Orange
Orange blossoms and oranges on tree
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Rosidae Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus Species: C. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of Flowering plants whose Seed typically has two embryonic leaves or Cotyledons There Under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN Rosidae is a Botanical name at the rank of subclass. Sapindales (pronounced /sæpɪn'deɪliz/ last two syllables just like the word dailies ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary'' p Rutaceae, commonly known as the Rue or Citrus family is a family of Plants usually placed in the order Sapindales. Citrus is a common term and Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of sinensis
Binomial name
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck[1]

An orange—specifically, the sweet orange—is the citrus fruit Citrus sinensis (syn. Citrus aurantium L. var. dulcis L., or Citrus aurantium Risso) and its fruit. Citrus is a common term and Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym" Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for In Botanical nomenclature or biological nomenclature variety is a low-level Taxonomic rank below that of species and signifies members of different populations can Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Antoine Joseph Risso ( Antonio Giuseppe Risso; August 7 1777 &ndash August 25 1845) was an Italian - French The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The orange is a hybrid of ancient cultivated origin, possibly between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and tangerine (Citrus reticulata). In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. The pomelo (or Chinese grapefruit pummelo pommelo Lusho Fruit jabong shaddock) Citrus maxima ( The tangerine ( Citrus reticulata) is an orange - or red -colored Citrus Fruit. It is a small flowering tree growing to about 10 m tall with evergreen leaves, which are arranged alternately, of ovate shape with crenulate margins and 4–10 cm long. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth The orange fruit is a hesperidium, a type of berry. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. A hesperidium (plural hesperidia) is a modified Berry with a tough leathery rind The word berry has two meanings one based on a botanical definition the other on common identification

Oranges originated in Southeast Asia. The fruit of Citrus sinensis is called sweet orange to distinguish it from Citrus aurantium, the bitter orange. For the fruit known as "Chinese Bitter Orange" see Trifoliate orange. In a number of languages, it is known as a "Chinese apple" (e. g. Dutch Sinaasappel, "China's apple", or "Apfelsine" in German). Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname The name is thought to ultimately derive from the Dravidian word for the orange tree, with its final form developing after passing through numerous intermediate languages. The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages (including the four literary languages of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada

Fruit

All citrus trees are of the single genus Citrus, and remain largely interbreedable; that is, there is only one "superspecies" which includes grapefruits, lemons, limes and oranges. The grapefruit is a subtropical Citrus Tree grown for its Fruit which was originally named the "forbidden fruit " of Barbados The lemon ( Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants Lime is a term referring to a number of different fruits (generally Citruses, both Species and hybrids, which are typically round green to yellow Nevertheless, names have been given to the various members of the genus, oranges often being referred to as Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantium. For the fruit known as "Chinese Bitter Orange" see Trifoliate orange. Fruits of all members of the genus Citrus are considered berries because they have many seeds, are fleshy and soft, and derive from a single ovary. The word berry has two meanings one based on a botanical definition the other on common identification A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored In the Flowering plants an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or Gynoecium. An orange seed is called a pip. The white thread-like material, attached to the inside of the peel is called pith. Pith is a light substance that is found in Vascular plants It consists of soft spongy Parenchyma cells and is located in the center of the stem.

Varieties

Persian orange

The Persian orange, grown widely in southern Europe after its introduction to Italy in the 11th century, was bitter. Sweet oranges brought to Europe in the 15th century from India by Portuguese traders, quickly displaced the bitter, and are now the most common variety of orange cultivated. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The sweet orange will grow to different sizes and colours according to local conditions, most commonly with ten carpels, or segments, inside. A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower.

Portuguese, Spanish, Arab, and Dutch sailors planted citrus trees along trade routes to prevent scurvy. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Dutch Empire was the territories controlled by The Netherlands from the 17th to the 20th century Scurvy (NLat scorbutus is a disease resulting from a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of Collagen in humans On his second voyage in 1493, Christopher Columbus brought the seeds of oranges, lemons and citrons to Haiti and the Caribbean. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: They were introduced in Florida (along with lemons) in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon, and were introduced to Hawaii in 1792. Juan Ponce de León ( IPA: /xwan'ponʒedele'on/ (1460 – July 1521 was a Spanish Conquistador. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year

Navel orange

A peeled sectioned navel orange. The underdeveloped twin is located on the bottom right.

