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"Orchid" redirects here. For other uses, see Orchid (disambiguation).
Orchidaceae
Fossil range: Late Cretaceous- Recent
Color plate from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Juss.
Subfamilies

Orchidaceae, also called the Orchid family, is the largest family of the flowering plants (Angiospermae). Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white Chalk cliffs of southern England Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel ( February 16, 1834 — August 9, 1919)also written von Haeckel, was an eminent German Kunstformen der Natur ( German: Art Forms of Nature) is a book of lithographic and Autotype prints by German biologist Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Monocotyledons or monocots are one of two major groups of Flowering plants (angiosperms that are traditionally recognised the other being Dicotyledons Asparagales is an order of Flowering plants The order must include the family Asparagaceae, but other families included in the order have varied markedly Antoine Laurent de Jussieu ( April 12, 1748 - September 17, 1836) was a French Botanist, notable as the first to propose Lady Slippers (aka Lady's Slipper, Lady's-slipper, Ladyslipper) is a term used to describe the orchids in the subfamily Cypripedioidea The Epidendroideae, or epidendroid Orchids are a Subfamily of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) The Orchidoideae, or the orchidoid orchids are a subfamily of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Vanilloideae (Lindley Szlachetko is one of the subfamilies of orchids belonging to the large family Orchidaceae. In Biological classification, family ( Latin The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group [1] [2] Its name is derived from the genus Orchis. Orchis is a genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) This genus gets its name from the Greek όρχις orchis, meaning "testicle" from

The Royal Botanical Gardens of Kew list 880 genera and nearly 22,000 accepted species, but the exact number is unknown (perhaps as many as 25,000)[3] because of taxonomic disputes. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos The number of orchid species equals about four times the number of mammal species, or more than twice the number of bird species. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. It also encompasses about 6–11% of all seed plants. The spermatophytes (from the Greek word "Σπερματόφυτα" (also known as phanerogams) comprise those Plants that produce Seeds They are [4] About 800 new orchid species are added each year. The largest genera are Bulbophyllum (2,000 species), Epidendrum (1,500 species), Dendrobium (1,400 species) and Pleurothallis (1,000 species). Bulbophyllum is the largest genus in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Epidendrum, abbreviated Epi in horticultural trade is a large neotropical Genus of the Orchid family. Dendrobium, abbreviated as Den in horticultural trade is a large Genus of tropical Orchids that consists of about 1200 Species Pleurothallis, abbreviated Pths in horticultural trade is a Genus of Orchids commonly named Bonnet Orchids. The family also includes the Vanilla (the genus of the vanilla plant), Orchis (type genus) and many commonly cultivated plants like some Phalaenopsis or Cattleya. Vanilla is a Flavoring derived from Orchids of the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. Vanilla planifolia is a species of vanilla. It is native to Mexico, and is one of the primary sources for Vanilla Flavouring, Orchis is a genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) This genus gets its name from the Greek όρχις orchis, meaning "testicle" from Cattleya is a Genus of 42 species of Orchids from Costa Rica to tropical South America.

Moreover, since the introduction of tropical species in the 19th century, horticulturists have more than 100,000 hybrids and cultivars. Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar

Contents

Distribution

Orchidaceae are cosmopolitan, occurring in almost every habitat apart from deserts and glaciers. In Biogeography, a Biological category of living things is said to have cosmopolitan distribution if this category can be found almost anywhere around the world A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. The great majority are to be found in the tropics, mostly Asia, South America and Central America. The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a They are found above the Arctic Circle, in southern Patagonia and even on Macquarie Island, close to Antarctica. The Arctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. Llao LLaojpg|thumb|250px| Lake Nahuel Huapi, near Bariloche, Argentina Macquarie Island lies in the southwest corner of the Pacific Ocean, about half-way between Australia and Antarctica.

The following list gives a rough overview of their distribution:

Taxonomy

Main article: Taxonomy of the Orchid family

This family is totally recognised, and the APG II system of 2003 places it in the order Asparagales. The taxonomy of the orchid family has evolved slowly during the last 150 years starting with Carolus Linnaeus who in 1753 recognized eight genera Asparagales is an order of Flowering plants The order must include the family Asparagaceae, but other families included in the order have varied markedly

The taxonomy of this family is in constant flux, as new studies continue to identify more classificatory elements.

Five subfamilies are now recognised. The cladogram has been made according to the APG system:

Apostasioideae: 2 genera and 16 species, south-western Asia



Cypripedioideae: 5 genera and 130 species, mostly from the temperate regions of the world, some in tropical America

 Monandrae 

Vanilloideae: 15 genera and 180 species, humid tropical and subtropical regions, eastern North America



Epidendroideae: more than 500 genera and more or less 20 000 species, cosmopolitan


Orchidoideae: 208 genera and 3,630 species, cosmopolitan






Ecology

Neottia nidus-avis, a myco-heterotroph
Neottia nidus-avis, a myco-heterotroph

A majority of orchids are perennial epiphytes, which grow anchored to trees or shrubs in the tropics and subtropics. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry Lady Slippers (aka Lady's Slipper, Lady's-slipper, Ladyslipper) is a term used to describe the orchids in the subfamily Cypripedioidea The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Vanilloideae (Lindley Szlachetko is one of the subfamilies of orchids belonging to the large family Orchidaceae. The Epidendroideae, or epidendroid Orchids are a Subfamily of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) The Orchidoideae, or the orchidoid orchids are a subfamily of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) The Bird's-nest Orchid, Neottia nidus-avis, is a non- photosynthetic Orchid found in shady woodland on basic soils Myco-heterotrophy is a Symbiotic relationship between certain kinds of Plants and Fungi, in which the plant gets all or part of its food from A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than An epiphyte is an organism that grows upon or attaches to a living plant A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 Other species are lithophytes, growing on rocks or very rocky soil, or are terrestrial. Lithophytes are a type of Plant that grows in or on rocks. Lithophytes feed off Moss, nutrients in rain water litter and even their own dead tissue Nearly all temperate orchids are terrestrial.

