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For other uses, see Orc (disambiguation).

Orc (OR'k) is a word used to refer to a race of various tough and warlike humanoid creatures in various fantasy settings, appearing originally in the stories of Middle-earth written by J. R. R. Tolkien and derivative fictions. There are many elements that show up throughout the fantasy genre in different guises Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting Middle-earth refers to the fictional lands where most of the stories of author J Orcs are often portrayed as misshapen humanoids with brutal, warmongering, sadistic, yet cowardly tendencies, although some settings and writers describe them as a proud warrior race with a strong sense of honor. In Fiction, the setting of a story includes the time location and circumstances in which it takes place They are variously portrayed as physically stronger or weaker than humans, but always high in numbers. They often ride wolves or wargs. In many role-playing and computer games, though not in Tolkien's works, Orcs have green skin (earning the name "Greenskins" in such games as Warhammer Fantasy). .

Contents

Etymology of the word "orc"

The modern use of the English word "orc" to denote a race of evil, humanoid creatures begins with J.  R.  R.  Tolkien.

Tolkien's earliest elvish dictionaries include the entry "Ork (orq-) monster, ogre, demon" together with "orqindi ogresse. " Tolkien sometimes used the plural form orqui in his early texts. [1]

Tolkien sometimes, particularly in The Hobbit, used the word "goblin" instead of "orc" to describe the same type of creature, with the smaller cave-dwelling variety that lived in the Misty Mountains being referred to as "goblin" and the larger ones elsewhere referred to as "orcs". The Hobbit or There and Back Again is an award-winning fantasy A goblin is an evil crabby or Mischievous Creature of Folklore, often described as a grotesquely disfigured or Gnome -like phantom In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy world of Middle-earth, the Misty Mountains (also known by its Sindarin name of Hithaeglir [2] Later in his life he expressed an intention to change the spelling of "orc" to "ork" in The Silmarillion[3] but the only place where that spelling surfaced in his lifetime was in the published version of The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, in the poem Bombadil Goes Boating ("I'll call the orks on you: that'll send you running!"). The Silmarillion is a collection of J R R Tolkien 's mythopoeic works edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in In the posthumously published Silmarillion, the spelling "orcs" was retained.

Old English influence

Tolkien's own statements about the real-world origins of his use of the word "orc" are as follows:

The word *orcné (attested in the plural orcnéas) is a hapax legomenon in the poem Beowulf. A hapax legomenon ( or) (pl hapax legomena, though sometimes called hapaxes for short is a word which occurs only once in the written record of Beowulf is an Old English Heroic epic poem of anonymous authorship dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between It is generally supposed to contain an element -né, cognate to Gothic naus and Old Norse nár, both meaning "corpse". Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. The usual Old English word for "corpse" is líc, but -né appears in dryhtné "dead body of a warrior", where dryht is the name of a military unit (vaguely translated "band", "host", etc. ). In *orcné, if it is to be glossed as "orcus-corpse" the meaning may be "corpse from Orcus (i. e. the underworld)" or "devil-corpse", understood as some sort of walking dead. This etymology is plausible, but remains conjectural. The word orc appears in two other locations in Beowulf, but in both cases refers to cups of precious metal found in a treasure-hoard. Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Old English þyrs, given as a gloss for Latin orcus, is cognate to Old Norse þurs "giant, ogre" (both from Common Germanic *thurisaz, in Norse mythology referring to one of the monstrous descendants of the giant Ymir. Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age An ogre (feminine ogress) is a large cruel and hideous Humanoid Monster, featured in mythology folklore and fiction Proto-Germanic, or Common Germanic, is the hypothetical common ancestor ( Proto-language) of all the Germanic languages such as modern English Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland In Norse mythology, Ymir, also named Aurgelmir ( Old Norse gravel-yeller) among the giants themselves was the founder of the race of But it is to be noted in connection with Tolkien's reference to a gloss orc=þyrs that while there is an entry in an 11th century English glossary which implies such an equivalence ("[Latin] orcus [Old English] orc þyrs oððe heldeofol", this is in fact a conflation of two glosses in an earlier glossary of the 7th century, found in two different places, namely: "[Latin] orcus [Old English] orc" and "[Latin] orcus [Old English] þyrs oððe heldiubol. The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. " The first of these two glosses is in a section devoted to household implements, and orcus is, in that place, a corruption of Latin urceus "jug, pitcher" or of orca "pot, jar". The word orc in these glosses only has the meaning "cup"; it is descended from an early Germanic borrowing from urceus, related to Gothic aurkeis "cup". Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths.

Tolkien's assumption that orc and þyrs had the same meaning was therefore an error, though one shared for several decades by other scholars, as it had entered into some commonly-used dictionaries of Old English (e. g. Bosworth and Toller's "An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary" (1898), corrected in later editions).

Early modern usage

As far as what otherwise might have influenced Tolkien, the OED lists a 1656 use (see below) of an English word ‘orke’ in a way reminiscent of giants, ogres and the like. It is presumed that such usage (orke=ogre) came into English via fairy tales from the continent, especially from Charles Perrault (17th cent. A fairy tale or fairy story is a fictional Story that may feature folkloric characters (such as fairies, enchantments]] often involving France), who himself borrowed most of his stories (and developed his 'ogre') from the 16th century Italian writers Giovanni Francesco Straparola and Giambattista Basile. Giovanni Francesco (or Gianfrancesco) Straparola ( Caravaggio, c Giambattista Basile (1566 or 1575 – February 23, 1632) was an Italian Poet, Courtier, and Fairy tale collector (Straparola [c. 1440–c. 1557] has been credited with introducing to Europe the literary form of the 'fairy tale'. )

Basile (d. 1632) wrote in the Naples dialect (though Naples was, at that time, controlled by Spain), claiming simply to be passing on oral folktales from his region that he'd collected over the years. Neapolitan (autonym napulitano; napoletano is the name given to the varied Italo-Western group of dialects of Southern Italy or more specifically the In at least a dozen or more tales, Basile used 'huorco' (or 'huerco', 'uerco') which is the Neapolitan form of ‘orco’ [modern It. ‘giant’, 'monster'] to describe a large, speaking, mannish beast (hairy and tusked) that lived away in a dark forest or garden, and that might be evil (capturing/eating humans), indifferent or even benevolent — all depending on the tale. (See especially his tales Peruonto and Lo Cuento dell'Uerco. Peruonto is an Italian literary Fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work the Pentamerone. )

