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This article is about the process of ordaining clergy. For other meanings, see ordination (disambiguation).

In general religious use, ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is set apart as clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies. Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service usually religious Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. The process and ceremonies of ordination itself varies by religion and denomination. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos One who is in preparation for, or who is undergoing the process of ordination, is sometimes called an ordinand. The liturgy used at an ordination is sometimes referred to as an ordinal. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions

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Christianity

Eastern, Roman, and Anglican Christianity

A Roman Catholic ordination of a priest by a bishop, carried in the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite.
A Roman Catholic ordination of a priest by a bishop, carried in the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite. The ministerial orders of the Catholic Church includes both the orders of bishops and presbyters, which in Latin is sacerdos. In the Catholic Church, a Bishop is an ordained minister who holds the fullness of the priesthood. Summorum Pontificum (Of the Supreme Pontiffs is an Apostolic Letter of Pope Benedict XVI, issued " Motu proprio " (i

In the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Anglican churches, ordination is identified with the sacrament of Holy Orders and is the means by which one is included in one of the three major orders: bishop, priest, or deacon. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Oriental Orthodoxy is the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only three Ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active In a general sense the term Holy Orders refers to those in the Christian religion who have been ordained in Apostolic Succession. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Deacon is a role in the Christian Church that is generally associated with service of some kind but which varies among theological and denominational traditions In those churches, ordination can be administered only by a bishop in Apostolic Succession; that is, a historical line of succession of bishops dating back to the Twelve Apostles. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight The episcopate is the collective body of all Bishops of a church The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e These churches hold that ordination to the priesthood enables a person to act in persona Christi, 'in the name of' or 'on behalf of Christ'. Ordination allows a priest validly to administer sacraments, most notably giving that individual the authority to celebrate the Eucharist. A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those It would be proper to think of a priest as acting as a living conduit for Christ, with sacraments being dispensed solely from God through the priest, an imperfect but divinely accepted tool.

In Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox thought, the validity of an ordination is of the utmost importance. While debate exists in many Protestant communities about the number and nature of the sacraments, and about the particulars of the Eucharist, generally speaking, Roman Catholics recognize Eastern Orthodox ordinations and, consequently, all Orthodox Sacred Mysteries (sacraments), while only viewing Protestant communities' Trinitarian Baptism and Matrimony as valid sacraments (these are the only two sacraments which, in Roman Catholic theology, do not require a priest, but merely faith and intent). Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The term sacred mysteries generally denotes the area of Supernatural phenomena associated with a Divinity or a religious ideology. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** The Eastern Orthodox Churches vary in their recognition of the baptism and matrimony of Western churches (whether Roman Catholic or Protestant). While some Eastern churches recognize Anglican ordinations as valid, the Roman Catholic Church does not.

In Roman Catholic and Anglo-Catholic churches, ordinations have traditionally been limited to Ember Days, though there is no limit to the number of clergymen who may be ordained at the same service. The terms Anglo-Catholic and Anglo-Catholicism (or sometimes possibly incorrectly High Church &mdashsee below describe people In the Liturgical calendar of the Western Christian churches, Ember days are four separate sets of three days within the same week&mdashspecifically the In the Eastern Orthodox Church, ordinations may be performed any day of the year (except weekdays during Great Lent), but only a single clergyman may be ordained to any ministry at a single Divine Liturgy. Great Lent, or the Great Fast, is the most important Fasting season in the Church year in Eastern Christianity, which prepares Christians The Divine Liturgy is the common term for the Eucharistic service of the Byzantine tradition of Christian liturgy. That is to say, a maximum of one priest, one deacon, and one bishop at the same Liturgy, but no more than one of each rank. In some Orthodox Churches, deacons may be ordained at the Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, but priests and bishops may only be ordained at the full Divine Liturgy. The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, informally Presanctified Liturgy, is an Eastern Christian liturgical service for the distribution of communion

In the Orthodox Church, a distinction is made between the ordinations to lesser ministries such as reader and subdeacon (which are merely blessings, known as chirothesis), and the cheirotonia or ordination through "Laying-on of hands" for a deacon, priest or bishop (which is a Sacred Mystery or sacrament). In some Christian churches the Reader is responsible for reading aloud excerpts of the Scripture at a Liturgy. Subdeacon (or sub-deacon is a title used in various branches of Christianity. The laying on of hands is a religious practice found throughout the world in varying forms The term sacred mysteries generally denotes the area of Supernatural phenomena associated with a Divinity or a religious ideology.

