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Opiliones
Fossil range: Devonian - Recent
Hadrobunus grandis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Subclass: Dromopoda
Order: Opiliones
Sundevall, 1833
Diversity
4 suborders, > 6,400 species
Suborders

Cyphophthalmi
Eupnoi
Dyspnoi
Laniatores

Harvestmen (also known as daddy longlegs in the U. The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era spanning from to  million years ago. Hadrobunus grandis is a species of Harvestman that occurs in the United States ( Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Arachnids are a class ( Arachnida) of joint-legged Invertebrate Animals in the subphylum Chelicerata. Dromopoda is a Subclass of the arachnids, including the Opiliones (harvestmen Scorpions Pseudoscorpions and Solifugae Carl Jakob Sundevall (1801, Högestad - 1875 was a Swedish Zoologist. The Cyphophthalmi are a suborder of Harvestmen, with about 36 genera and more than hundred described species The Eupnoi are a suborder of Harvestmen, with more than 200 genera and about 1700 described species The Dyspnoi are a suborder of Harvestmen, with about 32 genera and about 320 described species Laniatores is the largest suborder of the Arachnid order Opiliones with over 4000 described species worldwide S. and Canada) are eight-legged invertebrate animals belonging to the order Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) in the class Arachnida, in the subphylum Chelicerata of the phylum Arthropoda. An invertebrate is an Animal lacking a Vertebral column. The group includes 98% of all animal Species — all animals except those in the Chordate Arachnids are a class ( Arachnida) of joint-legged Invertebrate Animals in the subphylum Chelicerata. The subphylum Chelicerata constitutes one of the major subdivisions of the phylum Arthropoda including the Arachnids Horseshoe crabs and related forms Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " As of 2006, over 6,400 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the real number of extant species may exceed 10,000. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Extant is a term commonly used to refer to Taxa (such as Species, genera or families) that are still in existence (living [1]. The order Opiliones can be divided in four suborders: Cyphophthalmi (Simon, 1879), Eupnoi (Hansen & Sørensen, 1904), Dyspnoi (Hansen & Sørensen, 1904) and Laniatores (Thorell, 1876). The Cyphophthalmi are a suborder of Harvestmen, with about 36 genera and more than hundred described species The Eupnoi are a suborder of Harvestmen, with more than 200 genera and about 1700 described species The Dyspnoi are a suborder of Harvestmen, with about 32 genera and about 320 described species Laniatores is the largest suborder of the Arachnid order Opiliones with over 4000 described species worldwide Well-preserved fossils have been found in the 400-million year old Rhynie cherts of Scotland, which look surprisingly modern, indicating that the basic structure of the harvestmen has not changed much since then. The Rhynie chert is an Early Devonian Lagerstätte found near the village of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, containing exceptionally Phylogenetic position is disputed: their closest relatives may be the mites (Acari) or the Novogenuata (the Scorpiones, Pseudoscorpiones and Solifugae). Acarina or Acari are a Taxon of Arachnids that contains Mites and Ticks The diversity of the Acari is extraordinary and its Novogenuata is a Clade of the arachnid subclass Dromopoda including the Scorpiones, Pseudoscorpiones and Solifugae Scorpions are eight-legged Carnivorous Arthropods They are members of the order Scorpiones within the class Arachnida. A pseudoscorpion, (also known as a false scorpion or book scorpion) is an Arachnid belonging to the order Pseudoscorpionida, also known Solifugae is an order of Arachnida containing more than 1000 described Species in about 140 genera.

Although they belong to the class of arachnids, harvestmen are not counted as spiders, which are of the order araneae rather than the order opiliones. Arachnids are a class ( Arachnida) of joint-legged Invertebrate Animals in the subphylum Chelicerata. Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings

In some places, harvestmen are known by the name "daddy longlegs" or "granddaddy longlegs", but this name is also used for two other unrelated arthropods: the crane fly (Tipulidae) and the cellar spider (Pholcidae). Insects in the family Tipulidae are commonly known as crane flies. The Pholcidae are a Spider family in the suborder Araneomorphae.

Because they are a ubiquitous order, but species are often restricted to small regions due to their low dispersal rate, they are good models for biogeographic studies. Biogeography is the study of the distribution of Biodiversity over Space and Time.