But the 1656 English use of 'orke' (forty-one years before Perrault published his Mother Goose tales) comes from a fairy-tale by Samuel Holland entitled Don Zara, which is a pastiche and parody of fantastical Spanish romances like Don Quixote, and presumably is populated by beasts and monsters common to them. Mother Goose is a well-known figure in the Literature of Fairy tales and Nursery rhymes Mother Goose is best known in the United States, in the es '''''Don Quixote''''' (, see spelling and pronunciation below fully titled es '''''El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha''''' ("The Ingenious Hidalgo Don (Note: Straparola was translated into Spanish in 1583. Independent of this, there is in Spain to this day the folktale of the ‘huerco’ or ‘güercu’, which is a harbinger of impending death; a shade in the form of the person about to die. )

From under the OED entry ‘orc’:

Whether 'orke', 'ogre', 'huerco' or 'orco', the word ultimately comes from Latin Orcus, the name of the Roman god of Death, a demonic/grim reaper-esque figure (not to be confused with Pluto the god of the underworld), and has apparently descended by several stages through the meanings "underworld, hell", "devil", "evil creature" and at last "ogre". Note that Tolkien and the lexicons he used also attributed the origin of the doubtful Old English orc to Orcus, and that in one of his invented languages the word for "orc" also had the form orco. A constructed or artificial language known colloquially or informally as a conlang is a Language whose Phonology, Grammar

Words derived from or related to Italian orco are fairly common in Mediterranean countries; in addition to Italian dialectal uerco, huerco and huorco and Spanish güercu, there is also Tyrolean ork which may be either a house gnome or a mountain spirit that acts as protector of wildlife [1]. The ork is a Demon of Tyrol Alpine folklore. He lives on Mountains Almen, Rock holes or Valleys It warns the Such creatures have little in common with Tolkien's orcs.

Tolkien, being born in 1892, would certainly have been exposed to the Mother Goose tales and the like. Mother Goose is a well-known figure in the Literature of Fairy tales and Nursery rhymes Mother Goose is best known in the United States, in the Whether he ever read Straparola, Basile or even Holland's Don Zara is unknown. Whatever the case, he certainly would have come across creatures (orkes and ogres) descended etymologically from L. ‘Orcus’, and not just in Beowulf – though that earliest image seems to be the one that most ‘stuck’ in his mind.

Tolkien explicitly denied any intended connection between his "orc" and the other existing English word orc, referring to the killer whale (Orcinus orca), the grampus and other cetaceans. The Orca or Killer Whale ( Orcinus orca) less commonly Blackfish or Seawolf, is the largest species of the Oceanic dolphin family This is a borrowing from Latin orca (used by Pliny to refer to some kind of whale, quite likely Orcinus orca). Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author

For more on Tolkien's invented etymology of the word "orc", see Tolkien's Orcs below. Orc (OR'k is a word used to refer to a race of various tough and warlike humanoid creatures in various Fantasy settings appearing originally in the stories

Similar words of distinct origin

The use of the word "orc" in any of its monstrous senses should not be confused with various other words that have a superficial resemblance, including Gaelic orc (a Goidelic form of Proto-Indo-European *porkos "young pig") and Norse ørkn meaning "seal" [2]. The Goidelic languages, (also sometimes called particularly in colloquial situations the Gaelic languages or collectively Gaelic) historically formed a Dialect Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age

Tolkien's Orcs

Main article: Orc (Middle-earth)

The humanoid, non-maritime race of Orcs that exists in Middle-earth is J. R. R. Tolkien's invention. In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy writings Orcs or Orks are a race of creatures who are used as soldiers and henchmen by both the greater and lesser villains Middle-earth refers to the fictional lands where most of the stories of author J The term 'Orc' is usually capitalised in Tolkien's writing, but not necessarily in other sources. In Tolkien's writing, Orcs are of human shape, but smaller than Men, ugly, filthy, with a taste for manflesh. In a private letter, Tolkien describes them as "squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes". [8] They are portrayed as miserable, crafty and vicious beings.

Orcs are first described in The Tale of Tinúviel as "foul broodlings of Melko [sic] who fared abroad doing his evil work". Character overview Lúthien was the only child of Elu Thingol, king of Doriath, and his queen Melian the Maia. The name The name Morgoth is Sindarin, one of Tolkien's invented languages and means "Black Enemy" Bauglir is also Sindarin meaning In The Fall of Gondolin Tolkien wrote that "all that race were bred by Melko of the subterranean heats and slime. Weaponcraft The smiths of Gondolin using Noldorin techniques and magics made powerful magic blades Their hearts were of granite and their bodies deformed; foul their faces which smiled not, but their laugh that of the clash of metal, and to nothing were they more fain than to aid in the basest of the purposes of Melko. "

Orcs eat all manner of flesh, including human. In Chapter II of The Two Towers, Grishnákh, an Orc from Mordor, claims that the Isengard Orcs eat Orc-flesh, but whether that is true or a statement spoken in malice is uncertain; what does seem certain is that, true or false, the Orcs resent that description. The Two Towers is the second volume of J R R Tolkien 's High fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. The following is a list of Orcs of Middle-earth, created by fantasy In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, Mordor (from Sindarin Black Land and Quenya Land of Shadow For the assault on Isengard by the Ents see Destruction of Isengard. However, knowing what they are like and from later events, it seems likely that Orcs do eat other Orcs. Later in The Two Towers, Merry and Pippin are presented with meat by an orc after a fight occurred in which the Uruk-hai killed several orcs; the narration is vague as to what species the flesh belongs to. Tolkien also describes them as bow-legged. They fight with ferocity (so long as a guiding 'will' [e. g. , Morgoth or Sauron] compels/directs them). The name The name Morgoth is Sindarin, one of Tolkien's invented languages and means "Black Enemy" Bauglir is also Sindarin meaning Sauron (ˈsaʊrɒn Quenya: /sawrɔn/ literal meaning "Abhorred") is the title character and the principal Antagonist of the Fantasy In some places, Tolkien describes Orcs as mainly being battle fodder (Cf. The Battles of the Fords of Isen). In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, the Fords of Isen were fords in the river Isen, guarded by the Rohirrim Orcs are used as soldiers by both the greater and lesser villains of The Lord of the Rings — Sauron and Saruman. Sauron (ˈsaʊrɒn Quenya: /sawrɔn/ literal meaning "Abhorred") is the title character and the principal Antagonist of the Fantasy Concept and creation Saruman first appears in 1954's The Fellowship of the Ring, the first volume of the Fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings

In some versions of his stories, Tolkien conceived Orcs to be Elves, enslaved by Morgoth, broken and twisted into his evil soldiers. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, an Elf is an individual member of one of the races that inhabit the lands of Arda. The name The name Morgoth is Sindarin, one of Tolkien's invented languages and means "Black Enemy" Bauglir is also Sindarin meaning Other versions (including notes made both early and late in Tolkien's life) have Orcs as 'parodies' or false-creations of Morgoth's that are animated solely by his evil will (or, perhaps, by his own essence diffused into each), and made intentionally to mock or spite Eru Ilúvatar's creations — the Eldar and Edain. Eru as Creator The Quendi (ie Elves) and the Atani (ie Men) were created by Eru In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, the Elves are a sundered people Adan redirects here Adan is also the name of a governorate of Yemen.

Tolkien also "suggested" that Men were cross-bred with Orcs under Morgoth's lieutenant, Sauron (and possibly under Morgoth himself). The race of Men in J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth books such as The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, refers to The fierce black orcs known as Uruk-Hai were created in this way. In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, the Uruk-hai ( Black Speech: Orc folk) anglicized to Uruks, were The process was later repeated during the War of the Ring by Saruman, enabling him to create the "fighting" Uruk-Hai. In the fictional Fantasy -world of J R R Tolkien, the War of the Ring was fought between Sauron and the free peoples of Middle-earth In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, the Uruk-hai ( Black Speech: Orc folk) anglicized to Uruks, were

When writing The Hobbit, Tolkien carried over the concept of the "orc" that he had developed in writing early versions of The Silmarillion, just as he carried over references to Elves, Gondolin, and other elements of the Silmarillion. The Hobbit or There and Back Again is an award-winning fantasy The Silmarillion is a collection of J R R Tolkien 's mythopoeic works edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in Weaponcraft The smiths of Gondolin using Noldorin techniques and magics made powerful magic blades In The Hobbit, however, he mostly used the word 'goblin' for these creatures, though the word "orc" occasionally appears: e. A goblin is an evil crabby or Mischievous Creature of Folklore, often described as a grotesquely disfigured or Gnome -like phantom g. when Gandalf describes the Grey Mountains as being "simply stiff with goblins, hobgoblins, and orcs of the worst description". In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the Ered Mithrin or Grey Mountains was a large mountain range to the north of Rhovanion. Hobgoblin is a term typically applied in folktales to describe a friendly or amusing Goblin. In The Lord of the Rings, "Orc" is used predominantly to describe such creatures, and the use of the term "goblin" seems restricted to use by the Hobbits, though the term is used by others and applied to the advanced Uruk-hai. In J R R Tolkien 's legendarium, Hobbits are a diminutive race that inhabit the lands of Middle-earth.

In The Two Towers and The Return of the King, Saruman bred his own "modified" Uruk-hai. The Two Towers is the second volume of J R R Tolkien 's High fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. The Return of the King is the third and final volume of J R R These were larger and much stronger, and could resist the sunlight.

Within Tolkien's invented languages, the Elvish words for "orc" are derived from a root ruk referring to fear and horror, from which is derived an expanded form of the root, uruk. A noun *uruku is produced from the extended root. This eventually turns into Quenya urco, plural urqui. Quenya 'kwɛɲa is one of the fictional languages spoken by the Elves (the Quendi, "those who speak with voices" because when A related word *urkō produces Sindarin orch, plural yrch. Sindarin is an Artificial language developed by J R R Tolkien. The Quenya words are said to be less specific in meaning than the Sindarin, meaning "bogey". For the specific creatures called yrch by the Sindar, the Quenya word orco, with plurals orcor and orqui, was created.

These orcs had similar names in other languages of Middle-earth: in Orkish uruk (restricted to the larger soldier-orcs), in the language of the Drúedain gorgûn, in Khuzdul rukhs, plural rakhâs, and in the language of Rohan and in the Common Speech orc. Middle-earth refers to the fictional lands where most of the stories of author J Khuzdûl is the language of the Dwarves in J R R Tolkien 's fiction of Middle-earth Westron, or the Common Speech, is an Artificial language developed by J

Orcs in other fantasy works

A comic fantasy orc.
A comic fantasy orc.

In Letter #210, Tolkien describes the Orcs as "degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types". Since the publication of Tolkien's epic novel, The Lord of the Rings, creatures called "orcs" have become a fixture of fantasy fiction and role-playing games. The Lord of the Rings is an epic Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. In these derivative sources, orcs and goblins are usually considered distinct races of goblinoids. Goblinoids (or greenskins) are a category of humanoid Legendary creatures related to the Goblin. For some time they were often depicted with pig-like faces, although there is no such description in Tolkien's work. A possible explanation of this is the coincidence with Irish orc (cognate of English pork) that means 'swine'. An alternative theory is that they were often depicted as pig-like due to the tusked and pig-like description of the orco (ogre) in Canto 17 of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. Orlando Furioso ("The Frenzy of Orlando" more literally "Mad Orlando" in Italian furioso is seldom capitalized is an Italian (The orco is, of course, described as pig-like because it gave Ariosto a chance to rhyme orco with porco "pig". )

In the 1980s another orc archetype was introduced by the table-top miniature war games Warhammer Fantasy Battle and Warhammer 40,000; a heavily-muscled, green-skinned barbarian with exaggerated tusks, brow, and lower jaw whose personality is not so much evil as crudely thuggish, often to a comical degree. A wargame is a Game that simulates or represents a Military operation. Warhammer The Game of Fantasy Battles, formerly Warhammer Fantasy Battle and often abbreviated to Warhammer WFB or WHFB Warhammer 40000 (informally known as Warhammer 40K or just 40K) is a tabletop miniature wargame in a Science This style of orc has since become popular in a vast number of fantasy settings and games, including a signature of the Warcraft series of computer games and spin-offs. The Warcraft universe is a Fictional universe in which a series of games and books published by Blizzard Entertainment are set

Dungeons & Dragons

For orcs in the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, see Orc (Dungeons & Dragons). Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D or DnD) is a Fantasy Role-playing game (RPG originally designed by A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. In the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game orcs are a primitive race of barbaric humanoid.

