Gladio (Italian, from Latin gladius, meaning sword) is a code name denoting the clandestine NATO "stay-behind" operation in Italy after World War II, intended to counter an eventual Warsaw Pact invasion of Western Europe. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Gladius is a Latin word for Sword. Early ancient Roman swords were similar to those used by the Greeks The North Atlantic Treaty In a stay-behind operation a country places secret operatives or organisations in its own territory for use in the event that the territory is overrun by an enemy Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. Although Gladio specifically refers to the Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind organisations, Operation Gladio is used as an informal name for all stay-behind organisations.

Operating in all of NATO and even in some neutral countries or in Spain before its 1982 adhesion to NATO, Gladio was first coordinated by the Clandestine Committee of the Western Union (CCWU), founded in 1948. After the creation of NATO in 1949, the CCWU was integrated into the Clandestine Planning Committee (CPC), founded in 1951 and overseen by the SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe), transferred to Belgium after France’s official withdrawal from NATO in 1966 — which was not followed by the dissolution of the French stay-behind paramilitary movements. Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE) is the central command of NATO Military forces According to historian Daniele Ganser, one of the major researchers on the field, "Next to the CPC, a second secret army command center, labeled the Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC), was set up in 1957 on the orders of NATO's Supreme Allied Commander in Europe (SACEUR). Supreme Allied Commander is the title held by the most senior commander within certain multinational military alliances This military structure provided for significant US leverage over the secret stay-behind networks in Western Europe as the SACEUR, throughout NATO's history, has traditionally been a US General who reports to the Pentagon in Washington and is based in NATO's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in Mons, Belgium. Mons ( Dutch: Bergen, Picard: Mont) is a Walloon City and municipality located in the Belgian The ACC's duties included elaborating on the directives of the network, developing its clandestine capability, and organizing bases in Britain and the United States. In wartime, it was to plan stay-behind operations in conjunction with SHAPE. According to former CIA director William Colby, it was 'a major program'. William Egan Colby ( January 4, 1920 – April 27, 1996) spent a career in Intelligence for the United States culminating in holding "^[1]

The role of the CIA in sponsoring Gladio and the extent of its activities during the Cold War era, and its relationship to attacks perpetrated in Italy during the years of lead and other similar clandestine operations is the subject of ongoing debate and investigation. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Italy endured a period of political turmoil in the 1970s and early 1980s Italy, Switzerland and Belgium have had parliamentary inquiries into the matter. ^[2] The US State Department has denied involvement in terrorism and stated that some of the allegations and researchers, such as Ganser, have been influenced by what it and others describe as a Soviet forgery, US Army Field Manual 30-31B. The US Army Field Manual 30-31B is a forgery presented as a classified appendix to a US Army Field Manual purporting to describe top-secret Counter insurgency tactics ^[3]

Contents 1 General stay-behind structure 1.1 The European Parliament resolution concerning Gladio 2 Allegations 2.1 Gladio's strategy of tension and internal subversion operations 3 Gladio operations in NATO countries 3.1 First discovered in Italy 3.1.1 Giulio Andreotti's October 24, 1990 revelations 3.1.2 2000 Parliamentary report: a "strategy of tension" 3.1.3 General Maletti's testimony concerning alleged CIA involvement 3.1.4 A quick chronology of Italy's "strategy of tension" 3.1.5 The DSSA, another Gladio? 3.2 Belgium 3.3 France 3.4 Denmark 3.5 Germany 3.5.1 The 1980 Oktoberfest bomb blast 3.5.2 CIA's documents released in June 2006 3.5.3 Norbert Juretzko's 2004 revelations 3.6 Greece 3.7 The Netherlands 3.8 Norway 3.9 Portugal 3.10 Turkey 3.11 The United Kingdom 3.11.1 General Serravale's revelations 3.11.2 The Guardian's November 1990 revelations concerning plans under Margaret Thatcher 4 Parallel stay-behind operations in non-NATO countries 4.1 Austria 4.2 Finland 4.3 Ireland 4.4 Spain 4.5 Sweden 4.6 Switzerland 5 The Order of the Solar Temple mystery 6 FOIA requests and US State Department's 2006 communiquee 7 Politicians about Gladio 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Films 11 See also 12 External links