Contents

Physical description

Main article: Harvestman anatomy
A macro picture of a harvestman (a male Phalangium opilio), showing the almost fused arrangement of abdomen and cephalothorax that distinguishes these arachnids from spiders.
A macro picture of a harvestman (a male Phalangium opilio), showing the almost fused arrangement of abdomen and cephalothorax that distinguishes these arachnids from spiders. Harvestmen are an order of Arachnids with which they share many characteristics their body is divided into two body regions ( Tagmata) the Abdomen Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings

These arachnids are known for their exceptionally long walking legs, compared to body size, although there are also short-legged species. The difference between harvestmen and spiders is that in harvestmen the two main body sections (the abdomen with ten segments and cephalothorax, or prosoma and opisthosoma) are nearly joined, so that they appear to be one oval structure; they also have no venom or silk glands. In Vertebrates such as Mammals the abdomen (belly constitutes the part of the body between the Thorax (chest and Pelvis. The cephalothorax (call prosoma in some groups is an anatomical term used in Arachnids and Malacostracan Crustaceans for the The cephalothorax (call prosoma in some groups is an anatomical term used in Arachnids and Malacostracan Crustaceans for the The opisthosoma is the posterior portion of the Arachnids body behind the Prosoma (cephalothorax In geometry an oval or ovoid (from Latin ovum, 'egg' is any Curve resembling an egg or an Ellipse. This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. In more advanced species, the first five abdominal segments are often fused into a dorsal shield called the scutum, which is normally fused with the carapace. For the Roman Shield, see Scutum (shield; For the zootomical term see Scute. Sometimes this shield is only present in males. The two most posterior abdominal segments can be reduced or separated in the middle on the surface to form two plates lying next to each other. The second pair of legs are longer than the others and work as antennae. Antennae (singular antenna) are paired Appendages connected to the front-most segments of Arthropods In Crustaceans they are This can be hard to see in short-legged species.

The feeding apparatus (stomotheca) differs from other arachnids in that ingestion is not restricted to liquid, but chunks of food can be taken in. Stomotheca is the term applied to the feeding apparatus in front of the mouth of Harvestmen, and sometimes the related Scorpions Usually it consists of the epistome The stomotheca is formed by extensions from the pedipalps and the first pair of legs. Pedipalps, are the second pair of Appendages of the Prosoma in the subphylum Chelicerata.

They have a single pair of eyes in the middle of their heads, oriented sideways. However, there are eyeless species (for example the Brazilian Caecobunus termitarum (Grassatores) from termite nests, Giupponia chagasi (Gonyleptidae) from caves, and all species of Guasiniidae)[2]. Grassatores (Kury 2002 is the most diverse infraorder of the Laniatores. The termites are a group of Social Insects usually classified at the taxonomic rank of order Isoptera (but see also taxonomy Giupponia is a Monotypic Genus of the Harvestman family Gonyleptidae. Gonyleptidae, with more than 800 species is the largest family of the Suborder Laniatores and the second largest of the order Opiliones. The Guasiniidae are a family of Harvestman with three described species from South America.