Ordination should not be confused with becoming a member of a religious order, which makes one a monk, friar, brother, nun, or sister (see Tonsure and Monastic vows). A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion usually MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective A Friar is a member of one of the Mendicant orders. Friars and monks Friars differ from Monks in that they are called to a life of poverty in service A Nun is a Woman who has taken special vows committing her to a religious life A Nun is a Woman who has taken special vows committing her to a religious life Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches mystics Buddhist novices and Monks and some Hindu temples of cutting the Hair from the Religious vows are the public Vows made by the members of the religious life – cenobitic and eremitic – of the Roman Catholic,

Protestant Christianity

A Presbyterian ordinand making his ordination vows.
A Presbyterian ordinand making his ordination vows.

In most Protestant churches, ordination to the pastoral office is the rite by which their various churches:

For the sake of authorization and church order, and not for reason of 'powers' or 'ability', individuals in most mainline Protestant churches must be ordained in order to preside at the sacraments (Baptism and Holy Communion), and to be installed as a called pastor of a congregation or parish. for other uses see Mainline (disambiguation The mainline (also sometimes called Mainstream) or mainline Protestant denominations Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those A pastor is an official person within a Protestant group of people and related to the positions of Priest or Bishop within the Anglican, Roman Catholic

Some Protestant traditions have additional offices of ministry to which persons can be ordained. For instance:

For most Protestant denominations that have an office of bishop, such as Lutheranism and Methodism, this is not viewed as a separate ordination or order of ministry. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Rather, bishops are ordained ministers of the same order as other pastors, simply having been "consecrated" or installed into the "office" (that is, the job) of bishop. However, some Lutheran churches also have valid apostolic succession. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther

Some Protestant (especially Pentecostal/Charismatic) Churches also have an informal tier of ministers. Those who graduate from a Bible College or take a year of prescribed courses are Licensed Ministers. Two more years of courses or graduation from a seminary or theological graduate school, as well as an exam by senior ministers, will result in one becoming an Ordained Minister. Both Licensed and Ordained ministers are entitled to "Reverend. "

Latter Day Saint movement

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a rite of ordination is performed to bestow either the Aaronic or Melchezidek Priesthood upon a worthy male member. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known The Aaronic priesthood (also called the Levitical priesthood) is the lesser of the two (or sometimes three orders of priesthood recognized in Mormonism The Melchizedek priesthood is the name of several priesthoods As in the Anglican, Roman Catholic and Orthodox traditions, great care is taken to assure that the candidate for priesthood is ordained by those with proper authority and ordained properly and validly; thorough records of priesthood ordination are kept by the church. Ordination to the office of priest in the Aaronic Priesthood renders unto the ordained the authority to

Ordination to the Melchezidek Priesthood includes the authority to perform all the duties of the Aaronic priesthood, as well as ordain others to the office of priest, bless and anoint the sick with oil, bless and dedicate graves, and other such rites. There are five offices within the Melchezidek Priesthood to which one could potentially be ordained:

Community of Christ

Prospective priesthood members of Community of Christ (a denomination of the Latter Day Saint movement) are called by God through local officials (pastors), regional officials (mission center presidents) or World Church officials (such as apostles), depending on the office being called to. A Latter Offices include: deacon, teacher, priest (the Aaronic Priesthood) as well as elder, seventy, evangelist, bishop, apostle, president and prophet (the Melchisedec priesthood). Deacons and teachers cannot preside over sacraments/ordinances of the church, but priests can preside over baptisms, communion, marriage and ordination. Members of the Melchidesic priesthood can perform the aforementioned, as well as administration to the sick, blessing of children & confirmation. Additionally, evangelists can preside over evangelical blessings. The actual act of ordination is performed by the laying on of hands. Generally, two people place their hands upon the head of the candidate, although for more senior priesthood members, sometimes three or four people participate. One person, the spokesman, offers the actual prayer of ordination. It is a simple, humble rite lasting usually no more than a few minutes. The priesthood has been open to women since 1984. A similar process, generally termed a "setting apart prayer" is used to install pastors and other administrative leaders but does not involve actual ordination. The bulk of the priesthood is self-sustaining, working in secular jobs in order to have an income.

