse and Jail Rocks are two rock formations located near Bridgeport Nebraska. This article is about the landmark in Nebraska along the historic Oregon Trail and Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail; for other uses see Chimney Rock (disambiguation Scotts Bluff National Monument in western Nebraska includes an important 19th century landmark on the Oregon Trail and Mormon Trail. In Wyoming, names of pioneers can be seen carved into a landmark bluff called Register Cliff, and in Independence Rock. Independence Rock is a large Granite rock approximately 120 feet (36 m high in southwestern Natrona County, Wyoming, along Wyoming Highway 220 One Wyoming landmark along the trail, Ayres Natural Bridge, is now a state park of the same name. Ayres Natural Bridge State Park is a county park of Converse County, Wyoming in the United States.

Travel equipment

The Oregon Trail was too long and arduous for the standard Conestoga wagons used in the Eastern United States at that time for most freight transport. The Conestoga wagon is a heavy broad-wheeled covered freight carrier used extensively during the United States in the late 1700s and 1800s The Eastern Half of The United States, the American East, or simply the East is traditionally defined as the states east of the Mississippi River. These big wagons had a reputation for killing their oxen teams approximately two thirds along the trail and leaving their unfortunate owners stranded in desolate, isolated territory. The only solution was to abandon all belongings and traipse onward with the supplies and tools that could be carried or dragged. In one case in 1846 on the California Trail, the Donner Party, en route to California, was stranded in the Sierra Nevada in November and three members are suggested to have resorted to cannibalism to survive. The California Trail was a major overland Emigrant route across the Western United States from Missouri to California in the middle 19th The Donner Party was a group of California -bound American settlers caught up in the "westering fever" of the 1840s The Sierra Nevada ( Spanish for "Snowy Range" is a Mountain range located in the U Cannibalism (from Spanish es ''caníbal'' in connection with cannibalism among the Antillean Caribs, also called anthropophagy (from Greek ἄνθρωπος

This led to the rapid development of the prairie schooners. The Conestoga wagon is a heavy broad-wheeled covered freight carrier used extensively during the United States in the late 1700s and 1800s The wagon was approximately half the size of the big Conestogas but was also manufactured in quantity. It was designed for the Oregon Trail's conditions and was a marvel of engineering in its time. The covers of the wagons were treated with linseed oil to keep out the rain. However, the covers eventually leaked anyway.

The recommended amount of food to take for an adult was 150 pounds (70 kg) of flour, 20 pounds (9 kg) of corn meal, 50 pounds (25 kg) of bacon, 40 pounds (20 kg) of sugar, 10 pounds (5 kg) of coffee, 15 pounds (7 kg) of dried fruit, 5 pounds (2 kg) of salt, half a pound (0. Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability Cornmeal is Flour ground from dried corn, and is a common Staple food. Bacon is a cut of Meat taken from the sides belly or back of a Pig that has been cured, smoked, or both Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Dried fruit is fruit that has been dried, either naturally or through use of a machine such as a Food dehydrator. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants 25 kg) of saleratus (baking soda), 2 pounds (1 kg) of tea, 5 pounds (2 kg) of rice, and 15 pounds (7 kg) of beans. Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Bean is a common name for large plant Seeds of several genera of the family Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae used for human food or animal ^[7]

Statistics

Immigration to Oregon Territory increased vastly between 1840 and 1852, the year of greatest migration. According to Oregon Trail Statistics by William E. Hill, the figures rocketed from 13 in 1840 to 1,475 four years later, nearly doubled the following year, and hit 4,000 in 1847. Emigration declined considerably prior to 1850, when 6,000 people trekked to Oregon. In 1851 the number dropped again (3,600) but sustained a huge comeback with 10,000 in 1852. (That same year some 60,000 people emigrated to Utah and California, a stand-alone record. ) Another 13,500 people moved to Oregon in 1853-54, with 5,000 more making the trip as of 1859, the year of statehood.

In the 20 years from 1840-1859 some 52,000 emigrants moved to Oregon, but nearly five times that number opted for California or Utah.

Though the numbers appear significant—and they were, especially in context of the times—vastly more people chose to remain at home in the 31 states. Part of the explanation is attributed to scout Kit Carson who reputedly said, "The cowards never started and the weak died on the way. Christopher Houston "Kit" Carson ( December 24, 1809 &ndash May 23, 1868) was an American Frontiersman " According to some sources, one tenth of the emigrants perished on the way west. ^[8]

Legacy

The western expansion and the Oregon Trail in particular inspired many songs that told of the settlers' experiences. "Uncle Sam's Farm," encouraged east-coast dwellers to "Come right away. Our lands they are broad enough, so don't be alarmed. Uncle Sam is rich enough to give us all a farm. " In "Western Country," the singer exhorts that "if I had no horse at all, I'd still be a hauling, far across those Rocky Mountains, goin' away to Oregon. "

When purchasing a new vehicle from 1995-1998, Oregonians could purchase special commemorative Oregon Trail license plates for their cars for an added fee. ^[9]

The story of the Oregon Trail inspired a popular educational computer game of the same name, The Oregon Trail. The Oregon Trail is an Educational Computer game developed by Don Rawitsch Bill Heinemann and Paul Dillenberger in 1971 and produced by MECC

See also

• Kansas Territory (1854-1861)
• Nebraska Territory (1854-1867)
• The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life (1847) by Francis Parkman
• Landmarks of the Nebraska Territory
• Emigrant Trail in Wyoming

References

Further reading

• Crawford, Medorem (1897). Journal of Medorem Crawford: an account of his trip across the plains with the Oregon pioneers of 1842 (DJVU), Star Job Office. OCLC 5001642. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Hewitt, Randall (1863). Notes by the way : memoranda of a journey across the plains, from Dundee, Ill., to Olympia, W. T. May 7, to November 3, 1862 (DJVU), Washington Standard. OCLC 51465106. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Smedley, William (1916). Across the plains in '62 (DJVU). OCLC 4981167. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Ward, D. B. (1911). Across the plains in 1853 (DJVU), Ward. OCLC 2931824. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Williams, Joseph (1921). Narrative of a tour from the state of Indiana to the Oregon Territory in the years 1841-2 (DJVU), Standard. OCLC 2095243. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
• Francis Parkman, The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life (U. Francis Parkman ( September 16, 1823 &ndash November 8, 1893) was an American historian best known as author of The Oregon Trail Virginia)
• The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life, Francis Parkman (Project Gutenberg]

External links

• Oregon or the Grave
• Historic Sites on the Oregon Trail
• Oregon Trail History Library
• Oregon Trail: The Trail West
• Oregon National Historic Trail Home Page
• Oregon Trail Map 1843
• Mitchell Map of 1846
• Music of the Oregon Trail
• Photos and History of the Oregon Trail in Central Wyoming
• Oregon Trail history from Oregon Department of Transportation (with maps)
• The Oregon Trail Game Online
• Oregon Overland Book