Harvestmen have a pair of prosomatic defensive scent glands (ozopores) that secrete a peculiar smelling fluid when disturbed, confirmed in some species to contain noxious quinones. Scent glands are found in the genital area of most Mammals and in various other parts of the body such as the underarms of Humans and the Preorbital An ozopore is a defensive gland present in harvestmen, which are eight-legged arachnids also known as "daddy long-legs" Harvestmen do not have silk glands and do not possess venom glands, posing absolutely no danger to humans (see below). Spider silk, also known as Gossamer, is a Protein Fiber spun by Spiders Spiders use their silk to make webs or other structures which function '''Spiders''' occasionally bite humans Although 98-99% of spider bites are harmless more rarely the symptoms of their bites can include necrotic wounds systemic Harvestmen are eight-legged Invertebrate animals belonging to the order Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) in the class Arachnida in the subphylum They do not have book lungs, and breathe through tracheae only. A book lung is a type of Respiration organ used for atmospheric gas exchange and is found in Arachnids such as Scorpions and Spiders Each of these Many terrestrial Arthropods have evolved a closed Respiratory system composed of Spiracles, tracheae and Tracheoles to transport metabolic Between the base of the fourth pair of legs and the abdomen a pair of spiracles are located, one opening on each side. Spiracles are small openings on the surface of some Animals that usually lead to Respiratory systems In Elasmobranchs ( Sharks and In more active species, spiracles are also found upon the tibia of the legs. The tibia, shinbone, or shankbone is the larger and stronger of the two Bones in the Leg below the Knee in vertebrates and connects They have a gonopore on the ventral cephalothorax, and the copulation is direct as the male has a penis (while the female has an ovipositor). A gonopore is a Genital Pore in some Invertebrates and especially some Insects For insects it is the opening of the genital duct Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract The penis of the Arachnida is an intromitent organ present exclusively in the order Opiliones. The ovipositor is an organ used by some of the Animals for Oviposition, i All species lay eggs. In most Birds and Reptiles an egg ( Latin ovum) is the Zygote, resulting from Fertilization of the Ovum.

The legs continue to twitch after they are detached. This is because there are pacemakers located in the ends of the first long segment (femur) of their legs. For other uses see Pacemaker (disambiguation A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker These pacemakers send signals via the nerves to the muscles to extend the leg and then the leg relaxes between signals. While some harvestman's legs will twitch for a minute, other kinds have been recorded to twitch for up to an hour. The twitching has been hypothesized as a means to keep the attention of a predator while the harvestman escapes. [3]

Typical body length does not exceed 7 mm (about 5/16 inch), with some species smaller than one mm, although the largest species Trogulus torosus (Trogulidae) can reach a length of 22 mm[1]. The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to The Trogulidae are a family of Harvestmen with about 45 known species However, leg span is much larger and can exceed 160 mm (over 6 inch). Most species live for a year.

Behavior

Harvestman eating a skink tail
Harvestman eating a skink tail

Many species are omnivorous, eating primarily small insects and all kinds of plant material and fungi; some are scavengers, feeding upon dead organisms, bird dung and other fecal material. Skinks are the most diverse group of Lizards They make the family Scincidae which shares the superfamily or infraorder Scincomorpha with several other Omnivores (from Latin omne all everything vorare to devour are species that eat both Plants and Animals as their primary A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Scavenging, or necrophagy, is a Carnivorous Feeding behaviour in which a predator consumes Corpses or Carrion that were killed Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animal's digestive tract expelled through the Anus This broad range is quite unusual in arachnids, which are usually pure predators. Most hunting harvestmen ambush their prey, although active hunting is also found. Because their eyes cannot form images, they use their second pair of legs as antennae to explore their environment. Also unlike most other arachnids, harvestmen do not have a sucking stomach and a filtering mechanism, but ingest small particles of their food, thus making them vulnerable to internal parasites, such as gregarines. The gregarines are a group of Apicomplexan protozoa classified as the Gregarinasina or Gregarinea [4]

Although parthenogenetic species do occur, most harvestmen reproduce sexually. Parthenogenesis (from the Greek παρθένος parthenos, "virgin" + γένεσις genesis, "creation" is an asexual form The Evolution of sexual reproduction is a major puzzle The first Fossilized evidence of sexually reproducing Organisms is from Eukaryotes of the Stenian Mating involves direct copulation, rather than the deposition of a spermatophore. In Biology, mating is the pairing of opposite- Sex or hermaphroditic Organisms for copulation and in Social animals also to raise their Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract A spermatophore is a capsule or mass created by males of various Animal species containing Spermatozoa and transferred in entirety to the female's Ovipore The males of some species offer a secretion from their chelicerae to the female before copulation. The Chelicerae are mouth parts of the Chelicerata, an Arthropod Subphylum that includes Arachnids, Merostomata Sometimes the male guards the female after copulation, and in many species the males defend territories. The females lay eggs shortly after mating, or up to months later. Some species build nests for this purpose. A unique feature of harvestmen is that in some species the male is solely responsible for guarding the eggs. The eggs can hatch anytime after the first 20 days, up to almost half a year after being layed. Harvestmen need from four to eight nymphal stages to reach maturity, with six the most common. [5]

They are mostly nocturnal and colored in hues of brown, although there are a number of diurnal species which have vivid patterns in yellow, green and black with varied reddish and blackish mottling and reticulation. As an Animal behavior, nocturnality describes sleeping during the Daytime and being active at Night - the opposite of the diurnal In Animal behavior, diurnality indicates an Animal that is active during the Daytime and rests during the Night.