A single mutation in 1820 in an orchard of sweet oranges planted at a monastery in Brazil yielded the navel orange, also known as the Washington, Riverside, or Bahie navel. In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year An orchard is an intentional planting of Trees or Shrubs maintained for Food production. This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The mutation causes navel oranges to develop a second orange at the base of the original fruit, opposite the stem. The second orange develops as a conjoined twin in a set of smaller segments embedded within the peel of the larger orange. Conjoined twins are whose bodies are joined in utero A rare phenomenon the occurrence is estimated to range from 1 in 50000 births to 1 in 200000 births with a somewhat higher incidence From the outside, the smaller, and undeveloped twin leaves a formation at the bottom of the fruit that looks similar to the human navel. The navel (also called an umbilicus or colloquially belly button) is a Scar on the Abdomen, caused when the Umbilical cord is removed

Because the mutation left the fruit seedless and, therefore, sterile, the only means available to cultivate more of this new variety is to graft cuttings onto other varieties of citrus tree. Two such cuttings of the original tree were transplanted^[2] to Riverside, California in 1870, which eventually led to worldwide popularity. Riverside is the County seat of Riverside County, California, United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Today, navel oranges continue to be produced via cutting and grafting. Plant cutting, also known as striking/cloning is a technique for vegetatively (asexually propagating plants in whicha piece of the source plant containing at least one Grafting is a method of asexual Plant propagation widely used in Agriculture and Horticulture where the tissues of one Plant are encouraged to This does not allow for the usual selective breeding methodologies, and so not only do the navel oranges of today have exactly the same genetic makeup as the original tree, and are therefore clones; in a sense, all navel oranges can be considered to be the fruit of that single, over a century-old tree. Artificial selection is the intentional breeding for certain traits or combinations of traits over others and is synonymous with " Selective breeding " This page refers to the Irish town For other uses see Clones (disambiguation, or Clone Clones (Cluain Eois &ndash ˈkloʊnɪs

On rare occasions, however, further mutations can lead to new varieties. ^[3]

Valencia orange

The Valencia or Murcia orange is one of the sweet oranges used for juice extraction. The Valencia Orange is an orange first created by the Californian agronomist William Wolfskill, on his farm in Santa Ana. Murcia ( is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia, located at the river Segura in south-eastern Spain. It is a late-season fruit, and therefore a popular variety when the navel oranges are out of season. For this reason, the orange was chosen to be the official mascot of the 1982 FIFA World Cup, which was held in Spain. The term mascot – defined as a term for any person animal or object thought to bring Luck – colloquially includes anything used to represent a group with a common The 1982 FIFA World Cup, the 12th staging of the World Cup was held in Spain from June 13 to July 11. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The mascot was called "Naranjito" ("little orange"), and wore the colours of the Spanish soccer team uniform.

Blood orange

Orange output in 2005

The blood orange has streaks of red in the fruit, and the juice is often a dark burgundy colour. The blood orange is a variety of orange ( Citrus sinensis) with crimson Blood -colored flesh The fruit has found a niche as an interesting ingredient variation on traditional Seville marmalade, with its striking red streaks and distinct flavour. The scarlet navel is a variety with the same diploid mutation as the navel orange.

Production

Top Orange Producers — 2005 (million tonnes)
Brazil	17. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld 8
United States	8. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 4
Mexico	4. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. 1
India	3. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country 1
China	2. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES 4
Spain	2. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. 3
Italy	2. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest 2
Iran	1. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. 9
Egypt	1. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. 8
Pakistan	1. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and 6
World Total	61. 7
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[4]

An orange grove photographed from the air.