Some orchids, like Neottia and Corallorhiza, lack chlorophyll and are unable to photosynthesise. The Bird's-nest Orchid, Neottia nidus-avis, is a non- photosynthetic Orchid found in shady woodland on basic soils Corallorhiza, the coralroot orchids, is a genus of flowers in the orchid family Chlorophyll is a green Pigment found in most Plants Algae and Cyanobacteria. Instead, these species obtain energy and nutrients by parasitising soil fungi through the formation of orchid mycorrhizas. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. Orchid mycorrhiza are a Symbiotic relationship between the Roots of Plants of the family Orchidaceae and a variety of Fungi. The fungi involved include those that form ectomycorrhizas with trees and other woody plants, parasites such as Armillaria, and saprotrophs. A mycorrhiza (Greek for fungus roots coined by Frank 1885 typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic (occasionally Honey fungus or Armillaria is a Genus of parasitic fungi that live on trees and woody shrubs [5] These orchids are known as myco-heterotrophs, but were formerly (incorrectly) described as saprophytes due to the belief that they gained their nutrition by breaking down organic matter. Myco-heterotrophy is a Symbiotic relationship between certain kinds of Plants and Fungi, in which the plant gets all or part of its food from While only a few species are achlorophyllous holoparasites, all orchids are myco-heterotrophic during germination and seedling growth and even photosynthetic adult plants may continue to obtain carbon from their mycorrhizal fungi. A parasitic plant is one that derives some or all of its sustenance from another plant A mycorrhiza (Greek for fungus roots coined by Frank 1885 typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic (occasionally

Description

Cattleya aclandiae. Note the typical zygomorphic flower with three petal-like sepals (top, lower right, lower left), two normal petals on either side and the labellum
Cattleya aclandiae. Note the typical zygomorphic flower with three petal-like sepals (top, lower right, lower left), two normal petals on either side and the labellum

Orchids are easily distinguished, as they share some very evident apomorphies. Floral symmetry refers to whether and how a Flower can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts A sepal (from Latin separatus "separate" + petalum "petal" is a part of the flower of Angiosperms or flower plants A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla The labellum (or Lip) is part of an Orchid, Canna or other less known flower that serves to attract Insects that Pollinate the flower Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry Among these: bilaterally symmetric (zygomorphic) and resupinate, a petal (labellum) is always highly modified, stamens and carpels are fused, and the seeds are extremely small. "Bilateral symmetry" redirects here For bilateral symmetry in mathematics see Reflection symmetry. Floral symmetry refers to whether and how a Flower can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored

Leaves

Like most monocots, orchids generally have simple leaves with parallel veins, although some Vanilloideae have a reticulate venation. Monocotyledons or monocots are one of two major groups of Flowering plants (angiosperms that are traditionally recognised the other being Dicotyledons In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. In the Circulatory system, a vein is a Blood vessel that carries Blood back toward the Heart (as opposed to Artery, a blood vessel Vanilloideae (Lindley Szlachetko is one of the subfamilies of orchids belonging to the large family Orchidaceae. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. They may be ovate, lanceolate, or orbiculate and very variable in size. Their characteristics are often diagnostic. They are normally alternate on the stem, often plicate, and have no stipules. In Botany, phyllotaxis or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of the leaves on the stem of a Plant. In Botany, stipule ( Latin stipula: straw stalk is a term coined by Linnaeus Orchids leaves often have siliceous bodies called stegmata in the vascular bundle sheaths (not present in the Orchidoideae) and are fibrous. The Chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica or silox (from the Latin " Silex " is an Oxide The Orchidoideae, or the orchidoid orchids are a subfamily of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae)

The structure of the leaves corresponds to the specific habitat of the plant. Species that typically bask in sunlight, or grow on sites which can be occasionally very dry, have thick, leathery leaves and the laminas are covered by a waxy cuticle to retain their necessary water supply. Plant cuticles are a protective waxy covering produced only by the epidermal cells of leaves, young shoots and all other aerial plant organs without Periderm Shade species, on the other hand, have long, thin leaves.

The leaves of most orchids are perennial, that is they live for several years, while others, especially those with plicate leaves, shed them annually and develop new leaves together with new pseudobulbs, as in Catasetum. Catasetum, abbreviated as Ctsm in horticultural trade is a Genus of the Orchid family ( Orchidaceae) subfamily Epidendroideae

The leaves of some orchids are considered ornamental. The leaves of the Macodes sanderiana, a semiterrestrial or lithophyte, show a sparkling silver and gold veining on a light green background. The cordate leaves of Psychopsiella limminghei are light brownish green with maroon-puce markings, created by flower pigments. The attractive mottle of the leaves of Lady's Slippers from temperate zones (Paphiopedilum) is caused by uneven distribution of chlorophyll. Lady Slippers (aka Lady's Slipper, Lady's-slipper, Ladyslipper) is a term used to describe the orchids in the subfamily Cypripedioidea Paphiopedilum is a Genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) of approximately 77 species native to South China, India, Southeast Also Phalaenopsis schilleriana is a lovely pastel pink orchid with leaves spotted dark green and light green. The Jewel Orchid (Ludisia discolor) is grown more for its colorful leaves than its fairly inconspicuous white flowers.

Some orchids, as Polyrrhiza lindenii (Ghost Orchid), Aphyllorchis and Taeniophyllum depend on their green roots for photosynthesis and lack normally developed leaves, as do all of the heterotrophic species. Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy. A heterotrophs, or chemoorganotrophy ( Greek heterone = (another and trophe = nutrition is an Organism that requires

Stem and roots

All orchids are perennial herbs and lack any permanent woody structure. A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Orchids can grow according to two patterns:

Orchis lactea showing the two tubers
Orchis lactea showing the two tubers

Terrestrial orchids may be rhizomatous or form corms or tubers. In Botany, a rhizome is a horizontal stem of a Plant that is usually found underground often sending out Roots and Shoots A corm is a short vertical swollen underground Plant stem that serves as a Storage organ used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions Tubers are various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store Nutrients They are used by Plants to overwinter and regrow the next year The root caps of terrestrials are smooth and white.

Some sympodial terrestrials, such as Orchis and Ophrys, have two subterranean tuberous roots. Orchis is a genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) This genus gets its name from the Greek όρχις orchis, meaning "testicle" from The genus Ophrys is a large group of Orchids from the alliance Orchis in the subtribe Orchidinae. A tuberous root is a modified lateral Root, enlarged to function as a Storage organ. One is used as a food reserve for wintry periods, and provides for the development of the other one, from which visible growth develops.

In warm and humid climates, many terrestrial orchids do not need pseudobulbs.