General stay-behind structure

After World War II, the UK and the US decided to create "stay-behind" paramilitary organizations, with the official aim of countering a possible Soviet invasion through sabotage and guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines. A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy oppressor or employer through subversion obstruction disruption and/or destruction Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Arms caches were hidden, escape routes prepared, and loyal members recruited: i. e. mainly hardline anticommunists, including many ex-Nazis or former fascists, whether in Italy or in other European countries. In the context of this article the term ex-Nazi, or more correctly ex-Nazi Party member refers either to those few who were once Nazis and resigned from the In Germany, for example, Gladio had as a central focus the Gehlen Org — also involved in ODESSA "ratlines" — named after Reinhard Gehlen who would become West Germany's first head of intelligence, while the predominantly Italian P2 masonic lodge was composed of many members of the neofascist Italian Social Movement (MSI), including Licio Gelli. Reinhard Gehlen ( April 3, 1902 - June 8, 1979) was a Generalmajor ( Major-General) in the German Army ( Wehrmacht ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates Reinhard Gehlen ( April 3, 1902 - June 8, 1979) was a Generalmajor ( Major-General) in the German Army ( Wehrmacht The Italian Social Movement, later Italian Social Movement–National Right ( Movimento Sociale Italiano–Destra Nazionale, MSI-DN was a neo-fascist Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919) is an Italian Financier, chiefly known for his role in the Its clandestine "cells" were to stay behind (hence the name) in enemy controlled territory and to act as resistance movements, conducting sabotage, guerrilla warfare and assassinations. A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups dedicated to fighting an Invader in an occupied country or the government of a sovereign nation

However, Italian Gladio was more far reaching. "A briefing minute of June 1, 1959, reveals Gladio was built around 'internal subversion'. It was to play 'a determining role. . . not only on the general policy level of warfare, but also in the politics of emergency'. In the 1970s, with communist electoral support growing and other leftists looking menacing, the establishment turned to the 'Strategy of Tension' . . . with Gladio eager to be involved. "^[4]

CIA founder Allen Dulles was one of the key people in instituting Operation Gladio, and most of Gladio’s operations were financed by the CIA. Allen Welsh Dulles (April 7 1893 &ndash January 29 1969 was the first civilian and the longest serving (1953-1961 Director of Central Intelligence (de-facto head of In an International Herald Tribune article dated November 13, 1990, Joseph Fitchett talked about the "Nato resistance", declaring that those anti-communist networks, which were present in all of Europe, including neutral countries like Sweden and Switzerland, were partly funded by the CIA. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Some went as far as claiming that Democrazia Cristiana leader Aldo Moro had been the "founder of (Italian) Gladio". Aldo Moro ( September 23, 1916 &ndash May 9, 1978) was an Italian Politician and two-time Prime Minister of Italy ^[5] However, whether these allegations are correct or not, his murder in 1978 put an end to the “historic compromise” (sharing of power) attempt between the PCI and the Christian Democracy (DC), thus accomplishing one of the alleged objectives of a strategy of tension. The term Historic Compromise ( Italian: "compromesso storico") most commonly refers to the accommodation between the Italian Christian Democrats A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda

Operating in all of NATO and even in some neutral countries or in Spain before its 1982 adhesion to NATO, Gladio was first coordinated by the Clandestine Committee of the Western Union (CCWU), founded in 1948. After the creation of NATO in 1949, the CCWU was integrated into the "Clandestine Planning Committee" (CPC), founded in 1951 and overseen by the SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe), transferred to Belgium after France’s official retreat from NATO — which was not followed by the dissolution of the French stay-behind paramilitary movements. Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE) is the central command of NATO Military forces

Ganser alleges that:

"Next to the CPC, a second secret army command center, labeled Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC), was set up in 1957 on the orders of NATO's Supreme Allied Commander in Europe (SACEUR). Supreme Allied Commander is the title held by the most senior commander within certain multinational military alliances This military structure provided for significant US leverage over the secret stay-behind networks in Western Europe as the SACEUR, throughout NATO's history, has traditionally been a US General who reports to the Pentagon in Washington and is based in NATO's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in Mons, Belgium. The ACC's duties included elaborating on the directives of the network, developing its clandestine capability, and organizing bases in Britain and the United States. In wartime, it was to plan stay-behind operations in conjunction with SHAPE. According to former CIA director William Colby, it was 'a major program'. William Egan Colby ( January 4, 1920 – April 27, 1996) spent a career in Intelligence for the United States culminating in holding "^[1]

"Coordinated by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), {the secret armies} were run by the European military secret services in close cooperation with the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the British foreign secret service Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, also MI6). The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency. Trained together with US Green Berets and British Special Air Service (SAS), these clandestine NATO soldiers, armed with underground arms-caches, prepared against a potential Soviet invasion and occupation of Western Europe, as well as the coming to power of communist parties. The Special Air Service ( SAS) is a Special forces regiment within the British Army which has served as a model and inspiration for the special The clandestine international network covered the European NATO membership, including Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey, as well as the neutral European countries of Austria, Finland, Ireland, Sweden and Switzerland.

'The existence of these clandestine NATO armies remained a closely guarded secret throughout the Cold War until 1990, when the first branch of the international network was discovered in Italy. It was code-named Gladio, the Latin word for a short double-edged sword [gladius]. Gladius is a Latin word for Sword. Early ancient Roman swords were similar to those used by the Greeks While the press said the NATO secret armies were 'the best-kept, and most damaging, political-military secret since World War II', the Italian government, amidst sharp public criticism, promised to close down the secret army. Italy insisted identical clandestine armies had also existed in all other countries of Western Europe. This allegation proved correct and subsequent research found that in Belgium, the secret NATO army was code-named SDRA8, in Denmark Absalon, in Germany TD BJD, in Greece LOK, in Luxemburg Stay-Behind, in the Netherlands I&O, in Norway ROC, in Portugal Aginter, in Switzerland P26, in Turkey Counter-Guerrilla, In Sweden AGAG (Aktions Gruppen Arla Gryning, and in Austria OWSGV. However, the code names of the secret armies in France, Finland and Spain remain unknown.

Upon learning of the discovery, the parliament of the European Union (EU) drafted a resolution sharply criticizing the fact (. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in . . ) Yet only Italy, Belgium and Switzerland carried out parliamentary investigations, while the administration of President George H. W. Bush refused to comment, being in the midst of preparations for war against Saddam Hussein in the Persian Gulf, and fearing potential damages to the military alliance. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 "^[1]

If Gladio was effectively "the best-kept, and most damaging, political-military secret since World War II", it must be underlined, however, that on several occasions, arms caches were discovered and stay-behind paramilitary organizations officially dissolved – only to be created again. But it was not until the 1990s that the full international scope of the program was disclosed to public knowledge. Giulio Andreotti, the main character of Italy’s post-WWII political life, was described by Aldo Moro to his captors as "too close to NATO", Moro thus advising them to be wary. Indeed, before Andreotti’s 1990 acknowledgement of Gladio’s existence, he had "unequivocally" denied it in 1974, and then in 1978 to judges investigating the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing. And even in 1990, "Testimonies collected by the two men [judges Felice Casson and Carlo Mastelloni investigating the 1972 Peteano fascist car bomb] and by the Commission on Terrorism on Rome, and inquiries by the Guardian, indicate Gladio was involved in activities which do not square with Andreotti's account. Felice Casson (born August 5, 1953, in Chioggia, Province of Venice) is an Italian Magistrate and Politician Links between Gladio, Italian secret services bosses and the notorious P2 masonic lodge are manifold (. . . ) In the year that Andreotti denied Gladio’s existence, the P2 treasurer, General Siro Rosetti, gave a generous account of 'a secret security structure made up of civilians, parallel to the armed forces' There are also overlaps between senior Gladio personnel and the committee of military men, Rosa dei Venti (Wind Rose), which tried to stage a coup in 1970. ”^[4]