Oranges grown for commercial production are generally grown in groves and are produced throughout the world. The top three orange-producing countries are Brazil, the United States, and Mexico. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Oranges are sensitive to frost, and a common treatment to prevent frost damage when sub-freezing temperatures are expected, is to spray the trees with water, since as long as unfrozen water is turning to ice on the trees' branches, the ice that has formed stays just at the freezing point, giving protection even if air temperatures have dropped far lower. Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air ^[5]

Etymology

Main article: Orange (word)

The word orange is derived from Sanskrit nāraṅgaḥ "orange tree. Orange is both a Noun and an Adjective in the English language. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical "^[6] The Sanskrit word was borrowed into European languages through Persian nārang, Armenian nārinj, Arabic nāranj, (Spanish naranja and Portuguese laranja), Late Latin arangia, Italian arancia or arancio, and Old French orenge, in chronological order. The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium The first appearance in English dates from the 14th century. The forms starting with n- are older; this initial n- may have been mistaken as part of the indefinite article, in languages with articles ending with an -n sound (e. g. , in French une norenge may have been taken as une orenge). The name of the colour is derived from the fruit, first appearing in this sense in 1542.

Some languages have different words for the bitter and the sweet orange, such as Modern Greek nerantzi and portokali, respectively. Or in Persian, the words are narang and porteghal (Portugal), in the same order. The reason is that the sweet orange was brought from China or India to Europe during the 15th century by the Portuguese. The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west For the same reason, some languages refer to it as Applesin (or variants), which means "Apple from China," while the bitter orange was introduced through Persia.

Juice and other products

Oranges and orange juice. Orange juice is a Fruit juice obtained by squeezing pressing or otherwise crushing the interior of an orange.

Oranges are widely grown in warm climates worldwide, and the flavours of oranges vary from sweet to sour. Sweet is one of the five Basic tastes and is almost universally regarded as a pleasurable experience Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses The fruit is commonly peeled and eaten fresh, or squeezed for its juice. It has a thick bitter rind that is usually discarded, but can be processed into animal feed by removing water, using pressure and heat. Peel, also known as rind or skin, is the outer protective layer of a Fruit or Vegetable which could be peeled off Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Pressure (symbol 'p' is the force per unit Area applied to an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature It is also used in certain recipes as flavouring or a garnish. For other uses see Garnish (disambiguation Garnish is a substance used primarily as an embellishment or decoration to a prepared food or drink The outer-most layer of the rind can be grated or thinly veneered with a tool called a zester, to produce orange zest. Zest is the outer colorful skin of citrus fruit, known botanically as the Exocarp. Zest is popular in cooking because it contains the oil glands and has a strong flavour similar to the fleshy inner part of the orange. The white part of the rind, called the pericarp or albedo and including the pith, is a source of pectin and has nearly the same amount of vitamin C as the flesh. A Fruit in Botany refers to a mature ovary. In fleshy fruits the outer often edible layer is the pericarp, which is the tissue that develops Pith is a light substance that is found in Vascular plants It consists of soft spongy Parenchyma cells and is located in the center of the stem. Pectin (from Greek πηκτικός - pektikos, "congealed curdled" a white to light brown powder is a Heteropolysaccharide

Products made from oranges include:

• Orange juice is one of the commodities traded on the New York Board of Trade. Orange juice is a Fruit juice obtained by squeezing pressing or otherwise crushing the interior of an orange. The New York Board of Trade (NYBOT is a wholly-owned subsidiary of IntercontinentalExchange (ICE Brazil is the largest producer of orange juice in the world, followed by the USA. It is made by squeezing the fruit on a special instrument called a "juicer" or a "squeezer. " The juice is collected in a small tray underneath. This is mainly done in the home, and in industry is done on a much larger scale.
• Frozen orange juice concentrate is made from freshly squeezed and filtered orange juice. ^[7]
• Sweet orange oil is a by-product of the juice industry produced by pressing the peel. Orange oil is an Essential oil produced by Glands inside the Rind of an orange fruit. A by-product is a secondary or incidental product deriving from a Manufacturing process a Chemical reaction or a biochemical pathway and is not the primary product It is used as a flavouring of food and drink and for its fragrance in perfume and aromatherapy. Alternate meanings Seasoning (cast iron; Seasoning (wood; Seasoning (slave Seasoning is the process of imparting or improving Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living Aromatherapy is a form of Alternative medicine that uses volatile liquid plant materials known as Essential oils (EOs and other aromatic compounds from plants for Sweet orange oil consists of about 90% d-Limonene, a solvent used in various household chemicals, such as to condition wooden furniture, and along with other citrus oils in grease removal and as a hand-cleansing agent. Limonene is a Hydrocarbon, classified as a cyclic Terpene. It is a colourless liquid at room temperatures with an extremely strong smell of oranges A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Furniture is the Mass noun for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds, provide storage or hold objects on horizontal Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit The hands ( med / lat: manus pl manūs are the two intricate prehensile multi- Fingered body parts normally located at the end of each arm of a It is an efficient cleaning agent which is promoted as being environmentally friendly and preferable to petroleum distillates. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit However, d-Limonene is classified as toxic or very toxic in several countries. Limonene is a Hydrocarbon, classified as a cyclic Terpene. It is a colourless liquid at room temperatures with an extremely strong smell of oranges Its smell is considered more pleasant by some than those of other cleaning agents. Although once thought to cause renal cancer in rats, limonene now is known as a significant chemopreventive agent^[8] with potential value as a dietary anti-cancer tool in humans. "Kidney Cancer" redirects here For Wilms' Tumor/Nephroblastoma see Wilms' tumor. Chemoprophylaxis refers to the administration of a Medication for the purpose of preventing Disease or Infection. ^[9] There is no evidence for carcinogenicity or genotoxicity in humans. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation Genotoxicity describes a deleterious action on a cell genetic material affecting its integrity The IARC classifies d-limonene under Class 3: not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. The International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC, or CIRC in its French Acronym) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health