Warhammer

Main articles: Orc (Warhammer) and Ork (Warhammer 40,000)

Games Workshop's Warhammer Fantasy and Warhammer 40,000 games feature Orcs as well (spelled Orks in Warhammer 40,000). Orcs are one of the races in Games Workshop 's Warhammer Fantasy universe and are related to goblins. The Orks are a race from the Fictional Warhammer 40000 universe The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game or Lord of the Rings SBG rather than Lord of the Rings when The latter setting is unique for featuring Orks in a science fiction environment, capable of building crude, but functional vehicles, firearms and even spaceships. Anatomically, Warhammer Orcs are no taller, unless when standing up straight instead of slouching, but substantially broader than humans, with short legs and long arms much like an ape. They have massive heads which come directly forward on their necks, giving them a stooping appearance. They have tough thick green skin which is highly resistant to pain. Warhammer Orcs aren't very smart, but can be cunning at times. They are extremely warlike and the whole society is geared towards constant warfare. The constant need to fight is the expression of Orc culture, a fact that keeps the Orcs from forming anything but temporary alliances with each other. In combat they can transform even the most common object into a lethal killing instrument. Orcs tend to ally with Goblins (called Gretchin in Warhammer 40,000) and Snotlings, but their alliance is more of a matter of the Orcs bullying their smaller Goblinoid (Orkoid in Warhammer 40,000) cousins into being everything from servants, to Human (Goblin) shields, to an emergency food source. In the game world of Warhammer 40000, Gretchin (also known as Grotz in the Warhammer 40000 universe are Goblinoids ( Orkoids Goblinoids (or greenskins) are a category of humanoid Legendary creatures related to the Goblin. Human shield is a military and political term describing the presence of civilians in or around combat targets to deter an enemy from attacking those targets They worship a pair of gods known as Gork and Mork (other gods were included in earlier editions of the game, but are no longer included), one of which is described as brutally cunning, and the other as cunningly brutal, though the orcs themselves do not seem to know which is which.

Warcraft

In the Warcraft computer game series Orcs are depicted as more ethically and socially complex than in most renditions. The Warcraft universe is a Fictional universe in which a series of games and books published by Blizzard Entertainment are set A personal computer Game (also known as a computer game or simply PC game) is a Video game played on a Personal computer, rather The great Orcish race is a savage but noble society made of shamanistic and fierce warriors. World of Warcraft (commonly acronymed as WoW) is a Massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG Their race came from the world of Draenor, and were corrupted by a demonic force known as the Burning Legion, as the Legion saw that they could make a most fierce and savage army. The Warcraft universe is a Fictional universe in which a series of games and books published by Blizzard Entertainment are set Under the Legion's influence, the Orcish Horde slaughtered the Draenei, who consequently fled from Draenor to escape the Legion, and then were led to the world of Azeroth. The Warcraft universe is a Fictional universe in which a series of games and books published by Blizzard Entertainment are set The Warcraft universe is a Fictional universe in which a series of games and books published by Blizzard Entertainment are set After two devastating wars, the Orcs were finally defeated on Azeroth and rounded up into internment camps. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial They remained there until a young Orc named Thrall, who was raised by humans, rallied them together, freed the Horde from their demonic taint, and helped return them to their shamanistic roots.

Warcraft Orcs are humanoid, but prodigiously muscled and green with broad noses and distinctive tusked mouths. Male orcs are significantly larger than humans, around 6 and a half feet tall when standing straight. Females are slightly larger than a human female, and while much more slender than their male counterparts, they are nonetheless well-muscled. Female orcs' tusks are very small to nearly nonexistent, arguably more exaggerated canines than tusks. Orc warriors are characterized by wearing scant armor with horned helmets and wielding axes as weapons. Warcraft is one of the few settings in which Orcs are not inherently evil, and, after significant plot developments in the latest Warcraft games, can even be heroic. One could consider the orcs unfairly treated by humans and not only misunderstood, but vilified. The humans' (of which were already somewhat xenophobic) enmity and prejudice towards the Orcs can be traced back to the first and second invasions, and could be fully justified, as it was orcs under the control of the Burning Legion that invaded.

Their political standpoint in the Warcraft universe is set as the leading race of the Horde, an association of races made to help their mutual survival. Trolls, a similar species in the game, live in the same area as the orcs in World of Warcraft — bringing many similarities between them besides the differences of their origins and body type. A troll is a fearsome member of a race of creatures from Norse mythology.

Final Fantasy XI

In the MMORPG Final Fantasy XI, the Orcs are a tribe of Beastmen. A massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG) is a genre of Computer role-playing games (CRPGs in which a large number of players interact with also known as Final Fantasy XI Online, is a Massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG developed and published by Square (later Square Though the Orcish Empire lies far to the north, its advance forces have two large strongholds near the city of San d'Oria: the Davoi Monastery and Fort Ghelsba. The Orcs frequently launch small missions out of their strongholds, and they practically control Jugner Forest and Ronfaure. Personality-wise, they follow the same pattern as many fantasy Orcs: brutish, savage and slow witted. Their entire culture is centred on violence; service in the Orcish military is mandatory for both males and females, and social standing is determined by military rank. In Sociology, social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of Social classes Castes and strata within a Society. The Orcs formerly occupied a sacred garden in Ronfaure which was destroyed as the San d’Orian Empire expanded during the Age of Power, adding to their already fierce hatred of the peoples of Vana'diel. The San d'Orian cathedral teaches that during the Age of Darkness, the Orcs (and other beastmen) were constructed by the god Promathia to constantly battle with the human(oid)s of Vana'diel, adding to the distance between most people and beastmen. This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe also known as Final Fantasy XI Online, is a Massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG developed and published by Square (later Square also known as Final Fantasy XI Online, is a Massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG developed and published by Square (later Square However, the truth of the origin of the races is lost to history. Orcs have a variety of classes. . . Warrior, Black Mage, Thief, White Mage, Ranger.