Epiphytic orchids have modified aerial roots that can sometimes be a few meters long. "Pneumatophore" redirects here It is also a name for the air bladder of the Portuguese Man o' War. In the older parts of the roots, a modified spongy epidermis called velamen has the function to absorbe humidity. The epidermis is the outer single-layered group of cells covering a Plant, especially the Leaf and young tissues of a Vascular plant including stems Velamen is a spongy multiple epidermis that covers the roots of some Epiphytic or semi-epiphytic plants such as Orchid and Clivia It is made of dead cells and can have a silvery-grey, white or brown appearance.

The cells of the root epidermis grow at a right angle to the axis of the root to allow them to get a firm grasp on their support. Nutrients mainly come from animal droppings on their supporting tree.

The base of the stem of sympodial epiphytes, or in some species essentially the entire stem, may be thickened to form what is called a pseudobulb that contains nutrients and water for drier periods. The pseudobulb is a Storage organ derived from the part of a stem between two leaf nodes

The pseudobulb of Prosthechea fragrans
The pseudobulb of Prosthechea fragrans

The pseudobulb has a smooth surface with lengthwise grooves and can have different shapes, often conical or oblong. Its size is very variable; in Bulbophyllum (black orchids) it is no longer than two millimeters, while in the largest orchid in the world, Grammatophyllum speciosum (giant orchid), it can reach three meters. Bulbophyllum is the largest genus in the orchid family Orchidaceae. The Giant Orchid, Grammatophyllum speciosum, also called Tiger Orchid, Sugar Cane Orchid or Queen of the Orchids is the world's largest Some Dendrobium have long, canelike pseudobulbs with short, rounded leaves over the whole length, some other orchids have hidden or extremely small pseudobulbs, completely included inside the leaves. Dendrobium, abbreviated as Den in horticultural trade is a large Genus of tropical Orchids that consists of about 1200 Species

With ageing the pseudobulb sheds its leaves and becomes dormant. At this stage it is often called a backbulb. A pseudobulb then takes over, exploiting the last reserves accumulated in the backbulb, which eventually dies off too. A pseudobulb typically lives for about five years.

Flower

Dactylorhiza sambucina, Orchidoideae for reference
Dactylorhiza sambucina, Orchidoideae for reference

Orchidaceae are well known for the many structural variations in their flowers. The Orchidoideae, or the orchidoid orchids are a subfamily of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also

Some orchids have single flowers but most have a racemose inflorescence, sometimes with a large number of flowers. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches The flowering stem can be basal, that is produced from the base of the tuber, like in Cymbidium, apical, meaning it grows from the apex of the main stem, like in Cattleya, or axillary, from the leaf axil, as in Vanda. For the Brachiopod Genus, see Cymbidium (brachiopod. Cymbidium, or boat orchids, is a genus Cattleya is a Genus of 42 species of Orchids from Costa Rica to tropical South America. Vanda is a Genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) which although not large (about fifty Species) is one of the most important

As an apomorphy of the clade, orchid flowers are primitively zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical), although in some genera like Mormodes, Ludisia, Macodes this kind of symmetry may be difficut to notice. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor Floral symmetry refers to whether and how a Flower can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts "Bilateral symmetry" redirects here For bilateral symmetry in mathematics see Reflection symmetry. Macodes is one of a few genera of the orchid family known as jewel orchids.

The orchid flower, like most flowers of monocots has two whorls of sterile elements. Monocotyledons or monocots are one of two major groups of Flowering plants (angiosperms that are traditionally recognised the other being Dicotyledons The outer whorl has three sepals and the inner whorl has three petals. A sepal (from Latin separatus "separate" + petalum "petal" is a part of the flower of Angiosperms or flower plants A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla The sepals are usually very similar to the petals (an thus called tepals, 1), but may be completely distinct. Tepals are elements of the Perianth, or outer part of a flower which include the Petals or Sepals The term tepal is usually used when all segments

The upper medial petal, called the labellum or lip (6),, is always modified and enlarged. The labellum (or Lip) is part of an Orchid, Canna or other less known flower that serves to attract Insects that Pollinate the flower The inferior ovary (7) or the pedicel is rotated 180 degrees, so that the labellum, goes on the lower part of the flower, thus becoming suitable to form a platform for pollinators. "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. This characteristic, called the resupination occurs primitively in the family and is considered apomorphic (the torsion of the ovary is very evident from the picture). Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry Some orchids have secondarily lost the resupination, like some Zygopetalum'. Zygopetalum ( Hook 1833) is a Genus of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) (subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Maxillarieae

The normal form of the sepals can be found in Cattleya, where they form a triangle. Cattleya is a Genus of 42 species of Orchids from Costa Rica to tropical South America. In Paphiopedilum (Venus slippers) the lower two sepals are fused together into a synsepal, while the lip has taken the form of a slipper. Paphiopedilum is a Genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) of approximately 77 species native to South China, India, Southeast A synsepal is a floral structure formed by the partial or complete fusion of two or more Sepals Such sepals are said to be gamosepalous. In Masdevallia all the sepals are fused. Masdevallia, abbreviated Masd in horticultural trade is a large genus of plants of the Pleurothallidinae, subtribe of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae

Orchid flowers with abnormal numbers of petals or lips are called peloric. Peloria is a genetic trait, but its expression is environmentally influenced and may appear random. Floral symmetry refers to whether and how a Flower can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts

Longitudinal section of a flower of Vanilla planifolia
Longitudinal section of a flower of Vanilla planifolia

Orchid flowers primitively had three stamens, but this situation is now limited to the genus Neuwiedia. Vanilla planifolia is a species of vanilla. It is native to Mexico, and is one of the primary sources for Vanilla Flavouring, The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male Neuwiedia is a Genus of primitive Orchids ( family Orchidaceae comprising 9 terrestrial Species. Apostasia and the Cypripedioideae have two stamens, the central one being sterile and reduced to a staminode. Lady Slippers (aka Lady's Slipper, Lady's-slipper, Ladyslipper) is a term used to describe the orchids in the subfamily Cypripedioidea In Botany, a staminode is an often rudimentary sterile or abortive Stamen. All of the other orchids, the clade called Monandria, retain only the central stamen, the others being reduced to staminodes (4). In Botany, a staminode is an often rudimentary sterile or abortive Stamen. The filaments of the stamens are always adnate (fused) to the style to form cylindrical structure called the gynostemium or column (2). The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. The column, or technically the gynostemium, is a reproductive structure that can be found in several plant families Aristolochiaceae, Orchidaceae, and In the primitive Apostasioideae this fusion is only partial, in the Vanilloideae it is more deep, while in Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae it is total. Vanilloideae (Lindley Szlachetko is one of the subfamilies of orchids belonging to the large family Orchidaceae. The Orchidoideae, or the orchidoid orchids are a subfamily of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) The Epidendroideae, or epidendroid Orchids are a Subfamily of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) The stigma (9) is very asymmetrical as all of its lobes are bent towards the centre of the flower and lay on the bottom of the column. A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower.

