For other uses see Opiate (disambiguation), or for the class of drugs see Opioid. An opioid is a chemical Substance that has a Morphine -like action in the body

In medicine, the term opiate describes any of the narcotic alkaloids found in opium. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the The term narcotic (ναρκωτικός is believed to have been coined by the Greek physician Galen to refer to agents that benumb or deaden causing loss This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies (

Contents 1 Overview 2 The alkaloids 2.1 Morphine 2.2 Codeine 2.3 Thebaine and Papaverine 3 Terminology 4 References

Overview

Opiates are so named because they are constituents of opium, which is derived from the latex sap of the opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum). Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( LaTeX (ˈleɪtɛ The opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is the type of Poppy from which Opium and many refined opiates such as Morphine, Thebaine The major biologically active opiates are morphine, codeine, thebaine and papaverine. Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in Codeine ( INN) or methylmorphine is an Opiate used for its Analgesic, antitussive and antidiarrheal properties Parameters work only in their own section When a parameter is not needed please leave it empty when a parameter is wrong just clear Papaverine (pəˈpævəriːn is an Opium Alkaloid used primarily in the treatment of visceral Spasm, Vasospasm (especially those involving the Synthetic opioids such as heroin and hydrocodone are derived from these substances, especially morphine and codeine. Heroin ( INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from Morphine, a derivative Hydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone is a semi-synthetic Opioid derived from two of the naturally occurring Opiates Codeine and Thebaine Noscapine, narceine and approximately 25 other alkaloids are also present in opium, but have little to no effect on the human central nervous system, and are not usually considered to be opiates. Noscapine (also known as Narcotine or Anarcotine) is an Alkaloid Opioid Agonist from plants of the Papaveraceae family In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. Opium is mostly produced in Asia.

The alkaloids

Morphine

Main article: Morphine

Morphine is by far the most prevalent alkaloid in opium, making up anywhere from 10% to 16% of the total mass, and is responsible for many of its potentially harmful effects, such as pulmonary edema, respiratory depression, coma, cardiac and/or respiratory failure, with a normal lethal dose of 120 to 250 mg. Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. ^[1] (approximately two grams of opium. ^[2]) However, the occurrence of pulmonary edema is uncommon. The most frequently-reported occurrences of opiate-induced pulmonary edema are among recreational heroin users. Heroin ( INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from Morphine, a derivative ^[3][4] Although uncommon, reports of morphine-induced pulmonary edema are not unheard of. ^[5] The primary difference being the more careful supervision of morphine administration compared to the lack of supervision and medical expertise among illicit heroin users. On the other hand, morphine may also be used in the treatment of pulmonary edema. ^[6][7] Despite morphine's being the most medically-significant alkaloid, larger quantities of the milder codeine — most of it manufactured from morphine — are consumed medically.

The expression of the morphine content of opium as a percentage depends in part on the moisture content. When the government purchases the opium, as soon as practicable after it is collected, the moisture content is then usually about 30%. Commercial opium usually has around 10% to 15% moisture. Opium dried at ordinary temperatures still retains considerable moisture — usually about six percent — which can be driven off at about 103 degrees Celsius.

The quantity of morphine produced by poppy plants in the form of opium depends on two factors: the percentage of morphine in the opium, and the quantity of opium produced. The latter factor, in turn, depends in part on whether each capsule is bled several times, or just once. In Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece, and the Balkans, each capsule is bled only once, but, in most other opium-producing countries, like Iran, India, and Afghanistan, the capsules are incised repeatedly, often four or five times on different days, until they will yield no more latex. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The quantity of latex falls off rapidly with later incisions, and so does the morphine content. ^[8] Usually, all the opium obtained is mixed together. This is probably the chief reason for the often lower morphine content of Iranian and Indian opiums as compared with Turkish and Balkan opiums, although it must also be recognized that there are low-yielding and high-yielding strains of the poppy, one or the other of which may predominate in a given region.

Samples of opium assaying some 15% morphine from Japan, Indochina, and Afghanistan, as well as from Turkey, Greece, and the Balkans have been examined by the United Nations Secretariat. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. The United Nations Secretariat is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and it is headed by the United Nations Secretary-General, assisted by a staff Afghanistan at one time exported two grades of opium, one of about 15% morphine and the other about 10%. Afghanistan is as of March 2008 the greatest illicit (in Western World standards Opium producer in the world before Burma ( Myanmar) part of the so-called " The morphine content of dry capsule-chaff is about 0. 25% to 0. 5%, when not washed out by rain. Here again there are low-yielding and high-yielding varieties, but proper agricultural selection of poppies for morphine production means taking into account not only the percentage yield of morphine, but also the total weight of capsule-chaff produced per hectare, the poppy seed production per hectare, and other factors.

Most of the licit morphine is used to manufacture codeine through O-methylation. Codeine ( INN) or methylmorphine is an Opiate used for its Analgesic, antitussive and antidiarrheal properties Methylation is a term used in the chemical sciences to denote the attachment or substitution of a methyl group on various substrates. Morphine is also used to manufacture other drugs, such as heroin, dihydromorphine, hydromorphone, and many others. Heroin ( INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from Morphine, a derivative Dihydromorphine (Paramorfan DHM Paramorphan is a semi-synthetic Opioid invented in Germany in the first years of the Twentieth century. Hydromorphone, a more common synonym for dihydromorphinone hydrochloride (trade names Palladone IR, Palladone SR, Dilaudid and numerous others Of these, the conversion of morphine to heroin is particularly noteworthy due to heroin's unusual pharmacological properties. The acetylation of morphine's two hydroxyl groups results in a different drug in chemical structure, but nearly identical with regard to pharmacological properties, the principal difference being lipid solubility. This increase in lipid solubility allows heroin to enter the brain more rapidly than morphine. [1] As heroin is not pharmacologically active it must first be metabolized. The active metabolites of heroin are morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine and 3-monoacetylmorphine.

Codeine

Main article: Codeine

The codeine content of opium is related inversely to the morphine content, but only in a general way. Codeine ( INN) or methylmorphine is an Opiate used for its Analgesic, antitussive and antidiarrheal properties Codeine yield is closely related to the type of opium produced in a given district or even in some cases in an entire country. The opiums of the principal exporting countries have approximately the following percentages of codeine: Balkans 1. 25%; Turkey 1. 25%; Iran 3. 4%; India 3. 0%.

The highest percentages of codeine obtained by the United Nations Secretariat (averaging about 4. 3%) were found in opium samples that came from north-eastern Asia (Korea, northern China).

The manufacturers’ statistics do not ordinarily show all the codeine obtained from opium. Some of it co-precipitates with the morphine, and there is no necessity of purifying the morphine completely of its codeine content, especially if it is to be used to manufacture more codeine.

Codeine is used to manufacture dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone, and others. Dihydrocodeine, also called DHC, Drocode, Paracodeine and Parzone and by the brand names of Synalgos DC, Panlor DC, Hydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone is a semi-synthetic Opioid derived from two of the naturally occurring Opiates Codeine and Thebaine It may also be used to manufacture the drugs ordinarily made by conversion of thebaine. [2]

Thebaine and Papaverine

Main articles: Thebaine and Papaverine

The United Nations Secretariat is currently engaged in a survey, the most extensive ever attempted in this field, of opium samples from different regions for their thebaine and papaverine percentages. Parameters work only in their own section When a parameter is not needed please leave it empty when a parameter is wrong just clear Papaverine (pəˈpævəriːn is an Opium Alkaloid used primarily in the treatment of visceral Spasm, Vasospasm (especially those involving the As yet, it is premature for general conclusions. However, the highest thebaine percentages found (nearly 5%) were in some samples from Indochina, which at the same time had virtually no papaverine. Both thebaine and papaverine have been high in most Iranian samples run. Papaverine is low in some Afghan and Indian opiums.

Thebaine is the most poisonous opium alkaloid and is scarcely used for medical purposes. It is even omitted from some of the preparations of mixed opium alkaloids that are used as soluble substitutes for opium. Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( However, it is converted into several other narcotics that have medical use: hydrocodone, acetyldihydrocodeine, oxycodone, and the highly-potent and powerful narcotic oxymorphone. Hydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone is a semi-synthetic Opioid derived from two of the naturally occurring Opiates Codeine and Thebaine Acetyldihydrocodeine is an Opiate derivative developed in Germany around 1900 as a cough suppressant and Analgesic. Oxycodone is an Opioid Analgesic Medication synthesized from Thebaine. Oxymorphone ( Opana, Numorphan, Numorphone) or 14-Hydroxydihydro Morphinone is a powerful semi-synthetic Opioid Analgesic

Papaverine has a considerable medical use, so much so that supplies available from opium have sometimes run short. It is then manufactured synthetically. [3]

Terminology

In the traditional sense, opiate has referred to not only the alkaloids in opium but also the natural and semi-synthetic derivatives of morphine (itself an opiate). Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in The term is often incorrectly used to refer to all drugs with opium- or morphine-like pharmacological action, which are more properly classified under the broader term opioid. Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs An opioid is a chemical Substance that has a Morphine -like action in the body

References

1. ^ Mallinckrodt MSDS.
2. ^ Anil Aggrawal. Narcotic Drugs.
3. ^ Sporer KA, Dorn E. . Heroin-related noncardiogenic pulmonary edema : a case series..
4. ^ Steensen P, Jørgensen HS, Juhl B. . Heroin-induced pulmonary edema.
5. ^ Lethal Acute Pulmonary Edema Following Intravenous Naloxone in A Patient Received Unrelated Bone Marrow Transplantation.
6. ^ Effectiveness of morphine in non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema due to chlorine gas inhalation..
7. ^ Mattu A, Martinez JP, Kelly BS. . Modern management of cardiogenic pulmonary edema..
8. ^ Annett, Harold Edward, "Factors Influencing Alkaloidal Content and Yield of Latex in the Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum)". Biochemical Journal, 14, 618–36 (1920).

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