Judaism

Main articles: Semicha and Role of women in Judaism

Semicha (Hebrew: סמיכה‎, "leaning [of the hands]"), also semichut (Hebrew: סמיכות‎, "ordination"), or semicha lerabanim (Hebrew: סמיכה לרבנות‎, "rabbinical ordination") is derived from a Hebrew word which means to "rely on" or "to be authorized". Semicha (סמיכה "leaning the hands" also semichut (סמיכות "ordination" or semicha lerabbanut (סמיכה לרבנות "rabbinical It generally refers to the ordination of a rabbi within Judaism. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut

Islam

Main articles: Islam, Muslim, and Women as imams

Muslims do not formally ordain religious leaders. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The imam serves as a spiritual leader and religious authority. An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community

Buddhism

Main article: Vinaya

The tradition of the ordained monastic community (Sangha) began with Buddha, who established orders of monks and later, after an initial reluctance, of nuns. The Vinaya (a word in Pāli as well as in Sanskrit, with literal meaning 'leading out' 'education' 'discipline' is the regulatory framework for the Buddhist This article concerns the concept of Sangha in Buddhism. For information on other senses see Sangha (disambiguation. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder

The procedure of ordination in Buddhism is laid down in the Vinaya and Patimokkha or Pratimoksha scriptures. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The Vinaya (a word in Pāli as well as in Sanskrit, with literal meaning 'leading out' 'education' 'discipline' is the regulatory framework for the Buddhist In Buddhism, the Patimokkha is the basic Theravada code of monastic discipline consisting of 227 rules for fully ordained monks ( Bhikkhus and 311 for nuns ( Bhikkhunis The Pratimoksha (skt deals with the buddhist vows of personal liberation given by the Buddha to his followers There exist three intact ordination lineages nowadays in which one can receive an ordination according to the Buddha's teachings:

Theravada

Main articles: Sangha#Ordination_process, Bhikkhu, Bhikkhuni, Theravada#Ordination , and Pabbajja

Pabbajja is an ordination procedure for novice Buddhist monks in the Theravada tradition. The Dharmaguptaka are one of the eighteen or twenty schools of Early Buddhism, depending on one's source The Pratimoksha (skt deals with the buddhist vows of personal liberation given by the Buddha to his followers In Buddhism, the Patimokkha is the basic Theravada code of monastic discipline consisting of 227 rules for fully ordained monks ( Bhikkhus and 311 for nuns ( Bhikkhunis This article concerns the concept of Sangha in Buddhism. For information on other senses see Sangha (disambiguation. A Bhikkhu ( Pāli) or Bhiksu ( Sanskrit) is a fully ordained male Buddhist Monastic. A Bhikkhuni ( Bhikṣuṇī ( Sanskrit), Bhikkhuṇī ( Pāli) or 比丘尼 ( Chinese characters, ภิกษุณี History Origin of the school The Theravāda school is ultimately derived from the Vibhajjavāda (or 'doctrine of analysis' grouping which was a continuation Pabbajja ( Pali; Skt pravrajya) literally means "to go forth" and refers to when a layperson leaves home to History Origin of the school The Theravāda school is ultimately derived from the Vibhajjavāda (or 'doctrine of analysis' grouping which was a continuation

Posthumous Ordination

In Medieval Sōtō Zen, a tradition of posthumous ordination was developed to give the laity access to Zen funeral rites. Sōtō-shū ( Japanese: 曹洞宗 Cáodòngzōng is one of the two major Sino - Japanese Zen sects (the other being Rinzai) Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan. A Japanese funeral includes a wake the Cremation of the deceased a burial in a family grave, and a periodic memorial service Chinese Ch’an monastic codes, from which Japanese Sōtō practices were derived, contain only monastic funeral rites; there were no provisions made for funerals for lay believers. Sōtō-shū ( Japanese: 曹洞宗 Cáodòngzōng is one of the two major Sino - Japanese Zen sects (the other being Rinzai) To solve this problem, the Sōtō school developed the practice of ordaining laypeople after death, thus allowing monastic funeral rites to be used for them as well. Sōtō-shū ( Japanese: 曹洞宗 Cáodòngzōng is one of the two major Sino - Japanese Zen sects (the other being Rinzai) For a lay person, the posthumous ordination part of the ritual was the most vital, because without ordaining the deceased as a Zen monk, the other funeral rites could not be performed. Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan.