Pollen is released as single grains, like in most other plants, in the Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae and Vanilloideae. Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of Lady Slippers (aka Lady's Slipper, Lady's-slipper, Ladyslipper) is a term used to describe the orchids in the subfamily Cypripedioidea Vanilloideae (Lindley Szlachetko is one of the subfamilies of orchids belonging to the large family Orchidaceae. In the other subfamilies, that comprise the great majority of orchids, the anther (3), carries and two pollinia. Pollinium, or plural pollinia, is a coherent mass of Pollen grains

A pollinium is a waxy mass of pollen grains held together by the glue-like alkaloid viscin, containing both cellulosic stands and mucopolysaccharides. This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. Each pollinium is connected to a filament which can take the form of a caudicle, like in Dactylorhiza or Habenaria or a stipe, like in Vanda. Dactylorhiza Necker ex Nevski 1937 is a genus of terrestrial (ground-dwelling plants in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Habenaria, commonly called bog orchids, are a far ranging Genus of Orchid, one of approximately 800 described Orchidaceae genera within In Botany, a stipe is a supportive structure that may be the stem-like part of the thallus of a Seaweed or a true leaf stem as in Ferns Vanda is a Genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) which although not large (about fifty Species) is one of the most important Caudicles or stipes hold the pollinia to the viscidium, a sticky pad which sticks the pollinia to the body of pollinators. A pollinator is the biotic agent ( vector) that moves Pollen from the male Anthers of a Flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish

At the upper edge of the stigma of single-anthered orchids, in front of the anther cap, there is the rostellum (5), a slender extension involved in the complex pollination mechanism.

As aforementioned, the ovary is always inferior (located behind the flower). In the Flowering plants an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or Gynoecium. It is three-carpelate and one or, more rarely, three-partitioned, with parietal placentation (axile in the Apostasioideae). A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. The placenta is an Ephemeral organ present in placental Vertebrates, such as Eutherial Mammals and Sharks during Gestation

Pollination

Orchids have developed highly specialized pollination systems and thus the chances of being pollinated are often scarce. Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female This is why orchid flowers usually remain receptive for very long periods and why most orchids deliver pollen in a single mass; each time pollination succeeds thousands of ovules can be fertilized.

Pollinators are often visually attracted by the shape and colours of the labellum. The flowers may produce attractive odours. Although absent in most species, nectar may be produced in a spur (8) of the labellum, on the point of the sepals or in the septa of the ovary, the most typical position amongst the Asparagales. Nectar is a Sugar -rich liquid produced by plants It is produced either by the Flowers in which it attracts pollinating animals or by extrafloral A spur in botany is a spike usually part of a flower In certain plants part of a Sepal or Petal develops into an elongated hollow spike extending behind the Asparagales is an order of Flowering plants The order must include the family Asparagaceae, but other families included in the order have varied markedly

In orchids that produce pollinia, pollination happens as some variant of the following. When the pollinator enters into the flower, it touches a viscidium, which promptly sticks to its body, generally on the head or abdomen. While leaving the flower, it pulls the pollinium out of the anther, as it is connected to the viscidium by the caudicle or stipe. The caudicle then bends and the pollinium is moved forwards and downwards. When the pollinator enters another flower of the same species, the pollinium has taken such position that it will stick to the stigma of the second flower, just below the rostellum, pollinating it. The possessors of orchids may be able to reproduce the process with a pencil or similar device.

Ophrys apifera is about to self-pollinate
Ophrys apifera is about to self-pollinate

Some orchids mainly or totally rely on self-pollination, especially in colder regions where pollinators are particularly rare. The Bee Orchid ( Ophrys apifera) is a perennial, temperate climate species of Orchid generally found growing on semi-dry turf, on limestone Self-pollination is a form of Pollination that can occur when a Flower has both Stamen and a Carpel in which the Cultivar or The caudicles may dry up if the flower hasn't been visited by any pollinator and the pollina then fall directly on the stigma. Otherwise the anther may rotate and then enter the stigma cavity of the flower (as in Holcoglossum amesianum). Holcoglossum is a genus of Orchids in the family Orchidaceae.

The labellum of the Cypripedioideae is poke-shaped and has the function to trap visiting insects. Lady Slippers (aka Lady's Slipper, Lady's-slipper, Ladyslipper) is a term used to describe the orchids in the subfamily Cypripedioidea The only exit leads to the anthers that deposit pollen on the visitor.

In some extremely specialized orchids, like the Eurasian genus Ophrys, the labellum is adapted to have a colour, shape and odour which attracts male insects via mimicry of a receptive female. The genus Ophrys is a large group of Orchids from the alliance Orchis in the subtribe Orchidinae. Biological mimicry occurs when a group of organisms the mimics, have Pollination happens as the insect attempts to mate with flowers.

Many neotropical orchids are pollinated by male orchid bees, which visit the flowers to gather volatile chemicals they require to synthesize pheromonal attractants. Euglossine bees, also called orchid bees, are the only group of corbiculate bees whose non-parasitic members do not all possess eusocial behavior. A pheromone (from Greek φέρω phero "to bear" + ‘ορμόνη " Hormone " is a Chemical that triggers a natural Each type of orchid places the pollinia on a different body part of a different species of bee, so as to enforce proper cross-pollination. Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female

An underground orchid in Australia, Rhizanthella slateri, never sees the light of day and depends on ants and other terrestrial insects to pollinate it. Rhizanthella slateri, or the Eastern Underground Orchid, is an epiparasitic Orchid with fleshy underground stem to 15 cm long and 15 mm diameter Ants are social Insects of the family Formicidae and along with the related families of Wasps and Bees belong to the order

Catasetum, a genus discussed briefly by Darwin actually launches its viscid pollinia with explosive force when an insect touches a seta. Catasetum, abbreviated as Ctsm in horticultural trade is a Genus of the Orchid family ( Orchidaceae) subfamily Epidendroideae Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Seta (plural setae) is a biological term derived from the Latin word for " Bristle "

After pollination the sepals and petals fade and wilt, but they usually remain attached to the ovary.

