The optical lens of a compact disc drive. Optical disc authoring, including DVD and Blu-ray Disc authoring (often referred to colloquially but improperly as burning) is the process of assembling In Computing, an optical disc drive ( ODD) is a Disk drive that uses Laser light or electromagnetic waves near the Light spectrum Optical disc authoring, including DVD and Blu-ray Disc authoring (often referred to colloquially but improperly as burning) is the process of assembling Optical disc authoring software is Computer software for authoring optical discs including CD-ROMs and DVDs They are also known by synonyms Optical disc authoring requires a number of different technologies working in tandem from the media to the firmware to the control electronics of the drive. In Optical disc authoring, there are multiple modes for recording including Disc-At-Once, Track-At-Once, and Session-At-Once. Packet writing is an Optical disc recording technology used to allow write-once and rewritable CD and DVD media to be used in a similar manner to a The Laserdisc (LD is an obsolete Home video disc format and was the first commercial Optical disc storage medium Video Single Disc (abbreviated as VSD was a disc-based format that carried the same analog video information as a Laserdisc, but on a 12-centimetre (4 A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio Red Book is the standard for audio CDs ( Compact Disc Digital Audio system or CDDA) The DTS-CD, DTS Audio CD or 51 Music Disc (official name is an audio Compact Disc that contains music in Surround sound format Super Audio CD ( SACD) is a read-only optical audio disc format that can provide higher fidelity digital audio reproduction than the Red Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos in a CD A CD-R ( C ompact D isc- R ecordable is a variation of the Compact Disc invented by Philips and Sony. CD-ROM (an initialism of "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory " is a pre-pressed Compact Disc that contains data accessible to but not writable Compact Disc ReWritable (CD-RW is a rewritable Optical disc format This article is about 'CD Video' a hybrid analog/digital format Super Video CD ( Super Video Compact Disc or SVCD) is a Digital format for storing Video on standard Compact discs SVCD was intended A CD+G (also known as CD+Graphics) is a special audio Compact disc that contains Graphics Data in addition to the audio data CD-Text is an extension of the Red Book Compact Disc specifications standard for Audio CDs It allows for storage of additional information (e CD-ROM XA is an extension of the Yellow Book Mode 2 standard for CD-ROMs that combines compressed audio visual and computer data allowing all to be accessed CD-i or Compact Disc Interactive is the name of an interactive multimedia CD player developed and marketed by Royal Philips Electronics N A MiniDisc ( MD) is a Magneto-optical disc-based Data storage device initially intended for storage of up to 80 minutes of digitized audio In January 2004 Sony announced the Hi-MD media storage format as a further development of the MiniDisc-Format. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is DVD-R is a DVD recordable format A DVD-R typically has a storage capacity of 4 A DVD+R is a once-writable Optical disc with 47 GB (4377 GiB) of storage capacity (more precisely 2295104 sectors of 2048 Bytes DVD-R DL (DL stands for Dual Layer) also called DVD-R9, is a derivative of the DVD-R format standard DVD+R DL (DL stands for Double Layer) also called DVD+R9, is a derivative of the DVD+R format created by the DVD+RW Alliance. A DVD-RW disc is a rewritable Optical disc with equal storage capacity to a DVD-R, typically 4 DVD+RW is the name of a standard for Optical discs one of several types of DVD, which hold up to about 4 DVD-RW DL is a rewritable Optical disc standard with storage capacity of 8 A DVD+RW DL is a rewritable Optical disc with storage capacity of 8 DVD-RAM ( DVD – Random Access Memory) is a disc specification presented in 1996 by the DVD Forum, which specifies rewritable DVD-RAM media and the appropriate DVD-Ds, also referred to as disposable DVDs are a type of digital video disc that is designed to be used for a maximum 48 hours after the containing package is opened Ultra Density Optical ( UDO) is an Optical disc format designed for high-density storage of high-definition video and The Universal Media Disc ( UMD) is an Optical disc medium developed by Sony for use on the PlayStation Portable. not insert the publicly disclosed HD DVD key into this article for the time being not insert the publicly disclosed HD DVD key into this article for the time being not insert the publicly disclosed HD DVD key into this article for the time being not insert the publicly disclosed HD DVD key into this article for the time being not insert the publicly disclosed HD DVD key into this article for the time being Blu-ray Disc recordable (or BD-R) refers to two Optical disc formats that can be recorded with an Optical disc recorder. For the series of US government publications on Computer security standards see Rainbow Series. ISO 9660 a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO defines a File system for CD-ROM media Joliet is the name of an extension to the ISO 9660 File system. The Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol (RRIP IEEE P1282 is an extension to the ISO 9660 volume format which adds POSIX File system semantics The El Torito Bootable CD Specification is an extension to the ISO 9660 CD-ROM specification The primary file system for Apple Macintosh computers is HFS (or HFS+ The Universal Disk Format ( UDF) is a format specification of a File system for storing files on optical media Mount Rainier ( MRW) is a format for writable Optical discs which provides the Packet writing and defect management Although research into Optical data storage has been ongoing for many decades the first popular system was the Compact Disc, introduced in 1982, adapted to data A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio

In computing, sound reproduction, and video, an optical disc is a flat, circular disc (usually polycarbonate) wherein data are stored in the pits (or bumps) in its flat surface — sequentially on the continuous, spiral track extending from the innermost track to the outermost track, covering the entire disc surface. Computing is usually defined like the activity of using and developing Computer technology Computer hardware and software. Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's The data are accessed in the disc when a special material (often aluminium) is illuminated with a laser diode. WikipediaNaming A laser diode is a Laser where the active medium is a Semiconductor similar to that found in a Light-emitting diode. The pits distort the reflected laser light, hence, most optical discs (except the black discs of the original PlayStation toy), characteristically have an iridescent appearance created by the grooves of the reflective layer. Iridescence is an Optical phenomenon in which Hue changes with the angle from which a surface is viewed

In 1961 and 1969, David Paul Gregg registered a patent for the analog optical disc for video recording, (US Patent 3,430,966). David Paul Gregg was the inventor of the Laserdisc. Gregg was inspired to create the laserdisc in the late 1950s It is of special interest that US Patent 4,893,297, filed 1968, issued 1990, generated royalty income for Pioneer Corporation’s DVA until 2007 — encompassing the CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disc systems. Royalties (sometimes running royalties) are usage-based payments made by one party (the "licensee" to another (the "licensor" for ongoing use of an In the early 1960s, the Music Corporation of America bought Gregg's patents and his company, Gauss Electrophysics.

Likewise, in 1969 Holland, Philips Research physicists began their first optical videodisc experiments at Eindhoven. Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV ( Royal Philips Electronics Inc. Below is a list of famous Physicists Many of these from the 20th and 21st centuries are found on the list of recipients of the Nobel Prize in physics. In 1975, Philips and MCA join efforts, and in 1978, commercially much too late, they presented their long-awaited laserdisc in Atlanta, Georgia, USA MCA delivered the discs, Philips the players; the presentation was a technical and commercial failure; the Philips/MCA cooperation ended. The Laserdisc (LD is an obsolete Home video disc format and was the first commercial Optical disc storage medium

In Japan and the U. S. , Pioneer succeeded with the videodisc until the advent of the DVD. ( is a Multinational Corporation that specializes in digital entertainment products based in Tokyo, Japan. In 1979, Philips and Sony, in consortium, successfully developed the compact disc in 1983. is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio The Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA) promote standardised optical storage means. The Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA is an international Trade association which promotes the use of recordable optical technologies and products and most Although optical discs are more durable than earlier audio-visual and data storage formats, they are susceptible to environmental and daily-use damage. Libraries and archives enact optical media preservation procedures to ensure continued usability in the computer's optical disc drive or corresponding disc player. Optical discs are essential components in libraries and store audio video and computer data

First-generation optical discs

Initially, optical discs were for storing music and computer software. The laser disc format stored analog video signals, but, commercially, lost to the VHS videotape cassette, mainly its high cost and non-recordability; other first-generation disc formats are designed solely to store digital data.

Most first-generation disc devices had an infrared laser reading head. The minimum size of the laser spot is proportional to its wavelength, thus wavelength is a limiting factor against great information density, too little data can be stored so. The infrared range is beyond the long-wavelength end of the visible light spectrum, so, supports less density than any visible light colour. One example of high-density data storage capacity, achieved with an infrared laser, is 700MB of net user data for a 12cm compact disc.

NOTE: other factors affecting data storage density are, for example, a multi-layered infrared disc would hold more data than an identical single-layer disc; whether CAV, CLV, or zoned-CAV; how the data are encoded; how much clear margin at the center and the edge

• Compact Disc (CD)
• Laser disc
• Magneto-optical disc
  • mini disc

Second-generation optical discs

Second-generation optical discs were for storing great amounts of data, including broadcast-quality digital video. A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio The Laserdisc (LD is an obsolete Home video disc format and was the first commercial Optical disc storage medium A magneto-optical drive is a kind of Optical disc drive capable of writing and rewriting data upon a magneto-optical disc. A MiniDisc ( MD) is a Magneto-optical disc-based Data storage device initially intended for storage of up to 80 minutes of digitized audio Such discs usually are read with a visible-light laser (usually red); the shorter wavelength and greater numerical aperture^[4] allow a narrower light beam, permitting smaller pits and lands in the disc. In Optics, the numerical aperture ( NA) of an optical system is a Dimensionless number that characterizes the range of angles over which the system can accept In the DVD format, this allows 4. 7GB storage on a standard 12cm, single-sided, single-layer disc; alternately, smaller media, such as the MiniDisc and the DataPlay formats, can have capacity comparable to that of the larger, standard compact 12cm disc. A MiniDisc ( MD) is a Magneto-optical disc-based Data storage device initially intended for storage of up to 80 minutes of digitized audio DataPlay is an Optical disc system developed by DataPlay Inc and released to the consumer market in 2002