• The orange blossom, which is the state flower of Florida, is traditionally associated with good fortune, and was popular in bridal bouquets and head wreaths for weddings for some time. Alternate meanings See Blossom (disambiguation Blossom is a term given to the Flowers of Stone fruit trees This is a list of US state flowers: See also List of US state trees Lists of U A wedding is the Ceremony in which two people are united in Marriage. The petals of orange blossom can also be made into a delicately citrus-scented version of rosewater. A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla thumb|right|250px|Rose water Rose water or rose syrup (گلاب Golâb, Gül suyu ماء ورد Māʾ ward, Urdu: گلاب رس Orange blossom water is a common part of Middle Eastern cuisine. The orange blossom gives its touristic nickname to the Costa del Azahar ("Orange-blossom coast"), the Castellon seaboard. Costa del Azahar ( Spanish for Orange Blossom Coast) or Costa dels Tarongers ( Catalan for Orange tree Coast) is the name for the coast Castellón ( Spanish) or Castelló ( Valencian / Catalan) is a province in the northern part of the Valencian Community,
• In Spain, fallen blossoms are dried and then used to make tea.
• Orange blossom honey, or actually citrus honey, is produced by putting beehives in the citrus groves during bloom, which also pollinates seeded citrus varieties. Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the A beehive is in a general sense an enclosed structure in which some species of Honey bees (genus Apis) live and raise their young Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female Orange blossom honey is highly prized, and tastes much like orange.
• Marmalade, a conserve usually made with Seville oranges. British-style marmalade is a sweet preserve with a bitter tang made from Fruit, Sugar, water and (in some commercial brands a Gelling agent For the fruit known as "Chinese Bitter Orange" see Trifoliate orange. All parts of the orange are used to make marmalade: the pith and pips are separated, and typically placed in a muslin bag where they are boiled in the juice (and sliced peel) to extract their pectin, aiding the setting process.
• Orange peel is used by gardeners as a slug repellent. Slug is a common non-scientific word which is often applied to any Gastropod mollusk whatsoever that has a very reduced shell a small internal shell
• Orange leaves can be boiled to make tea.

Cultural Aspects

• As opposed to an apple. The apple is the pomaceous Fruit of the apple tree Species Malus domestica in the Rose family Rosaceae.

Gallery

These varieties are called 'Ambersweet' oranges.

Featured here are orange seeds (pips).

Navel oranges from Florida are the most common to be sold in US grocery stores.

Satsuma Oranges picked on Christmas day 2007 in Gainesville, Florida

Footnotes

References

• McPhee, John. Oranges (1966) - focuses on Florida groves.
• Sackman, Douglas Cazaux. Orange Empire: California and the Fruits of Eden (2005) comprehensive, multidimensional history of citrus industry in California
• Train, John. Oranges (2006)

External links

• Citrus sinensis List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Databases)