Asexual reproduction

Some species, as some Phalaenopsis, Dendrobium and Vanda, produce offshoots or plantlets formed from one of the nodes along the stem, through the accumulation of growth hormones at that point. Dendrobium, abbreviated as Den in horticultural trade is a large Genus of tropical Orchids that consists of about 1200 Species Vanda is a Genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) which although not large (about fifty Species) is one of the most important A stem is one of two main structural axes of a Vascular plant. A stem is one of two main structural axes of a Vascular plant. These shoots are known as keiki. Keiki, the Hawaiian word for "baby" (pronounced "kay-key" refers to a plant produced asexually by an Orchid plant usually used when

Fruits and seeds

Cross-section of an orchid capsule, the longitudinal slits
Cross-section of an orchid capsule, the longitudinal slits

The ovary typically develops into a capsule that is dehiscent by 3 or 6 longitudinal slits, while remaining closed at both ends. In Botany a capsule is a type of simple dry Fruit produced by many species of Flowering plants A capsule is a dehiscent structure composed of two Dehiscence is the spontaneous opening at maturity of a plant structure such as a Fruit, Anther, or Sporangium, to release its contents The ripening of a capsule can take 2 to 18 months. Réseaux IP Européens (RIPE French for "European IP Networks" is a forum open to all parties with an interest in the technical development of the Internet

The seeds are generally almost microscopic and very numerous, in some species over a million per capsule. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored After ripening they blow off like dust particles or spores. They lack endosperm and must enter symbiotic relationship with various mycorrhizal basidiomyceteous fungi that provide them the necessary nutrients to germinate, so that all orchid species are mycoheterotrophic during germination and reliant upon fungi to complete their lifecycle. Endosperm is the tissue produced in the Seeds of most Flowering plants around the time of fertilization Orchid mycorrhiza are a Symbiotic relationship between the Roots of Plants of the family Orchidaceae and a variety of Fungi. Basidiomycota is one of two large phyla that together with the Ascomycota, comprise the subkingdom Dikarya, which were in general what were called A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ

As the chance for a seed to meet a fitting fungus is very small, only a minute fraction of all the seeds released grow into an adult plant. Germination can take up to fifteen years.

Horticultural techniques have been devised for germinating seeds on a nutrient-containing gel, eliminating the requirement of the fungus for germination, greatly aiding the propagation of ornamental orchids. Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation

Evolution

A study in the scientific journal Nature [6] has shown that the origin of orchids goes back much longer than originally expected. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 An extinct species of stingless bee, Proplebeia dominicana, was found trapped in Miocene amber about 15-20 million years ago. The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene period and extends from about 23 Amber is Fossil tree Resin, which is appreciated for its color and beauty The bee was carrying pollen of a previously unknown orchid taxon, Meliorchis caribea, on its wings. Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of Meliorchis caribea is an Extinct species of Plant belonging to the Orchidaceae family

This indicates that orchids may have an ancient origin and have arisen 76 to 84 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous. Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white Chalk cliffs of southern England In other words, they may have co-existed with dinosaurs. It shows also that at that time insects were active pollinators of orchids. A pollinator is the biotic agent ( vector) that moves Pollen from the male Anthers of a Flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish

Using the molecular clock method, it was possible to determine the age of the major branches of the orchid family. The molecular clock (based on the molecular clock hypothesis ( MCH) is a technique in Molecular evolution to relate the divergence time of two Species This also confirmed that the subfamily Vanilloideae is a branch at the basal dichotomy of the monandrous orchids, and must have evolved very early in the evolution of the family. Vanilloideae (Lindley Szlachetko is one of the subfamilies of orchids belonging to the large family Orchidaceae. In botanical terms monandrous simply means to have a single Stamen. Since this genus occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, from tropical America to tropical Asia, New Guinea and West Africa, and the continents began to split about 100 million years ago, significant biotic exchange must have occurred after this split (since the age of Vanilla is estimated at 60 to 70 million years).

This find is the first proof of fossilised orchids to date. [6]

The extinct orchid M. caribea has been placed within the extant tribe Cranichideae, subtribe Goodyerinae (subfamily Orchidoideae). The Orchidoideae, or the orchidoid orchids are a subfamily of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae)

Uses

Further information: Vanilla
Vanilla fruits drying
Vanilla fruits drying

One orchid genus, Vanilla, is commercially important, used as a foodstuff flavouring. Vanilla is a Flavoring derived from Orchids of the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. Vanilla is a Flavoring derived from Orchids of the genus Vanilla native to Mexico.

The underground tubers of terrestrial orchids (mainly Orchis mascula) are ground to a powder and used for cooking, such as in the hot beverage salep or the so-called "fox-testicle ice cream" salepi dondurma. The Early Purple Orchid ( Orchis mascula) is a species in the Orchid genus Orchis. Salep (salep - sahlep from سحلب saḥlab referring to both orchid as well as the salep drink Dondurma (Dondurma "freezing" is the name used for Ice cream in Turkey.

The scent of orchids is frequently analysed by perfumists (using Gas-liquid chromatography) to identify potential fragrance chemicals. Olfaction (also known as olfactics or smell) refers to the Sense of smell. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC, or simply gas chromatography (GC, is a type of Chromatography in which the mobile phase is a carrier gas usually an Inert

The other important use of orchids is their cultivation for the enjoyment of the flowers. Most cultivated orchids are tropical or subtropical, but quite a few which grow in colder climates can be found on the market. The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 The subtropics are the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropic zone which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Temperate species available at nurseries include Ophrys apifera (bee orchid), Gymnadenia conopsea (fragrant orchid), Anacamptis pyramidalis (pyramidal orchid) and Dactylorhiza fuchsii (common spotted orchid). The Bee Orchid ( Ophrys apifera) is a perennial, temperate climate species of Orchid generally found growing on semi-dry turf, on limestone Fragrant Orchid ( Gymnadenia conopsea) is a Flower that has a scent similar to Cloves. The pyramidal orchid, Anacamptis pyramidalis, is an Orchid native to central and southern Europe. The Common Spotted Orchid ( Dactylorhiza fuchsii) is acommonly occurring Species of European Orchid.