The European Parliament resolution concerning Gladio

On November 22, 1990, the European Parliament passed a resolution condemning Gladio, requesting full investigations – which have yet to be done – and total dismantlement of these paramilitary structures – which, as of 2005, has not been proven. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU The resolution condemned "the existence for 40 years of a clandestine parallel intelligence" as well as "armed operations organization in several Member States of the Community", which "escaped all democratic controls and has been run by the secret services of the states concerned in collaboration with NATO. " Denouncing the "danger that such clandestine network may have interfered illegally in the internal political affairs of Member States or may still do so," especially before the fact that "in certain Member States military secret services (or uncontrolled branches thereof) were involved in serious cases of terrorism and crime," the Parliament demanded a "a full investigation into the nature, structure, aims and all other aspects of these clandestine organizations or any splinter groups, their use for illegal interference in the internal political affairs of the countries concerned, the problem of terrorism in Europe and the possible collusion of the secret services of Member States or third countries. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion " Furthermore, the resolution protested "vigorously at the assumption by certain US military personnel at SHAPE and in NATO of the right to encourage the establishment in Europe of a clandestine intelligence and operation network," asking "the Member States to dismantle all clandestine military and paramilitary networks" and to "draw up a complete list of organizations active in this field, and at the same time to monitor their links with the respective state intelligence services and their links, if any, with terrorist action groups and/or other illegal practices. " Finally, the Parliament called "on its competent committee to consider holding a hearing in order to clarify the role and impact of the 'Gladio' organization and any similar bodies," and instructed "its President to forward this resolution to the Commission, the Council, the Secretary-General of NATO, the governments of the Member States and the United States Government. "

A. having regard to the revelation by several European governments of the existence for 40 years of a clandestine parallel intelligence and armed operations organization in several Member States of the Community,

B. whereas for over 40 years this organization has escaped all democratic controls and has been run by the secret services of the states concerned in collaboration with NATO,

C. fearing the danger that such clandestine network may have interfered illegally in the internal political affairs of Member States or may still do so,

D. whereas in certain Member States military secret services (or uncontrolled branches thereof) were involved in serious cases of terrorism and crime as evidenced by, various judicial inquiries,

E. whereas these organizations operated and continue to operate completely outside the law since they are not subject to any parliamentary control and frequently those holding the highest government and constitutional posts are kept in the dark as to these matters,

F. whereas the various 'Gladio' organizations have at their disposal independent arsenals and military resources which give them an unknown strike potential, thereby jeopardizing the democratic structures of the countries in which they are operating or have been operating,

G. greatly concerned at the existence of decision-making and operational bodies which are not subject to any form of democratic control and are of a completely clandestine nature at a time when greater Community cooperation in the field of security is a constant subject of discussion,

1. Condemns the clandestine creation of manipulative and operational networks and Calls for a full investigation into the nature, structure, aims and all other aspects of these clandestine organizations or any splinter groups, their use for illegal interference in the internal political affairs of the countries concerned, the problem of terrorism in Europe and the possible collusion of the secret services of Member States or third countries;
2. Protests vigorously at the assumption by certain US military personnel at SHAPE and in NATO of the right to encourage the establishment in Europe of a clandestine intelligence and operation network;
3. Calls on the governments of the Member States to dismantle all clandestine military and paramilitary networks;
4. Calls on the judiciaries of the countries in which the presence of such military organizations has been ascertained to elucidate fully their composition and modus operandi and to clarify any action they may have taken to destabilize the democratic structure of the Member States;
5. Requests all the Member States to take the necessary measures, if necessary by establishing parliamentary committees of inquiry, to draw up a complete list of organizations active in this field, and at the same time to monitor their links with the respective state intelligence services and their links, if any, with terrorist action groups and/or other illegal practices;
6. Calls on the Council of Ministers to provide full information on the activities of these secret intelligence and operational services;
7. Calls on its competent committee to consider holding a hearing in order to clarify the role and impact of the 'Gladio' organization and any similar bodies;
8. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Commission, the Council, the Secretary-General of NATO, the governments of the Member States and the United States Government. The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. "^[6]