The Elder Scrolls series

The Orcs of the Elder Scrolls are generally depicted as of similar stature and build as large humans. The Elder Scrolls (also known as Elder Scrolls or abbreviated as TES) is a Computer role-playing game series developed Their culture produces proud, but often dull-witted, warriors (although some have demonstrated exceptional intelligence). They have bestial faces, with piggish, upturned noses and often with tusks. The female Orcs appear slightly more human, but also have a trace of the bestiality in their features. Until the events of Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall, Orcs were rampaging monsters hunted by the other races. Their leader, Gortwog, tired of their nomadic lives and outlaw nature, used Numidium to found the city Nova Orsinium (New Orc Town, a mixture of Cyrodiilic and Aldmeris etymology), winning his race recognition (if not quite respect) as citizens of the Empire. Numidia (202 BC – 46 BC was an ancient Berber kingdom in present-day Algeria and part of Tunisia ( North Africa) that later alternated Orsinium is the The Elder Scrolls ' fictional homeland of the Orsimer ( Orcs) that currently resides on a mountain between the regions of Menevia Though some orcs have turned to this new way of life, many are still outlaws. Orcs have gendered-patronymic surnames, being either Gro-patronym for males or Gra-patronym for females. The main idea that separates the Elder Scroll Orcs from other fantasy series is that in the Elder Scrolls series, Orcs are accepted beings, and are not associated with evil. The true name of the Orcs in the Elder Scrolls is the Orsimer and, in a situation somewhat similar to Tolkien's universe, they are increasingly seen as an offshoot of the Elven races[9]. The races in The Elder Scrolls series of computer games are grouped into several basic categories Mer (elves Humans Beastfolk and others Like the Orcs of Warcraft, the Elder Scroll Orcs suffer prejudice and have been (insultingly) refered to as "Pig-Children"[10]. The Orcs live alongside other races of the Tamerielic Empire such as the Argonians, Bretons, the Dunmer, the Altmer, Imperials, Khajiit, the Nords, Redguard, and the Bosmer. The Argonians are a fictional race of Reptilian humanoids from the Elder Scrolls video game series The Bretons are a distinct Ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. The races in The Elder Scrolls series of computer games are grouped into several basic categories Mer (elves Humans Beastfolk and others The races in The Elder Scrolls series of computer games are grouped into several basic categories Mer (elves Humans Beastfolk and others The races in The Elder Scrolls series of computer games are grouped into several basic categories Mer (elves Humans Beastfolk and others Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The races in The Elder Scrolls series of computer games are grouped into several basic categories Mer (elves Humans Beastfolk and others

Lineage II

In Korean MMORPG Lineage II, orcs are one of the 5 races you can choose when creating a new character. A massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG) is a genre of Computer role-playing games (CRPGs in which a large number of players interact with Lineage II The Chaotic Throne (리니지 2 is a Fantasy Massive multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG) for the PC and a The Orc race is the race of fire, so they worship a god of fire, Paagrio. Lineage II The Chaotic Throne (리니지 2 is a Fantasy Massive multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG) for the PC and a Orcs live in the land of Elmore, where they have been banished after they were defeated by the human-elf alliance. Orcs have the second greatest physical strength and the fastest recovery rate. Physical strength is the ability of a person or animal to exert Force on physical objects using muscles. They have natural resistances for various negative effects, such as poison or sickness. They also have the fastest health and mana regain. However, they lack in accuracy, evasion, speed and casting speed. Orcs are now slowly preparing to take the command of Aden once again, after they were defeated the last time. They live for war and for pride.

The orcs in this game have stylized hair (mostly braided or tied) and heavily muscled bodies. Although they are not as exaggerated as the WH orcs, they still have fangs, but with more sexual appeal.

Hârn

In the Hârn universal fantasy role-playing setting (and the distinct subsequently developed game system) created by N. Robin Crossby and published by Columbia Games, orcs are called Gargûn. Hârn is a world designed for use in Fantasy Role-playing games (FRPGs A role-playing game system is a set of Game mechanics used in a Role-playing game (RPG N Robin Crossby ( May 18, 1954 &ndash July 23, 2008) was the creator of the Hârn fantasy setting and the HârnMaster Columbia Games is a maker of board and Role-playing games including Hârn and the "block" series ( Wizard Kings While loosely derived from the Middle-earth legendarium, they have a distinct morphology and life-cycle similar to the naked mole rat. The naked mole rat ( Heterocephalus glaber) also known as the sand puppy, or desert mole rat is a burrowing Rodent native to parts There are five distinct species of Gargun, none of whom can interbreed. They are squat, hairy, nasty, brutish, and short creatures. Thomas Hobbes (born 5 April 1588died 4 December 1679 was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation Some species are subterranean, while others can be found above ground in roving bands. One of the larger species is the Gargu-Khanu. Gargu-Khanu are often found in mixed-species colonies where they are overlords of the smaller vassal species, controlling access to the singular breeding queen of the other species as well as their own.