The term botanical orchid loosely denotes those small flowered tropical orchids belonging to several genera (not necessarily related to each other) that don't fit into the "Florist" orchid category. A few of these genera contain enormous numbers of species. Some, such as Pleurothallis and Bulbophyllum, contain approximately 1700 and 2000 species, respectively, and are often extremely vegetatively diverse. Pleurothallis, abbreviated Pths in horticultural trade is a Genus of Orchids commonly named Bonnet Orchids. Bulbophyllum is the largest genus in the orchid family Orchidaceae. The primary use of the term is among orchid hobbyists wishing to describe unusual species they grow, though it is also used to distinguish naturally occurring orchid species from horticulturally created hybrids. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa.

Cultivated Phalaenopsis lindenii
Cultivated Phalaenopsis lindenii

A few of the most common orchids found in "casual" culture are:

Taiwan, the biggest orchid exporter in the world, established the Taiwan Orchid Plantation, a science-based industrial park, in 2004, to explore novel ways of growing and distributing orchids. UserPolbot. --> Phalaenopsis lindenii is a species of Plant in the Orchidaceae family The genus Anguloa, commonly known as Tulip Orchid, is a taxon of Orchids closely related to Lycaste. Cattleya is a Genus of 42 species of Orchids from Costa Rica to tropical South America. For the Brachiopod Genus, see Cymbidium (brachiopod. Cymbidium, or boat orchids, is a genus Laelia, abbreviated L in horticultural trade is a small genus of eleven species from the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Dendrobium, abbreviated as Den in horticultural trade is a large Genus of tropical Orchids that consists of about 1200 Species Paphiopedilum is a Genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) of approximately 77 species native to South China, India, Southeast Oncidium, abbreviated as Onc in horticultural trade is a Genus that contains about 330 Species of Orchids from the subfamily Vanda is a Genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) which although not large (about fifty Species) is one of the most important Epidendrum, abbreviated Epi in horticultural trade is a large neotropical Genus of the Orchid family. Brassia is a Genus of Orchids classified in the Oncidiinae subtribe Bulbophyllum is the largest genus in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Catasetum, abbreviated as Ctsm in horticultural trade is a Genus of the Orchid family ( Orchidaceae) subfamily Epidendroideae Sophronitis, abbreviated Soph in horticultural trade is a genus of small epiphytic or lithophytic Orchids growing in Miltonia, abbreviated Milt in horticultural trade is a small genus of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Phaius is a Genus of large mostly terrestrial Orchids ( family Orchidaceae Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. An industrial estate is an area of land set aside for industrial development. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The renowned Taiwanese International Orchid Show, usually held in early March each year, is amongst the top three orchid exhibitions in the world [1]. Taiwan is particularly famous for the production of Phalaenopsis, and is a member of the International Phalaenopsis Alliance (IPA). The Taiwan Orchid Growers Association (TOGA), a NPO established in 2001, acts as a bridge between the government and the local orchid producers and distributors. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.

The National Orchid Garden in the Singapore Botanic Gardens is considered by some to be among the finest collections of orchids in cultivation open to the public. Singapore Botanic Gardens ( Chinese: 新加坡植物园 Malay: Taman Botanik

Orchids, like tulips, have become a major market throughout the world. Tulipa, commonly called tulip, is a Genus of about 150 species of bulbous Flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. Buyers now bid hundreds of dollars on new hybrids or improved ones. Because of their apparent ease in hybridization, they are now becoming one of the most popular cut-flowers on the market.

Genera

Main article: List of Orchidaceae genera

The following are amongst the most notable genera in the very large orchid family. List of genera in the Orchid family ( Orchidaceae) originally according to The Families of Flowering Plants - L