The ordination ceremony itself was a symbolic ritual which mirrored pre-existing monastic ordination rites. First, the precept administrator would shave the deceased’s head, representing acceptance into the priesthood. The precept administrator and his assistant would then chant a special verse that proclaims the nonexistence of an individual self. For each precept, the administrator asked the deceased three times if he or she intended to observe the Buddhist teaching. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices A corpse could obviously not answer the administrator’s questions, but the Japanese Sōtō Zen tradition solved this problem with a koan, a paradox to be meditated upon with Zen insight. Sōtō-shū ( Japanese: 曹洞宗 Cáodòngzōng is one of the two major Sino - Japanese Zen sects (the other being Rinzai) Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan. One initiation document on the matter is based on the idea that the inability to answer either “yes” or “no” was proof of enlightenment:

How can one posthumously become a monk?
Answer: “Neither saying ‘No’ nor ‘Yes’”
A phrase?
“No self appearance; no human appearance. ”
Explain [its meaning].
Answer: “When [something has] absolutely no appearance, it can become anything. ”
Teacher: “But why does it become a monk?”
Answer: “Not saying ‘No’ and ‘Yes’ is truly to become a monk (shukke). ”
A phrase?
“The sagely and the ordinary know of themselves [who they are]. ”[1]

Another initiation document states that “not making an outward show of cultivating the precepts while inwardly not clinging to false views truly is to become a monk. ”[2] These texts pondering the meaning of silence assert that the dead actually make ideal Zen monks, “simply by having departed from the bounds of worldly distinctions. Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan. ”[3] It was only after solving this problem of the silence in the case of a corpse that posthumous ordinations could be a legitimate Zen tradition. Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan. The innovation of posthumous ordinations then gave Japanese laypeople access to monastic funeral rites, thus popularizing Sōtō funeral practices throughout the Medieval Japanese countryside and fueling the rise of the Sōtō school in general. Sōtō-shū ( Japanese: 曹洞宗 Cáodòngzōng is one of the two major Sino - Japanese Zen sects (the other being Rinzai) Sōtō-shū ( Japanese: 曹洞宗 Cáodòngzōng is one of the two major Sino - Japanese Zen sects (the other being Rinzai)

Fully ordained nuns

Within Buddhism, the legitimacy of ordaining women as fully ordained nuns has become a significant topic of discussion in recent years among Buddhist tradition which does not have Sangha for nuns. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Sutras pass down in every Buddhist tradition record that Buddha created an order of fully ordained nuns, but the tradition has died out in some Buddhist traditions such as Theravada Buddhism, while remaining strong in others such as Chinese Buddhism (Dharmaguptaka Lineage). Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder History Origin of the school The Theravāda school is ultimately derived from the Vibhajjavāda (or 'doctrine of analysis' grouping which was a continuation Chinese Buddhism ( Pinyin fójiào refers collectively to the various schools of Buddhism that have flourished in China proper since ancient times In the Tibetan lineage, which follows the Mulasarvatavadin lineage, the procedure and lineage of full ordained nuns wasn't brought to Tibet by the Indian Vinaya masters, that's why there is no full nun's ordination within it. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European The Vinaya (a word in Pāli as well as in Sanskrit, with literal meaning 'leading out' 'education' 'discipline' is the regulatory framework for the Buddhist However HH the XIV. Dalai Lama has engaged since years to improve that. Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso (born Lhamo Döndrub ( 6 July 1935 in Qinghai) He is the head of the Tibetan government-in-exile In 2005 he asked full ordained nuns in the Dharmaguptaka Lineage, especially Jampa Tsedroen (Carola Roloff, see also [2]), for engaging to improve that subject matter and donated 50. The Dharmaguptaka are one of the eighteen or twenty schools of Early Buddhism, depending on one's source 000€ for further research. The "1st International Congress on Buddhist Women’s Role in the Sangha: Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages" was held at the University of Hamburg from July 18-20, 2007, in cooperation with the University’s Asia-Africa Institute. Although the general tenor was that full ordination was overdue, the Dalai Lama presented a pre-drafted statement saying that more time was required to reach a decision, thus nullifying the intentions of the congress (for more see: [3])