Earthdawn and Shadowrun

In the fantasy role-playing games Earthdawn and Shadowrun, orks are, in contrast to the common fantasy Orc, neither inherently good nor evil. Earthdawn is a Fantasy Role-playing game, originally produced by FASA in 1993 Shadowrun is a pen-and-paper Role-playing game set in an imaginary future where huge corporations control the lives of their employees and the return of magic has In Earthdawn they have their place among the other name-giving races: Humans, dwarfs, elves, obsidimen, t'skrang, trolls, and windlings. DWARF is a widely used standardized Debugging data format. DWARF was originally designed along with ELF, although it is independent of Object file Earthdawn is a Fantasy Role-playing game, originally produced by FASA in 1993 Earthdawn is a Fantasy Role-playing game, originally produced by FASA in 1993 A troll is a fearsome member of a race of creatures from Norse mythology. Earthdawn is a Fantasy Role-playing game, originally produced by FASA in 1993 In Shadowrun, orks are just one race among others on Earth in the years past 2050. 2050 ( MML) will be a Common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. They emerged during the Unexplained Genetic Expression in the year 2021 as either young humans changed to orks or ones born as orks from human parents. 2021 ( MMXXI) will be a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. They are categorized as homo sapiens robustus, and are considered metahumans, like trolls, elves, and dwarfs. Orks are able to interbreed with humans and fellow metahumans. Despite this, their offspring will be of the race of only one of their parents. No half-breeds exist. They grow much faster than humans, reach maturity at the age of 12, and give birth to a litter of about four children, though six to eight are not uncommon. Their average life-expectancy is about 35 to 40 years. They are physically larger and stronger than humans. Their mental capacities are considered slightly inferior on average to humans, though they are still not as dull as the average troll.

Sovereign Stone Series

In the Sovereign Stone Trilogy, Orks' are a seafaring people, and with Humans, Elves, Dwarves and Lizardmen, one of the five great species that rule the land. Journey into the Void ( 2003) The first book was set during the reign of King Tamaros of Vinnengael the most powerful Human kingdom and the father of Prince They are very superstitious, believing in even the slightest omen. They are aligned to the element of water and their leader, The Captain of Captains, possesses one fifth of the prized Sovereign Stone as well as being a Dominion Lord.

The Killing Spirit

The Killing Spirit, a fantasy novel written by Sean-Michael Argo, engages the race of orcs from their own perspective. The orcs are presented as being the creations of a race of gods, called the Sheul. While similar to the Middle-earth legendarium, the orcs are divided into two groups. The first group are swarthy and stooped, living in clans on the coasts and mainland. The other group are tall and proud tribal warriors of dark forests and frozen mountains. The orcish women live in communal huts and choose mates based on perceived 'supremacy'. Unlike other fantasy settings, the orcs of this setting are portrayed as being highly intelligent and able to use magic, though have a brutish language that combines with their violent tendencies to create the illusion of simplicity. A unique element is that they are able to use magic to transform themselves into eldritch berzerkers, which they call the Gor-Angir, or 'the killing spirit'.

The Three Towns

In the fantasy realm of the Three Towns[3] the orcs are a vile race of strong, squat, furry humaniods in league with the iron brotherhood (an evil race of men). A fantasy world is a type of Imaginary world, part of a Fictional universe used in Fantasy novels and games The orcs originate in the foothills of mount drassa, and have crossbred with many of the native human barbarians there, it is speculated that their crossbreeding with the race of giants has created the ogres, but this is not explained in enough detail to know for certain. The orcs pillage the Three Towns in order to accumulate enough sacrifices to revive their blood god.

Utopia

In Utopia, a web-based tactic game, Orcs are one of the 8 races. Utopia is a massive multiplayer internet-based strategy game It won the People's Voice Webby Award for Gaming Site of the Year twice (2002 and 2003 In Utopia, Orcs are known for good offensive abilities and weak capabilities in the art of magic and thievery. They are a destructive and evil race by description. In the real game, there are no good or evil races. There is no visual description of Orcs in Utopia because of the non-visual, text based nature of the game.

As of the "Age of Bravery" (36th age), orcs have been changed. They are now apart of only 6 races. They have gained the ability to spread the plague (an ability formerly owned solely by the now non-existent race of the undead). The orc's strong offensive capabilities have remained, but the hinderance to magic and thievery have been removed, and have been replaced by the disabilities of no benefit from honor and less effective sciences.

Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura

In Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura, orcs are descended from early humans, although they were popularly considered a monstrous race before the Industrial Revolution. Arcanum Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura (aka Arcanum) is a Computer role-playing game with a Cult following The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the They generally look like savage parodies of humans. Orcs are strong and hardy but live short life spans. Before the Industrial Revolution, they were nomads who lived off the land and occasionally off of people unlucky enough to travel near them. As time passes, more orcs move to cities, where their strength and stamina make them ideal factory workers. Although they are considered intellectually inferior, their lack of brain power may be the result of their poor upbringing and educational opportunities; people of orcish descent who receive the opportunity to reach their full potential prove to be as able-minded as humans.

Orkworld

Orkworld is a role-playing game which attempts to develop orcs as a complete and viable culture. Orkworld is a fantasy Role-playing game featuring orks It was designed by John Wick, illustrated by Thomas Denmark and released by Wicked Press A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. The Orkworld version operates in a matriarchal society with very strong communal ties. Matriarchy is a term which is applied to gynocentric form of Society, in which the leading role is by the Female and especially by the Mothers They are attempting to hold off genocidal humans, elves, and dwarves. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group An elf is a creature of Norse mythology. The elves were originally imagined as a race of minor nature and fertility gods, who are often pictured as youthful-seeming DWARF is a widely used standardized Debugging data format. DWARF was originally designed along with ELF, although it is independent of Object file

Magic: The Gathering

In the CCG Magic:The Gathering, Orcs are portrayed as generally cowardly warriors who relied extensively on the smaller, less intelligent Goblins when waging warfare. Collectible card games (CCGs also called trading card games (TCGs or customizable card games (CCGs are played using specially designed sets of cards This article is somewhat over-complete Please do not add significant new content without first discussing it on the talk page A goblin is an evil crabby or Mischievous Creature of Folklore, often described as a grotesquely disfigured or Gnome -like phantom Very few creatures of the "Orc" type were printed, most of which appeared in the Fallen Empires and Ice Age expansion sets. Fallen Empires was the ninth Magic The Gathering set and the fifth expert level set released in November 1994. Ice Age was the eleventh Magic The Gathering set and the sixth expert level set released in June 1995. While Orcs were reprinted in more recent core sets, they never appeared in any subsequent expansion sets until Coldsnap. For other uses of this term see Cold snap. Coldsnap is the third set in the Ice Age block for the MagicThe Gathering collectible card Coldsnap, however, introduces more Orc cards, along with a legendary Orc Shaman: Sek'kuar, Deathkeeper.