Aa; Abdominea; Acampe; Acanthephippium; Aceratorchis; Acianthus; Acineta; Acrorchis; Ada; Aerangis; Aeranthes; Aerides; Aganisia; Agrostophyllum; Amitostigma; Anacamptis; Ancistrochilus; Angraecum; Anguloa; Ansellia; Aorchis; Aplectrum; Arethusa; Armodorum; Ascocenda; Ascocentrum; Ascoglossum; Australorchis; Auxopus; Baptistonia; Barbrodia; Barkeria; Barlia; Bartholina; Beloglottis; Biermannia; Bletilla; Brassavola; Brassia; Bulbophyllum; Calypso; Catasetum; Cattleya; Cirrhopetalum; Cleisostoma; Clowesia; Coelogyne; Coryanthes; Cymbidium; Cyrtopodium; Cypripedium; Dactylorhiza; Dendrobium; Disa; Dracula; Encyclia; Epidendrum; Epipactis; Eria; Eulophia; Gongora; Goodyera; Grammatophyllum; Gymnadenia; Habenaria; Herschelia; Laelia; Lepanthes; Liparis; Ludisia; Lycaste; Masdevallia; Maxillaria; Meliorchis, Mexipedium; Miltonia; Mormodes; Odontoglossum; Oncidium; Ophrys; Orchis; Paphiopedilum; Paraphalaenopsis; Peristeria; Phaius; Phalaenopsis; Pholidota; Phragmipedium; Platanthera; Pleione; Pleurothallis; Promenaea; Pterostylis; Renanthera; Renantherella; Restrepia; Restrepiella; Rhynchostylis; Roezliella; Saccolabium; Sarcochilus; Satyrium; Selenipedium; Serapias; Sophronitis; Spiranthes; Stanhopea; Stelis; Thrixspermum; Trias; Trichocentrum; Trichoglottis; Vanda; Vanilla; Zeuxine; Zygopetalum. Aa Rchbf 1854 is a Genus of plants belonging to the family Orchidaceae. Abdominea minimiflora, or the Tiny-flowered Abdominea, is a very rare Monopodial epiphytic Orchid species and the only species Acampe, abbreviated as Acp in horticultural trade is a genus of seven Monopodial, Epiphytic vandaceous species distributed from tropical Acanthephippium is a Genus of Orchid with twelve Species (family Orchidaceae) Aceratorchis Schltr, 1922 is a small Genus from the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Acianthus ( Brown, 1810 is a small Australasian genus of 21 Species from the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Acineta, abbreviated as Acn in horticultural trade is a small Genus belonging to the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Acrorchis Dressler 1990 is a Monotypic Genus from the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Ada, abbreviated as Ada in horticultural trade is a genus of 16 species in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Aerangis, abbreviated as Aergs in horticultural trade is a Genus of the Orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Aeranthes, abbreviated Aerth in horticultural trade is an Orchid Genus with 47 species mostly from shady tropical humid forests in Aerides or the Cat's-tail Orchid or the Fox Brush Orchid, is a genus belonging to the Orchid family ( Orchidaceae) (subfamily Epidendroideae Aganisia Lindl 1839 is a small South American genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) subfamily Epidendroideae. Agrostylum is a Genus with about ninety Species from the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Amitostigma Schltr 1919 is a genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Anacamptis Rich, 1817 is a small genus from the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Ancistrochilus is a genus of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) comprising only 2 Species. The Genus Angraecum, abbreviated as Angcm in horticultural trade common name Angrec or Comet Orchid, contains about 220 The genus Anguloa, commonly known as Tulip Orchid, is a taxon of Orchids closely related to Lycaste. Ansellia is a Monotypic Genus of orchid with only one species Ansellia africana, commonly known as African Ansellia or Arethusa bulbosa, or dragons mouth, is the only Species in the Orchid Genus Arethusa. × Ascocenda, abbreviated as Ascda, is a man-made hybrid Orchid Genus resulting from a cross between Ascocentrum Ascocentrum, abbreviated as Asctm in horticultural trade is a small genus belonging to the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Ascoglossum, abbreviated as Ascgm in horticultural trade is a genus of epiphytic Orchids in family Orchidaceae. Dendrobium, abbreviated as Den in horticultural trade is a large Genus of tropical Orchids that consists of about 1200 Species Oncidium, abbreviated as Onc in horticultural trade is a Genus that contains about 330 Species of Orchids from the subfamily Barkeria, abbreviated Bark in horticultural trade is a Genus of Orchids originating from Mexico, comprising about 15 Species A member of the Fynbos plant kingdom Bartholina is also known as the "Spider Orchid" Bletilla is a Temperate, terrestrial Genus of Orchids containing 9 Species distributed through China, Brassavola is a Genus of 20 Orchids ( family Orchidaceae The name comes from the Venetian nobleman and physician Antonio Brassia is a Genus of Orchids classified in the Oncidiinae subtribe Bulbophyllum is the largest genus in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Norna redirects here For the Norse goddesses see Norns. The Calypso orchid ( Calypso bulbosa) also known as the fairy slipper Catasetum, abbreviated as Ctsm in horticultural trade is a Genus of the Orchid family ( Orchidaceae) subfamily Epidendroideae Cattleya is a Genus of 42 species of Orchids from Costa Rica to tropical South America. Cirrhopetalum, abbreviated as Cirr in hortcultural trade is a Genus of Epiphyte Orchids ( Family Orchidaceae Cleisostoma is a genus of Orchid with more than 100 species distributed from India, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, New Guinea Coelogyne Lindl 1821 is a Genus of over 200 Sympodial Epiphytes from the family Orchidaceae, distributed across India Coryanthes, commonly known as Bucket Orchids, is a genus of tropical epiphytic Orchids This genus is abbreviated as Crths in For the Brachiopod Genus, see Cymbidium (brachiopod. Cymbidium, or boat orchids, is a genus Cyrtopodium, abbreviated Cyrt in trade journals is a Genus of more than 30 species of epiphytic Orchids found from Florida Cypripedium is a Genus of 47 species from the Orchid family (Orchidaceae and the sole genus of the Subtribe Cypripediinae. Dactylorhiza Necker ex Nevski 1937 is a genus of terrestrial (ground-dwelling plants in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Dendrobium, abbreviated as Den in horticultural trade is a large Genus of tropical Orchids that consists of about 1200 Species The Orchid genus Disa consists of 169 terrestrial orchid species in tropical and South Africa, Madagascar and along the Western Indian The Orchid Genus Dracula, abbreviated as Drac in horticultural trade consists of 118 Species. Encyclia is also a Greek term for the Codex Encyclius Encyclia is a Genus of Orchids The genus name comes from Epidendrum, abbreviated Epi in horticultural trade is a large neotropical Genus of the Orchid family. Epipactis Zinn, 1757 or Helleborine is a genus of terrestrial orchids comprised of approximately 70 species Eria is a large Genus of Orchids with more than 500 species distributed in tropical Asia, Malaysia, Australia The genus Eulophia, which also constitutes the monogeneric alliance Eulophia, includes 210 species of Orchids It was first described by John Lindley Gongora, abbreviated Gga in horticultural trade is a member of the Orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Goodyera are a wide-ranging Genus of Orchid, one of approximately 800 described Orchidaceae genera within that large and diverse family Grammatophyllum, abbreviated in horticultural trade as Gram, is a Genus of 11 Orchid Species. Gymnadenia is a Genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae containing 22 terrestrial Species. Habenaria, commonly called bog orchids, are a far ranging Genus of Orchid, one of approximately 800 described Orchidaceae genera within Laelia, abbreviated L in horticultural trade is a small genus of eleven species from the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Lepanthes (from Greek "scaled-flower" is a large Genus of Orchids with about 700 Species, distributed in the Antilles Lycaste, abbreviated as Lyc in horticultural trade is a genus of Orchids that contains about 30 species with egg-shaped Pseudobulbs and thin Masdevallia, abbreviated Masd in horticultural trade is a large genus of plants of the Pleurothallidinae, subtribe of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae Maxillaria, abbreviated as Max in horticultural trade is a large genus of Orchids (family Orchidaceae) Mexipedium is a Monotypic Genus of the Orchid family Orchidaceae subfamily Cypripedioideae, consisting of only one species Miltonia, abbreviated Milt in horticultural trade is a small genus of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) Odontoglossum, first named in 1816 by Karl Sigismund Kunth, is a Genus of about 100 Orchids The scientific name is derived from the Greek words Oncidium, abbreviated as Onc in horticultural trade is a Genus that contains about 330 Species of Orchids from the subfamily The genus Ophrys is a large group of Orchids from the alliance Orchis in the subtribe Orchidinae. Orchis is a genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) This genus gets its name from the Greek όρχις orchis, meaning "testicle" from Paphiopedilum is a Genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) of approximately 77 species native to South China, India, Southeast The genus Paraphalaenopsis, abbreviated as Prphln in horticultural trade is a member of the Orchid family ( Orchidaceae) consisting of Phaius is a Genus of large mostly terrestrial Orchids ( family Orchidaceae Phragmipedium is a Genus of the Orchid family (Orchidaceae (Subfamily Cypripedioideae) and the only genus comprised in the tribe The Genus Platanthera belongs to the subfamily Orchidoideae of the family Orchidaceae, and is comprised of about 100 Species Peacock orchids ( Genus Pleione) are a small group of beautiful predominantly terrestrial but sometimes epiphytic or lithophytic Pleurothallis, abbreviated Pths in horticultural trade is a Genus of Orchids commonly named Bonnet Orchids. Pterostylis is a terrestrial deciduous genus of some 100 or so species of orchids found mainly in New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea and Renanthera, abbreviated as Ren in horticultural trade is a genus of large scrambling Monopodial epiphytic and terrestrial species Restrepia, abbreviated Rstp in horticultural trade is a small Genus of 49 Orchids in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) closely The snake's head restrepiella ( Restrepiella ophiocephala) is a Species of Orchid and the only species of the genus Restrepiella The genus Rhynchostylis, abbreviated as Rhy in horticultural trade is a member of the Orchid family ( Orchidaceae) consisting of 6 species The genus Sarcochilus, abbreviated as Sarco in horticultural trade is a member of the Orchid family ( Orchidaceae) consisting of 25 species Selenipedium is a Genus of the Orchid family ( Orchidaceae) (Subfamily Cypripedioideae) Serapias is a Genus of orchids, containing about 10 species It is native to the Mediterranean region Sophronitis, abbreviated Soph in horticultural trade is a genus of small epiphytic or lithophytic Orchids growing in Spiranthes, commonly called Ladies'-tresses is a genus of orchids (family ( Orchidaceae) belonging to the subfamily Orchidoideae. Stanhopea ( J Frost ex Hook 1829 is a genus of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) from Central and South America Leach orchids ( Genus Stelis) is a large group of Orchids with perhaps 500 Species. Thrixspermum is a Genus of Orchids comprising around 100 Species distributed from India to Southeast Asia and New Guinea Trias is a Board game authored by Ralf Lehmkuhl It is distributed by Rio Grande Games, Tilsit Editions and Gecko Games Trichocentrum, abbreviated Trctm in horticultural trade is a Genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) with 65 species Trichoglottis, abbreviated Trgl in horticultural trade is a genus of Plant in family Orchidaceae. Vanda is a Genus in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) which although not large (about fifty Species) is one of the most important Vanilla is a Genus of about 110 species in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) including the species Vanilla planifolia from which commercial Zeuxine is a large genus of about 90 orchids (family Orchidaceae) belonging to the subfamily Orchidoideae. Zygopetalum ( Hook 1833) is a Genus of the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) (subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Maxillarieae