New Kadampa Tradition

In the New Kadampa Tradition (NKT), practitioners can take an ordination from Geshe Kelsang Gyatso. The New Kadampa Tradition (NKT is a global Buddhist tradition founded by Geshe Kelsang Gyatso in England in 1991 Kelsang Gyatso is a Buddhist Monk, Gelug teacher (scholar and author of 21 Buddhist books based on the works of Buddha Shakyamuni and Je This ordination is described by some as being different from the ordination followed by monks and nuns in the Buddha's lineage as laid down in the Vinaya and Pratimoksha Sutras. The Vinaya (a word in Pāli as well as in Sanskrit, with literal meaning 'leading out' 'education' 'discipline' is the regulatory framework for the Buddhist The Pratimoksha (skt deals with the buddhist vows of personal liberation given by the Buddha to his followers However, it comprises the 8 commitments of rabjung or 'basic' ordination as set out in the Vinaya - to refrain from killing, stealing, lying and sexual activity, and to abandon the life of a lay person by changing one's mind, physical aspect and name. In addition to this, NKT monks and nuns receive a further 5 commitments. According to Waterhouse NKT monks and nuns are simply described as ‘ordained’, and usually take the name ‘Kelsang’ from Geshe Kelsang. [4] For more see: NKT ordination. The New Kadampa Tradition (NKT is a global Buddhist tradition founded by Geshe Kelsang Gyatso in England in 1991

Ordination of women

Main article: Ordination of women

The ordination of women is a controversial issue in religions where either the office of ordination, or the role that an ordained person fulfils, is traditionally restricted to men, for various theological reasons. In general religious use Ordination is the process by which a person is consecrated (set apart for the administration of various religious rites Many Protestant denominations now ordain women. The United Church of Canada has ordained women since 1932. The United Church of Canada was founded in 1925 as a merger of four Christian denominations two thirds of the Presbyterian Church in Canada (then the largest Canadian Protestant The Evangelical Lutheran Church of America ordains women as pastors, and women are eligible for election as bishops. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA) is a mainline Protestant denomination headquartered in Chicago Illinois. The Episcopal Church in the United States of America, ordains women as deacons, priests and bishops. The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States. The Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Church ordains women at all levels including deacon, priest and bishop. The Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Church ( LEPC) is a mainline Protestant denomination under the General Conference of Evangelical Protestant Churches (GCEPC Whereas other denominations leave the decision to ordain women to the regional governing body, or even to the congregation itself, these include the Christian Reformed Church in North America and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church. The Christian Reformed Church in North America ( CRCNA or CRC) is a Protestant Christian denomination which follows Reformed Calvinist

A woman named Deborah was a judge of the ancient Israelites according to the biblical book of Judges. See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. A judge, or justice, is an Official who presides over a Court of law Based partially upon this precedence, other protestant and non-denominational organizations, such as Rose Ministries[5], grant ordination to women. Other denominations refute the claim of a precedent based on Deborah's example because she is not specifically described as ruling over Israel, rather giving judgements on contentious issues in private, not teaching publically [6], neither did she lead the military. [7] [8] Her message to her fellow judge Barak in fact affirmed the male leadership of Israel. [9] [10] Policy regarding the ordination of women differes among the different denominations of Judaism.

See also

References

  1. ^ William M Bodiford, Soto Zen in Medieval Japan (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993), 195-96. In Christianity the term non-denominational refers to those churches that have not formally aligned themselves with an established denomination or remain otherwise officially autonomous In the Church of Ireland, individuals who feel called to ministry in its widest sense are asked to meet together regularly in what is known as a Fellowship of Vocation the relationship between homosexuality and religion can vary greatly across time and place within and between different Religions and Sects and regarding different
  2. ^ Bodiford, Soto Zen in Medieval Japan, 196.
  3. ^ Bodiford, Soto Zen in Medieval Japan, 196.
  4. ^ Waterhouse 1997, 175
  5. ^ [1] Rose Ministries
  6. ^ http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Judges%204;&version=47 Judges 4:5
  7. ^ http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Judges%204;&version=47 Judges 4:6, 10, 14
  8. ^ Grudem, Wayne (2004). Wayne A Grudem is a Protestant theologian and author Grudem holds a BA from Harvard University, a Master of Divinity from Evanglical Feminism and Biblical Truth: An Analysis of more than 100 Disputed Questions. Sisters, Oregon: Multnomah Publishers, Inc. , 864. ISBN 157673840X.  
  9. ^ http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Judges%204;&version=47 Judges 4:6-7 & 14
  10. ^ Grudem, Wayne (2004). Wayne A Grudem is a Protestant theologian and author Grudem holds a BA from Harvard University, a Master of Divinity from Evanglical Feminism and Biblical Truth: An Analysis of more than 100 Disputed Questions. Sisters, Oregon: Multnomah Publishers, Inc. , 864. ISBN 157673840X.  

External links

Dictionary

ordination

-noun

  1. The act of ordaining or the state of being ordained.
  2. The ceremony in which a priest is consecrated.
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