Munchkin

In the Steve Jackson card game Munchkin, Orcs are introduced into the game in the expansion set Munchkin 2: Unnatural axe. They are shown as a darker skinned, snaggle toothed race that garb themselves in loincloths and other "barbaric" customary items.

Disciples

In the strategy game series Disciples, Orcs are the dominant race of the "greenskin" species, which also includes various goblins, trolls, ogres, and cyclopes. A strategy game is a Game (eg computer, video or Board game) in which the players' decision-making skills have a high significance Disciples II Dark Prophecy is a PC game by Strategy First that was released on January 24 2002. A troll is a fearsome member of a race of creatures from Norse mythology. An ogre (feminine ogress) is a large cruel and hideous Humanoid Monster, featured in mythology folklore and fiction It is to be noted that there are two strains of orcs: "small mouth" types, which appear to be constitute a lower caste, and "large mouth" types, which are dominant, being stronger and better-equipped. Orc Kings may be of a still different strain, being bulkier. Although they are the most intelligent, and therefore ruling, race of all greenskins, they live in disorganized tribal societies, and although they are sometimes hired as mercenaries, they are usually considered no more than a nuisance by more civilised races. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use

Siege of Avalon

The role-playing game Siege of Avalon features a race of human-orc hybrids called Sha'ahoul. Siege of Avalon is a computer game created by Digital Tome. It is a top-down RPG game set in the fantasy realm They are a race of nomads, whose beliefs forbid them from farming or building. When they discover human kingdoms (who do both), they form a unified horde and declare war on humans. Most of the Sha'ahoul look similar to the Warhammer orcs — large, stocky, filled with bloodlust, etc. There is a caste, however, who look very much like the humans of the Seven Kingdoms and are adept at magical arts. Their more brutish cousins prefer weapons to magic, but the leader of the Sha'ahoul horde understands the need for magic against the powerful wizards of the kingdoms. While their beliefs forbid them from building structures on the ground, the Sha'ahoul can still build primitive warships, which they use to set up blockades against human supply ships.

Fallout

The Fallout series of games featured a race of Super Mutants, who physically and mentally resembled fantasy Orcs (big, green, ugly, not too bright, etc. Fallout is a Computer role-playing game produced by Tim Cain, developed by Black Isle Studios (though before the studio was named "Black ). These Super Mutants are quite adept at using advanced weapons like plasma rifles and laser chainguns.

Palladium Fantasy

In the Palladium Fantasy Role-playing Game, orcs are a race of stupid, but strong, humanoids who may be descended from faeries. The Palladium Fantasy Role-Playing Game is a game produced by Palladium Books. A fairy (also fay, fey, fae, faerie; collectively wee folk, good folk, people of peace, fair They are frequently the pawns of more powerful creatures, especially ogres, trolls, and breeds of giants, as they tend to respect strength (be it physical or magical). They have very strong family ties, however.

Flintloque

In Flintloque, a fantasy wargame based on the Napoleonic Wars Orcs come from Albion and Guinelia, representing the English and Irish, specifically. Flintloque is a Historo-Fantasy Skirmish miniatures wargame based on the Napoleonic Wars. A fantasy wargame is a Wargame that involves a fantastical setting, and employs rules for items such as magic and non-human intelligent creatures The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions They have similar cultures to their real world counterparts at that time.

Ciredaun

In the fantasy world of Ciredaun, Orcs are a the result of Ogre-Elf crossbreeding.

Orcish music

The Swedish music group Za Frûmi started making music inspired by orcs in the year 2000. Za Frûmi is a Swedish music group that was formed in 2000. The Group creates dark Fantasy inspired music Since then 2 CDs been released in their orcish tale. Speech in the music is in black speech. Orkish redirects here For other uses see Urkish. The Black Speech is the Fictional language of Mordor in The Lord of the Rings The debut CD is called Za Shum Ushatar Uglakh, which means "the great warrior Uglakh".

Gothic Trilogy

In the Gothic Role-playing Games, the orcs are in a war with the humans from the Kingdom of Myrtana. Gothic is a Computer role-playing game by the German developer Piranha Bytes. The only weapon Myrtana has against the Orcs is a magical Ore, found in the mines of the isle Khorinis, which is where the orcs originate.

The band 3 Inches of Blood has a song called "Destroy the Orcs"

The French Zeuhl band Magma released two songs about orcs: "Soleil d'Ork" (from the album Udu Wudu) and "Ork Alarm" (from the album Kohntarkosz). 3 Inches of Blood is a Canadian heavy metal band formed in Vancouver, British Columbia in 2000 Note that there have been at least five other lesser-known bands named Magma a drum and organ rock duo from Germany in the 1970s a short-lived Polish pop band in the late 1990s

Ragnarok Online

A place called Orc village is filled with orcs. This village is located near Geffen and accessible via a kafra from Prontera. The orcs are of different kinds, namely orc ladies, orc warriors, high orcs, orc archers, orc lord and orc hero. The last two are Boss Monsters, capable of summoning other lesser orcs to fight for them. Underneath the village, a dungeon is located. The dungeon is filled with undead orcs such as orc zombies, orc skeleton and zenorcs. They are also located in the Clock Tower dungeon of Al de Baran, namely in the form of High Orcs and Orc Archers.

RuneScape

Orks are a species of savage and brutal warriors, who were the favourites of the god Bandos in the Third Age godwars. They are found as non-attackable NPCs in Zanaris, though they are a fightable and high-levelled opponent in the God Wars Dungeon. Hobgoblins are mentioned as being a cross between Goblins and Orks. Unlike Goblins however, Orks are represented as being more brutish, and there is no record of them serving as footsoldiers to any other god but Bandos, whereas the Goblins fought in many different armies. These diffeent armies were made up of different tribes. Some of them were also non-violent orcs.