To deal with predators such as birds, mammals, amphibians, and spiders, some species glue debris onto their body, and many play dead when disturbed. Many Animals, such as Sharks, Beetles, Snakes and the Virginia opossum, are capable of appearing to be dead to an observer while Many species can detach their legs, which keep on moving to confuse predators, especially long-legged species vibrate their body ("bobbing"), probably also to confuse. This is similar to the behavior of the similar looking but unrelated daddy longlegs spider, which vibrates wildly in its web when touched. Pholcus phalangioides, the daddy-long-legs spider or cellar spider (also known as skull spider due to its Cephalothorax looking Scent glands emit substances that can deter larger predators, but are also effective against ants. Ants are social Insects of the family Formicidae and along with the related families of Wasps and Bees belong to the order [6]

Many species of harvestmen easily tolerate members of their own species, with aggregations of many individuals often found at protected sites near water. These aggregations can count up to 200 animals in the Laniatores, but more than 70,000 in certain Eupnoi. Laniatores is the largest suborder of the Arachnid order Opiliones with over 4000 described species worldwide The Eupnoi are a suborder of Harvestmen, with more than 200 genera and about 1700 described species This behavior is likely a strategy against climatic odds, but also against predators, combining the effect of scent secretions, and reducing the probability of each individual of being eaten. [7]

Endangered status

Some troglobitic (cave dwelling) Opiliones are considered endangered if their home caves are in or near cities where pollution and development of the land can alter the cave habitat. A troglobite is an Animal that lives entirely in the dark parts of Caves Such creatures have become specifically adapted for life in total darkness and over time Others species are threatened by the invasion of non-native fire ants. Fire ants, (referred to as red ants in the UK) are stinging Ants with over 280 species worldwide

All troglobitic species (of all animal taxa) are considered to be at least threatened in Brazil. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld There are four species of Opiliones in the Brazilian National List for endangered species, all of them cave-dwelling species. Giupponia chagasi Pérez & Kury, 2002, Iandumoema uai Pinto-da-Rocha, 1996, Pachylospeleus strinatii Šilhavý, 1974 and Spaeleoleptes spaeleus H. Giupponia is a Monotypic Genus of the Harvestman family Gonyleptidae. Soares, 1966.

Several Opiliones in Argentina appear to be vulnerable, if not endangered. These include Pachyloidellus fulvigranulatus (Mello-Leitão, 1930), which is found only on top of Cerro Uritorco, the highest peak in the Sierras Chicas chain (provincia de Cordoba) and Pachyloides borellii (Roewer, 1925) is in rainforest patches in North West Argentina which are in an area being dramatically destroyed by humans. Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão, ( July 17, 1886 &ndash December 14, 1948) was a Brazilian Zoologist who is considered The Cerro Uritorco is a Mountain ( cerro) and highest peak of the Sierras Chicas chain in the northwest of the province of Córdoba, Argentina The cave living Picunchenops spelaeus Maury, 1988 is apparently endangered through human action. So far no harvestman has been included in any kind of a Red List in Argentina and therefore they receive no protection.

Maiorerus randoi Rambla, 1993 has only been found in one cave in the Canary Islands. The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish It is included in the Catálogo Nacional de especies amenazadas (National catalog of threatened species) from the Spanish government. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

Texella reddelli Goodnight & Goodnight, 1967 and Texella reyesi Ubick & Briggs, 1992 are listed as endangered species in the USA. The Bee Creek Cave Harvestman or Texella reddelli was added to the Endangered species list on September 16 1988 Both are from caves in central Texas. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Texella cokendolpheri Ubick & Briggs, 1992 from a cave in central Texas and Calicina minor (Briggs & Hom, 1966), Microcina edgewoodensis Briggs & Ubick, 1989, Microcina homi Briggs & Ubick, 1989, Microcina jungi Briggs & Ubick, 1989, Microcina leei Briggs & Ubick 1989, Microcina lumi Briggs & Ubick, 1989, and Microcina tiburona (Briggs & Hom, 1966) from around springs and other restricted habitats of central California are being considered for listing as endangered species, but as yet receive no protection. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean.

Venomous myth

An urban legend claims that the harvestman is the most venomous animal in the world, but its fangs are too small to bite a human and therefore is not dangerous. An urban legend or urban myth is a form of modern Folklore consisting of stories thought to be factual by those circulating them This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. (The same myth applies to the cellar spider, which is also called a daddy longlegs)[8]. Pholcus phalangioides, the daddy-long-legs spider or cellar spider (also known as skull spider due to its Cephalothorax looking This is untrue on several counts. None of the known species have venom glands or fangs, instead having chelicerae. The Chelicerae are mouth parts of the Chelicerata, an Arthropod Subphylum that includes Arachnids, Merostomata [9] The size of its mouth varies by species, but even those with relatively large jaws hardly ever bite humans or other large creatures, even in self-defense. The few known cases of actual bites did not involve envenomation, and had no lasting effect. [10]

Research

Harvestmen are a scientifically much neglected group. Description of new taxa has always been dependent on the activity of a few dedicated taxonomists. Carl Friedrich Roewer described about a third (2,260) of today's known species from the 1910s to the 1950, and published the landmark systematic work Die Weberknechte der Erde (Harvestmen of the World) in 1923, with descriptions of all species known to that time. Carl Friedrich Roewer (1881-1963 was a German Arachnologist. He concentrated on Harvestmen, where he described almost a third (2260 of today's known Species Other important taxonomists in this field include Eugène Simon, Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell, William Sørensen and Nathan Banks around the turn of the 20th century, and later Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão and Reginald Frederick Lawrence. Eugène Simon ( April 30, 1848 - November 17, 1924) was a French Arachnologist. Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell ( May 3, 1830 - December 22, 1901) was a Swedish Arachnologist. Nathan Banks (1868 - 1953 was an American Entomologist noted for his work on Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Hymenoptera, and Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão, ( July 17, 1886 &ndash December 14, 1948) was a Brazilian Zoologist who is considered Since 1980, study of the biology and ecology of harvestmen has intensified, especially in South America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a [1]

Phylogeny

Main article: Harvestman phylogeny

Harvestmen are very old arachnids. Harvestmen are an order of arachnids. Although they are often confused with Spiders the two orders are not closely related Arachnids are a class ( Arachnida) of joint-legged Invertebrate Animals in the subphylum Chelicerata. Fossils from the Devonian, 400 million years ago, already show characteristics like tracheae and sexual organs, proving that the group has lived on land since that time. The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era spanning from to  million years ago. They are probably closely related to the scorpions, pseudoscorpions and solifuges; these four orders form the clade Dromopoda. Scorpions are eight-legged Carnivorous Arthropods They are members of the order Scorpiones within the class Arachnida. A pseudoscorpion, (also known as a false scorpion or book scorpion) is an Arachnid belonging to the order Pseudoscorpionida, also known Solifugae is an order of Arachnida containing more than 1000 described Species in about 140 genera. Dromopoda is a Subclass of the arachnids, including the Opiliones (harvestmen Scorpions Pseudoscorpions and Solifugae The Opiliones have remained almost unchanged morphologically over a long period. [11]

Systematics

Main article: Harvestman phylogeny

Currently the harvestmen are divided into four suborders, containing circa 45 families and about 1,500 genera. Harvestmen are an order of arachnids. Although they are often confused with Spiders the two orders are not closely related The limits and relationships of most families and genera are not well understood, and there probably are as yet undescribed families. The tiny Cyphophthalmi are considered the oldest suborder and are distributed worldwide. The Cyphophthalmi are a suborder of Harvestmen, with about 36 genera and more than hundred described species The Eupnoi are also widely distributed and contain some of the best known harvestmen. The Eupnoi are a suborder of Harvestmen, with more than 200 genera and about 1700 described species The Dyspnoi, including some large species, inhabit mostly the northern hemisphere, while the species-rich Laniatores are found mostly in tropical regions of the southern hemisphere. The Dyspnoi are a suborder of Harvestmen, with about 32 genera and about 320 described species Laniatores is the largest suborder of the Arachnid order Opiliones with over 4000 described species worldwide [1]

  • Tropicophthalmi Shear 1980
  • Ogoveoidea Shear 1980
  • Temperophthalmi Shear 1980
  • Sironoidea Simon 1879
  • Ischyropsalidoidea Simon 1879
  • Nemastomatoidea Simon, 1872
  • Troguloidea Sundevall 1833
  • Insidiatores Loman, 1900
  • Travunioidea Absolon & Kratochvil 1932
  • Triaenonychoidea Sørensen, 1886
  • Zalmoxoidea Sørensen, 1886

The family Stygophalangiidae (1 species, Stygophalangium karamani) from underground waters in Macedonia is sometimes misplaced in the Phalangioidea. The Cladonychiidae are a small family of Harvestman with less than twenty described species within the suborder Laniatores. The Pentanychidae are a small family of Harvestman with about six described species within the suborder Laniatores. The Travuniidae are a small family of Harvestman with little more than ten described species within the suborder Laniatores. The Triaenonychidae are a family of Harvestman with about 120 genera and more than 440 described species The Synthetonychiidae are a small family of Harvestman with a handful of species in a single genus Grassatores (Kury 2002 is the most diverse infraorder of the Laniatores. Samooidea Sørensen 1886 is the second most diverse superfamily of the Grassatores. Biantidae is a family of the Harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about 130 described species Escadabiidae is a small Neotropical family of the Harvestman infraorder Grassatores with six described species Kimulidae is a small Neotropical family of the Harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about thirty described species Podoctidae is a family of the Harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about 130 described species Samoidae is a family of the Harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about fifty described species Stygnommatidae is a small Neotropical family of the Harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about thirty described species Epedanidae is a family of the Harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about 200 described species Epedanidae is a family of the Harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about 200 described species Gonyleptoidea (Sundevall 1833 is the most diverse superfamily of the Grassatores. Agoristenidae are a Neotropical Harvestman family of the Suborder Laniatores, in the superfamily Gonyleptoidea. Assamiidae, with more than 400 described species is the third most diverse family of the Suborder Laniatores. Cosmetidae, with around 700 species is the second most diverse family of the Suborder Laniatores. The Cranaidae are a family of neotropical Harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores. Gonyleptidae, with more than 800 species is the largest family of the Suborder Laniatores and the second largest of the order Opiliones. The Manaosbiidae are a family of neotropical Harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores. The Stygnidae are a family of neotropical Harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores. The Stygnopsidae are a small family of Harvestmen, with almost all species found in Mexico. Phalangodoidea is a superfamily of the Harvestman infraorder Grassatores with three recognized families and 220 species The Oncopodidae are a family of Harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores. The Phalangodidae are a family of Harvestman with about 20 genera and more than 100 described species distributed in the Holarctic Region The Fissiphalliidae are a small Neotropical family of Harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores. The Guasiniidae are a family of Harvestman with three described species from South America. The Icaleptidae are a small family of neotropical Harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores. The Zalmoxidae are a family of Harvestmen within the suborder Laniatores. Stygophalangium karamani is a species of Arachnid. Although sometimes classified as a Harvestman in the infraorder Eupnoi ( Phalangioidea Stygophalangium karamani is a species of Arachnid. Although sometimes classified as a Harvestman in the infraorder Eupnoi ( Phalangioidea It is not a harvestman.

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 5
  2. ^ Pinto-da-Rocha & Kury 2003: 397
  3. ^ Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007
  4. ^ Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007:9
  5. ^ Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 8, 11
  6. ^ Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 9-10
  7. ^ Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 11
  8. ^ The Spider Myths Site: Daddy-Longlegs
  9. ^ The Arachnology Home Page: Answers to commons questions about harvestmen
  10. ^ Snopes: Daddy Longlegs
  11. ^ Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 4

References

Further reading

External links

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