• Hi-MD
• DVD and derivatives
  • DVD-Audio
  • DualDisc
  • Digital Video Express (DIVX)
• Super Audio CD
• Enhanced Versatile Disc
• GD-ROM
• Digital Multilayer Disk
• DataPlay
• Fluorescent Multilayer Disc
• Phase-change Dual
• Universal Media Disc

Third-generation optical discs

Third-generation optical discs are in development, meant for distributing high-definition video and support greater data storage capacities, accomplished with short-wavelength visible-light lasers and greater numerical apertures. In January 2004 Sony announced the Hi-MD media storage format as a further development of the MiniDisc-Format. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is DVD-Audio (commonly abbreviated as DVD-A) is a digital format for delivering very High-fidelity audio content on a DVD. DualDisc is a type of double-sided Optical disc product developed by a group of record companies including EMI Music, Universal Music Group, Sony/BMG DIVX ( Digital Video Express) was an attempt by Circuit City and the entertainment law firm Ziffren Brittenham Branca and Fischer to create an alternative Super Audio CD ( SACD) is a read-only optical audio disc format that can provide higher fidelity digital audio reproduction than the Red The Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD is an optical medium-based digital audio/video format developed to provide a means for playing GD-ROM (an abbreviation of " giga disk Read-only memory " is the proprietary Optical disc format used by the Sega Dreamcast. Digital Multilayer Disk ( DMD) is an Optical disc format developed by D Data Inc DataPlay is an Optical disc system developed by DataPlay Inc and released to the consumer market in 2002 Fluorescent Multilayer Disc ( FMD) was an Optical disc format developed by Constellation 3D that uses fluorescent, rather than reflective Phase-Change Dual (PD is a rewritable Optical disc format introduced by Panasonic in 1995 The Universal Media Disc ( UMD) is an Optical disc medium developed by Sony for use on the PlayStation Portable. High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition The Blu-ray disc uses blue-violet lasers of greater aperture, for use with discs with smaller pits and lands, thereby greater data storage capacity per layer. ^[4] In practice, the effective, multimedia presentation capacity is improved with enhanced video data compression codecs such as H.264, and VC-1. A codec is a device or program capable of encoding and/or decoding a Digital Data stream or signal. H264 is a standard for Video compression. It is also known as MPEG-4 Part 10, or MPEG-4 AVC (for Advanced Video Coding) VC-1 is the informal name of the SMPTE 421M Video codec standard initially developed by Microsoft.

• Currently shipping:
  • Blu-ray Disc

• In development:
  • Forward Versatile Disc
  • Versatile Multilayer Disc
  • Ultra Density Optical
  • LS-R

Next generation optical discs

The following formats are ahead of current (third-generation) discs, having the potential more than one terabyte (1TB) of data storage space. FVD, or Forward Versatile Disc, is an offshoot of DVD developed in Taiwan jointly by the Advanced Optical Storage Research Alliance (AOSRA and Versatile Multilayer Disc ( VMD or HD VMD) is a high-capacity red laser Optical disc technology designed by New Medium Enterprises Inc Ultra Density Optical ( UDO) is an Optical disc format designed for high-density storage of high-definition video and LS-R, or the Layer-Selection-Type Recordable Optical Disk, is the term coined by Hitachi in 2003 for a next-generation Optical disc technology which A terabyte (derived from the prefix Tera- and commonly abbreviated TB) is a measurement term for data storage capacity.

• Tapestry Media
• Holographic Versatile Disc
• Protein-coated disc

Recordable and writable optical discs

See also: Optical disc recording technologies

References

1. ^ "LG 6x Blu-ray Burner Available in Korea", CDRinfo. The Holographic Versatile Disc ( HVD) is an optical disc technology that would hold up to 3 Protein-Coated Disc ( PCD) is a theoretical optical disc technology currently being developed by Professor Venkatesan Renugopalakrishnan formerly of Harvard Medical School Optical disc authoring requires a number of different technologies working in tandem from the media to the firmware to the control electronics of the drive. com.  
2. ^ MPEG: DVD, Book A – Physical parameters
3. ^ DVD in Detail
4. ^ ^{a b} Format War Update: Blu-ray Wins Over HD DVD

• Inventor of the Week Archive: The Digital Compact Disc. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (December, 1999). Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
• Brier Dudley (November 29, 2004). Scientist's invention was let go for a song. The Seattle Times. Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
• David Gregg and the Optical Disk. About. com. Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to

External links

• Optical Storage Technology Association
• Understanding Recordable & Rewritable DVD by Hugh Bennett
• Understanding CD-R & CD-RW by Hugh Bennett
• Reference guide for optical media by Terence O'Kelly (Memorex Inc. )