Orc Maker

For a virtual world, it is possible to imagine how one would look like if he/she was an Orc. A virtual world is a computer-based simulated environment intended for its users to inhabit and interact via avatars These avatars are usually depicted There is a free online generator of Orc's lookalikes from an uploaded photograph. [11]

Dominic Deegan

In Dominic Deegan, the Orcs are a warrior species with heavy Native American influences. Like orcs in other fantasy works, their race is at odds with the humans (the Callanians in particular), and they are the subject of much prejudice. In appearance, they look near identical to humans except for their protruding tusks, green skin and their general hair style. Interestingly enough, these orcs are in fact herbivores. In one strip, a food drive was held for the orcs (their homeland of Maltak had just been destroyed), and one kid insisted on donating beef jerky. Cassafin Sunderliss (who was in charge of the food drive) gave Melna Durnaxe (one of the orcs) a "fiver" to eat the jerky to prove her right. Melna soon blew chunks all over the kid trying to stubbornly donate the beef jerky. [12]

Knight Online

A fantasy MMORPG (Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game) where the Orcs inhabiting Luferson Castle are at war with the Humans of El Morad. The Orcs can be male or female. The Orcs have 3 different classes, Arch Taurek (Warriors), Taurek (Priest/Rogue), and Wrinkle Taurek (Mage). Arch Taurek are large in stature and can only be Warrior class. Taurek are average size orcs, but larger than their human counter-parts. Taurek are capable of being Priests or Rogues. Wrinkle Taurek are a diminutive class of orcs with higher brain size, lending themselves to the Mage class. Female Orcs may only be Taurek priests or Wrinkle Taurek Mages.

Might and Magic

In the Might and Magic franchise, in the Kreegan universe, orcs are variously portrayed as orange, green, or brown. Might and Magic ( MM) is a series of Computer role-playing games from New World Computing, which in 1996 became a subsidiary of The Kreegan, or Kreegans, are a Fictional race of aliens who exist in the Might and Magic universe In Heroes of Might and Magic, they are associated with the Barbarian faction. Heroes of Might and Magic is a series of Video games created by New World Computing.

In Ashan, the orcs are orange, extremely muscular humanoids, created by wizards by fusing demon blood with human flesh for use as shock troops against a demon invasion. In Dark Messiah, a player spends a significant amount of time facing members of the Redskull Clan, a group of orcs living on an island important to the plot. Dark Messiah of Might and Magic, additionally subtitled Elements on Xbox 360, is a first-person action game developed by Arkane Studios They are led by a shaman (which a conversation between two orcs implies to be a popularly-elected position), and make references to worshiping an unnamed fire goddess. In Tribes of the East, the mainland orcs are modeled after the Mongols, are led by a khan, and worship a personified Father Sky. Heroes of Might and Magic V Tribes of the East is the second Expansion pack to the Turn-based strategy game Heroes of Might and Magic V Tengri is the supreme god of the old Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic, Bulgar, Mongolian, Hunnic and Altaic

References

  1. ^ Parma Eldalamberon" volume XII: "Qenya Lexicon Qenya Dictionary"*'Ork' ('orq-') monster, ogre, demon. 'orqindi' ogresse. [The original reading of the second entry was >'orqinan' ogresse. < Perhaps the intended meaning of the earlier form was 'region of ogres'; cf. 'kalimban', 'Hisinan'. "The Poetic and Mythologic Words of Eldarissa" gives 'ork' 'ogre, giant' and 'orqin' 'ogress', which may be a feminine form. . . . ]"
  2. ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1937), Douglas A. Anderson, ed. Douglas Allen Anderson (born 1959 is an Author and editor on the subjects of Fantasy and Medieval literature specializing in textual analysis , The Annotated Hobbit, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002, foreword, ISBN 0-618-13470-0 
  3. ^ J. R. R. Tolkien (1993), Christopher Tolkien, ed. The Hobbit or There and Back Again is an award-winning fantasy Houghton Mifflin Company is a leading educational Publisher in the United States. Christopher Reuel Tolkien (born 21 November 1924 is the youngest son of the Author J , Morgoth's Ring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. Morgoth's Ring is the tenth volume of Christopher Tolkien 's 12-volume series The History of Middle-earth in which he analyzes the unpublished manuscripts Houghton Mifflin Company is a leading educational Publisher in the United States. 414, 422, ISBN 0-395-68092-1 
  4. ^ Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. Humphrey William Bouverie Carpenter ( April 29 1946 – January 4 2005) was an English biographer, Author, and (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, #144, ISBN 0-395-31555-7 
  5. ^ Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings. The Letters of J R R Tolkien (ISBN 0-618-05699-8 is a selection of J Houghton Mifflin Company is a leading educational Publisher in the United States.
  6. ^ J. R. R. Tolkien (1994), Christopher Tolkien, ed. Christopher Reuel Tolkien (born 21 November 1924 is the youngest son of the Author J , The War of the Jewels, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. The War of the Jewels is the 11th volume of Christopher Tolkien's series The History of Middle-earth, analyzing the unpublished manuscripts of Houghton Mifflin Company is a leading educational Publisher in the United States. 391, ISBN 0-395-71041-3 
  7. ^ http://home.clara.net/andywrobertson/wolfemountains.html Unpublished letter to Gene Wolfe
  8. ^ Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. Humphrey William Bouverie Carpenter ( April 29 1946 – January 4 2005) was an English biographer, Author, and (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. The Letters of J R R Tolkien (ISBN 0-618-05699-8 is a selection of J Houghton Mifflin Company is a leading educational Publisher in the United States. 274, ISBN 0-395-31555-7 
  9. ^ The Elder Scrolls: Oblivion in-game book "The True Nature of Orcs"
  10. ^ The Elder Scrolls: Morrowind in-game book "The Pig Children"
  11. ^ Orckr.com
  12. ^ Dominic Deegan: Oracle For Hire

See also

External links

This is a list of characters appearing in the Spyro the Dragon video game series A goblin is an evil crabby or Mischievous Creature of Folklore, often described as a grotesquely disfigured or Gnome -like phantom A gremlin is a folkloric creature commonly depicted as mischievous and mechanically oriented with a specific interest in Aircraft. is a Japanese word that means "strange beast" but often translated in English as " Monster. are creatures from Japanese folklore, variously translated as Demons Devils Ogres or Trolls They are popular characters in Japanese

Dictionary

orc

-noun

  1. (fantasy) A monstrous humanoid creature, semi-intelligent and usually aggressive.
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