Citizendia

An order of battle was, in its original form during the European period of Medieval warfare the order in which troops were positioned relative to the position of the Army commander. Today it refers to a listing of military units, often with equipment and location.

It was also applied to the disposition of ships in the line of battle during the age of sail. Naval tactics in the Age of Sail were used from the early 1600s onward when Sailing ships replaced oared Galleys These were used until the 1860s The Age of Sail was the period in which International trade and Naval warfare were dominated by Sailing Ships lasting from the 16th to the mid In the later transformation of its meaning during the European period of Early Modern warfare the order of battle came to mean the order in which the units manoeuvred or deployed onto the battlefield to form battle-lines, with the positioning on the right considered the place of greatest honour. Early Modern warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of Gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive The line formation is a standard tactical formation which has been used throughout history This need to reflect the unit seniority led to the keeping of military staff records, in tabular form reflecting the compilation of units an an army, their commanders, equipment, and locations on the battlefield.

During the Napoleonic wars the meaning of the order of battle changed yet again to reflect the changes in the composition of opposing forces during the battle owing to use of larger formations then in the previous century. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions With standardisation in organisation of field forces as part of regiments, brigades, divisions and Corps, the order of battle often became associated and confused with table of organisation which is a permanent composition of a given unit or formation according to army doctrine and to suit its staff administration operations. A regiment is a Military unit, composed of a variable number of Battalions – commanded by a Colonel. A brigade is a Military unit Echelon: is A division is a large Military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to thirty thousand soldiers This article is about a military unit For alternative meanings see Corps (disambiguation. Napoleon also instituted the staff procedure of maintaining accurate information about the composition of the enemy order of battle, and tables of organisation, and this later evolved into an important function and an organisational tool used by military intelligence to analyse enemy capability for combat. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Military intelligence (abbreviated MI int Commonwealth, or intel

In its modern use the order of battle signifies the identification, command structure, strength, and disposition of personnel, equipment, and units of an armed force during field operations. Various abbreviations are used for writing order of battle, including ORBAT, OOB, O/B, or OB.

Contents

Historical approaches

British

British military history is the source of some of the earliest orders of battle in the English language, and due to the British Empire's involvement in global conflicts over several centuries the records of historical orders of battle provide an excellent source of study and understanding not only of the composition, but also of tactics and doctrines of the forces through their depiction in the orders of battle. The British Army and UK forces use ORBAT to describe the structure of both friendly and enemy forces. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces.

Clausewitz

Clausewitz defined the ‘order of battle’ as “that division and formation of the different arms into separate parts or sections of the whole Army, and that form of general position or disposition of those parts which is to be the norm throughout the whole campaign or war. Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz (ˈklaʊzəvɪts ( July 1, 1780 – November 16, 1831) was a Prussian soldier military historian ” Division comes from the permanent peace organisation of the Army, with certain parts such as battalions, squadrons, and batteries being formed into units of higher order up to the highest of all, the whole Army. Disposition comes from the tactics and how these troops are to be drawn up for the battle. Normally these tactics are exercised in peace and can’t be essentially modified when war breaks out. Order of battle belongs more to tactics than strategy. Clausewitz also noted that the order of battle depends on the effective span of control by a commander. Too few subunits makes an army unwieldy; too many subunits makes the ‘power of the superior will’ weak; and in addition every step by which an order has to pass weakens its effect by loss of force and Longer time of transmission. Clausewitz recommended that armies have no more than eight to ten subunits and subordinate corps four to six subunits. [1]

United States Army

In the United States Army practice, an order of battle should relate what an American unit might be expected to encounter while on field operations. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Orders of battle analysts consider enemy units, personnel, and equipment as they may be used on any given sector of combat.

The United States Army divides an order of battle entry on an intelligence status report by the following factors:

  • Personalities (known enemy personnel and their behaviour, often based on communications intelligence analysis
  • Unit history used to judge expected performance based on its past performance
  • Uniforms and insignia to enable confirmation of the above data

The collection of order-of-battle data is the responsibility of the unit commander, through the G-2/J-2 (intelligence) section. The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge skills and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge Military tactics ( Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army are the techniques for using weapons or military units in combination for engaging and defeating Logistics is the management of the flow of Goods, Information and other resources including Energy and people between the point of origin and the point In Mathematics, Computing, Linguistics and related subjects an algorithm is a sequence of finite instructions often used for Calculation A U. S. Army military intelligence group maintains an Order of Battle Section as part of brigade HQ.

The rule of thumb used by American military intelligence is that each unit should keep track of enemy subunits two echelons below its own: that is, a division should monitor enemy units confronting it down to battalion, a brigade should monitor enemy units down to companies, and a battalion should monitor enemy forces down to platoons. A battalion is a Military unit of around 500-1500 men usually consisting of between two and seven companies and typically commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel A company is a Military unit, typically consisting of 75-200 Soldiers Most companies are formed of three to five Platoons although the exact number may vary A platoon is a military unit typically composed of two to four sections or Squads and containing about 30 to 50 soldiers General George S. Patton was one of the first to recommend this practice. For the 19th century Scottish jurist/politician see George Patton Lord Glenalmond.

The United States military's intelligence capabilities in the 21st century have allowed for monitoring even further than two echelons down the chain of command. It is quite common for a US battalion-group to be able to identify the location and activities of not only squad level enemy forces but even individual vehicles. This "situational awareness" provides a more complete picture of the battlefield for US forces.

Up until the end of the Cold War, order of battle was generally an orderly but extremely frustrating process for NATO because although Warsaw Pact nations had well known order of battle, tactics, techniques and procedures, that of the Soviet Army fluctuated often, significantly, and changes were often undetected for years at below-division levels. The situation has been exacerbated today when the US Army is engaged in operations against a non-traditional enemy (insurgents, guerrillas, etc. An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc ) and no order of battle can be compiled, the equivalent military intelligence output requiring an increase in acquired data and analysis effort to provide an accurate and timely picture to the combat commander.

See also

References

  1. ^ pp. This is a list of orders of battle, which list the known military units that were located within the field of operations for each battle 272-276, Clausewitz

Sources

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic