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U.S. Army Signal Corps photo taken during third day of the trial of captured German saboteurs, July 1942.
U. S. Army Signal Corps photo taken during third day of the trial of captured German saboteurs, July 1942.

Operation Pastorius was a failed plan for a sabotage in series of attacks by Nazi German agents inside the United States. Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy oppressor or employer through subversion obstruction disruption and/or destruction Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The operation was staged in June 1942 and was to be directed against strategic U. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. S. economic targets. The operation was named by Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, chief of the German Abwehr, for Francis Daniel Pastorius, the leader of the first organized settlement of Germans in America. Wilhelm Franz Canaris ( January 1, 1887 &ndash April 9, 1945) was a German Admiral and head of the Abwehr The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944 Francis Daniel Pastorius ( September 26, 1651 – c January 1, 1720) was the founder of Germantown Pennsylvania, now part

Contents

Agents

Recruited for the operation were eight Germans who had lived in the United States. Two of them, Ernest Burger and Herbert Haupt, were American citizens. Herbert Hans Haupt ( December 21, 1919 &ndash August 8, 1942) was a German-American United States citizen executed as an The others, George John Dasch, Edward John Kerling, Richard Quirin, Heinrich Harm Heinck, Hermann Otto Neubauer and Werner Thiel, had worked at various jobs in the United States. George John Dasch ( February 7, 1903 &ndash1992 was a German Spy and Saboteur who landed on

Mission

Their mission was to stage sabotage attacks on American economic targets: hydro-electric plants at Niagara Falls; the Aluminum Company of America's plants in Illinois, Tennessee and New York; locks on the Ohio River near Louisville, Kentucky; the Horseshoe Curve, a crucial railroad pass near Altoona, Pennsylvania, as well as the Pennsylvania Railroad's repair shops at Altoona [1] ; a cryolite plant in Philadelphia; Hell Gate Bridge in New York; and Pennsylvania Station in Newark, New Jersey. The Niagara Falls are massive Waterfalls on the Niagara River, straddling the international border separating the Canadian province of Ontario Alcoa Inc ( is the world's third largest producer of Aluminum, behind Rio Tinto Alcan and Rusal. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. Horseshoe Curve is a famous Railroad curve in central Pennsylvania in the United States (it is a horseshoe curve) Altoona is a city in Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. The Pennsylvania Railroad was an American Railroad, founded in 1846 Cryolite ( Na 3 Al[[fluorine F]]6 Sodium hexafluoroaluminate) is an uncommon Mineral identified with the once large deposit Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The Hell Gate Bridge (originally the New York Connecting Railroad Bridge or The East River Arch Bridge) is a 1017-foot (310 m steel arch railroad Pennsylvania Station in Newark New Jersey (also known as Newark Penn Station) is a railroad/subway/bus transportation hub Newark is the largest city in New Jersey, United States and the County seat of Essex County. They were given a quick course in sabotage techniques, given nearly $175,000 in American money and put aboard two submarines to land on the east coast of the United States. Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy oppressor or employer through subversion obstruction disruption and/or destruction U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Amagansett Coast Guard station at Atlantic Avenue Beach in Amagansett, New York. The station was moved in 1966 to a private residence to protect it from demolition. In May 2007, the structure was moved back to near its original location.
Amagansett Coast Guard station at Atlantic Avenue Beach in Amagansett, New York. Amagansett, founded in 1680 is a hamlet and a Census-designated place in Suffolk County, New York on the South Shore of The station was moved in 1966 to a private residence to protect it from demolition. In May 2007, the structure was moved back to near its original location.

On June 13, 1942, the first submarine (U-202 the Innsbruck) [2] landed in Amagansett, New York. Amagansett, founded in 1680 is a hamlet and a Census-designated place in Suffolk County, New York on the South Shore of This is about 115 miles east of New York City, on Long Island, at what today is Atlantic Avenue beach. The City of New York Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches It was carrying George Dasch, who was the head of the team, and three other saboteurs (Burger, Quirin, and Henck). The team came ashore wearing military uniforms so that if they were captured they would be classified as prisoners of war rather than spies. They also brought ashore, and buried, enough explosives, primers, and incendiaries to support an expected two-year career in the sabotage of American defense-related production. [3] The group had not fully changed into civilian clothes when an unarmed Coast Guardsman, John C. Cullen, spotted the Germans. One of them tried to bribe him. Cullen, however, returned to his station and reported the encounter to his superiors. By that time the Germans, weary from their transatlantic trip, had taken a train into New York City.

The second submarine, U-584, with the other four-member team headed by Kerling, landed at Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, south of Jacksonville on June 16, 1942. This page is for the community in Florida For other places see Pontevedra (disambiguation. Without any incident, this second group of Germans started their mission by boarding trains to Chicago and Cincinnati. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States.

Arrest and trial

Two of the Germans in New York, Dasch and Burger, decided to back out of the mission. Dasch went to Washington, D.C., and turned himself in to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D He was dismissed as a crackpot by numerous agents, until he finally dumped his mission's entire budget of $84,000 on the desk of Assistant Director D. M. Ladd. At this point the defection was taken seriously and Dasch was interrogated for hours. [4] None of the others knew of the betrayal. Over the next two weeks, Burger and the other six were arrested, and all eight were put on trial before a seven-member military commission on specific instructions from President Franklin D. Roosevelt. A military tribunal is a kind of Military Court designed to try members of enemy forces during Wartime operating outside the scope of conventional They were charged with 1) violating the law of war; 2) violating Article 81 of the Articles of War, defining the offense of corresponding with or giving intelligence to the enemy; 3) violating Article 82 of the Articles of War, defining the offense of spying; and 4) conspiracy to commit the offenses alleged in the first three charges. The Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ,,) is the foundation of Military law in the United States.

Lawyers for the accused, who included Lauson Stone and Kenneth Royall, attempted to have the case tried in a civilian court, but were rebuffed by the Supreme Court in Ex parte Quirin. Lauson Harvey Stone (1905 in Manhattan - November 7 1999 in Brooklyn son of US Chief Justice Harlan Stone, was US a lawyer and civic leader Kenneth Claiborne Royall ( July 24, 1894 &ndash May 25, 1971) was a United States Army General and the last person to The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Ex parte Quirin,, is a Supreme Court of the United States case that upheld the jurisdiction of a United States Military tribunal over the trial The trial was held in the Department of Justice building in Washington. For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department All eight defendants were found guilty and sentenced to death. Roosevelt commuted Burger's sentence to life and Dasch's to 30 years, because they had turned themselves in and provided information about the others. The others were executed on August 8, in the electric chair on the third floor of the District of Columbia jail and buried in a potter's field called Blue Plains in the Anacostia area of Washington. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Execution by electrocution (usually referred to after its method of implementation as the Electric Chair) is an execution method originating in the United States in which the Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D A potter's field is a place for the burial of unknown or indigent people Anacostia is a historic Neighborhood in Washington DC Its historic downtown is located at the intersection of Good Hope Road and Martin Luther King Jr In 1948, President Harry S. Truman granted executive clemency to Dasch and Burger on the condition that they be deported to the American Zone of occupied Germany. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. As a consequence of Germany 's defeat in World War II and the onset of the Cold War, the country was split between the two global blocs in the East and West

Photographs of targets

Hell Gate Bridge New York City, New York

Horseshoe Curve Altoona, Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania Station in Newark, New Jersey

References

  1. ^ [1] Railfan's Guide to the Altoona Area
  2. ^ [2]U-202 The "Innsbruck"
  3. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation: George John Dasch and the Nazi SaboteursFBI Famous Cases
  4. ^ Damn Interesting » Operation Pastorius

Further information

See also

Attacks on North America during World War II by the Axis Powers were rare mainly due to the continent's Geographical separation from the central The Duquesne Spy Ring is the largest Espionage case in United States history that ended in convictions
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