Image gallery

Dockrillia teretifolia, an epiphyte orchid.

Corallorhyza maculata, a myco-heterotroph

Cephalanthera longifolia, a terrestrial orchid

Leaves of different species of orchids

Habenaria radiata. Myco-heterotrophy is a Symbiotic relationship between certain kinds of Plants and Fungi, in which the plant gets all or part of its food from The Sword-leaved Helleborine, Cephalanthera longifolia, is a terrestrial Orchid found in much of western and southern Europe. Note the lip

Pterostylis coccinea, a highly specialized shape

Neuwiedia griffithii, Apostasioideae. Note the three normal stamens.

Cypripedium acaule has two stamens. Cypripedium acaule is a member of the Orchid genus Cypripedium. One can be seen from the picture, the other is on the other side

Ophrys insectifera

Catasetum fimbriatum. Fly orchid ( Ophrys insectifera) is a plant of the family Orchidaceae, a native of the British Isles and Europe favouring sites with alkaline soil The seta is evident.

Holcoglossum kimballianum

Spiranthes spiralis

Dactylorhiza sambucina in two different colours

Vanilla planifolia, the vanilla flower

Vanilla plant (the climber)

Bulbophyllum putidum

Cattleya intermedia

Cattleya labiata

Cultivated Epidendrum ciliare

Dracula vampira, an orchid with a funny name

Rossioglossum grande

Listera ovata, a less showy orchid

Vanda tricolor var. The Autumn Ladies'-tresses ( Spiranthes spiralis) is the latest-blooming native species of Orchid, blooming in August and September Vanilla planifolia is a species of vanilla. It is native to Mexico, and is one of the primary sources for Vanilla Flavouring, Cattleya labiata Lindl, also known as the Crimson Cattleya or Ruby-lipped Cattleya, is a species of Cattleya The Tiger Orchid, Rossioglossum grande (previously Odontoglossum grande) is an Epiphytic species of orchid native to the area from Mexico Listera ovata ( European Common Twayblade) is a terrestrial orchid native to Europe. suavis

Oncidium papilio

Cambria

Phalaenopsis hybrid

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Number of orchids
  2. ^ Orchid Fact File, Royal Botanic gardens, Kew
  3. ^ CLASSIFICATION OF ORCHIDACEAE IN THE AGE OF DNA DATA
  4. ^ Taxonomic exaggeration and its effects on orchid conservation
  5. ^ Leake JR. Moyobamba is a city and capital of the San Martín Region in northern Peru. Nero Wolfe is a fictional detective created by the American Mystery writer Rex Stout, who made his debut in 1934 Patrick Ryan Dunn Sullivan, (born 1981 in Illinois) is an American Poet and Writer. 2005. Plants parasitic on fungi: unearthing the fungi in myco-heterotrophs and debunking the ‘saprophytic’ plant myth. Mycologist 19: 113–122. (abstract)).
  6. ^ a b Santiago R. Ramírez, Barbara Gravendeel, Rodrigo B. Singer, Charles R. Marshall & Naomi E. Pierce (30 August 2007). "Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator". Nature 448: 1042–1042. doi:10.1038/nature06039. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  

References

  1. ^ Number of orchids
  2. ^ Orchid Fact File, Royal Botanic gardens, Kew
  3. ^ CLASSIFICATION OF ORCHIDACEAE IN THE AGE OF DNA DATA
  4. ^ Taxonomic exaggeration and its effects on orchid conservation
  5. ^ Leake JR. 2005. Plants parasitic on fungi: unearthing the fungi in myco-heterotrophs and debunking the ‘saprophytic’ plant myth. Mycologist 19: 113–122. (abstract)).
  6. ^ a b Santiago R. Ramírez, Barbara Gravendeel, Rodrigo B. Singer, Charles R. Marshall & Naomi E. Pierce (30 August 2007). "Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator". Nature 448: 1042–1042. doi:10.1038/nature06039. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  

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