Allegations

Gladio has been accused of trying to influence policies through the means of "false flag" operations: a 2000 Italian Parliamentary Commission report from the Olive Tree left-wing coalition concluded that the strategy of tension used by Gladio had been supported by the United States to "stop the PCI (Italian Communist Party), and to a certain degree also the PSI (Italian Socialist Party), from reaching executive power in the country". A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda The Italian Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista Italiano, PSI was a democratic socialist / social democratic political party founded in Genoa

Propaganda Due (aka P2), a quasi-freemasonic organization, whose existence was discovered in 1981, was said closely linked to Gladio. Propaganda Due or P2 was a Masonic lodge operating under the jurisdiction of the Grand Orient of Italy from 1877 to 1976 (when its charter was withdrawn

P2 was outlawed and disbanded in 1981, in the wake of the Banco Ambrosiano scandal, which was linked to the Mafia and to the Vatican Bank. Banco Ambrosiano was an Italian bank which collapsed in 1982 At the centre of the bank's failure was its chairman Roberto Calvi and his membership in the illegal Its Grand Master, Licio Gelli, was involved in most of Italy’s scandals in the last three decades of the 20th century: Banco Ambrosiano’s crash; Tangentopoli, which gave rise to the Mani pulite ("Clean hands") anticorruption operation in the 1990s; the kidnapping and the murder of Prime Minister Aldo Moro in 1978 – the head of the secret services at the time, accused of negligence, was a piduista (P2 member). Tangentopoli ( Italian for bribesville) was the name used to indicate the corruption -based system in politics that had its heyday in Italy Mani pulite ( Italian for clean hands) was a nationwide Italian judicial investigation into Political corruption held in the 1990s following Aldo Moro ( September 23, 1916 &ndash May 9, 1978) was an Italian Politician and two-time Prime Minister of Italy Licio Gelli has often said he was a friend of Argentine President Juan Perón. Juan Domingo Perón (October 8 1895 &ndash July 1 1974 was an Argentine Colonel and Politician, elected three times as President of Argentina In any case, some members of Jorge Videla’s junta were discovered to be piduista, such as José López Rega, founder of the infamous anticommunist organization Triple A, Raúl Alberto Lastiri or Emilio Massera. Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes Buenos Aires) was the dictator and President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981 José López Rega ( 17 October 1916  &ndash 9 June 1989) was Argentina 's Minister of Social Welfare during the Peronist The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, usually known as Triple A or AAA was a Far-right Death squad active in Raúl Alberto Lastiri (1915-1978 was an Argentine politician who was interim president of Argentina from July 13 1973 until October 12 Emilio Eduardo Massera (born October 19, 1925, Paraná, Entre Ríos) is a former Argentine military officer and part of the 1976 The Vatican Bank was also accused of funneling covert US funds for the Solidarnosc trade union movement in Poland and the Contras in Nicaragua. The Contras is a label given to the various rebel groups opposing Nicaragua 's FSLN (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional Sandinista Junta of National ^[7]

Furthermore, Gladio has been linked to other events, such as Operation Condor^[8] and the 1969 killing of anticolonialist/independentist Mozambican leader Eduardo Mondlane by Aginter Press, the Portuguese "stay-behind" secret army, headed by Yves Guérin-Sérac - the allegation on Mondlane's death is disputed, with several sources stating that FRELIMO guerrilla leader Eduardo Mondlane was killed in a struggle for power within FRELIMO. For other uses of Operation Condor please see Operation Condor (disambiguation Operation Condor (Operación Cóndor Operação Condor was a campaign Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane ( June 20 1920 - February 23 1969) served as President of the Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO from 1962 Yves Guérin-Sérac was a French Anti-Communist Roman Catholic Activist, former officer of the French army and Veteran The Liberation Front of Mozambique, better known by the acronym FRELIMO, from the Portuguese Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (IPA /fɾeˈlimo/ In 1995, Attorney General Giovanni Salvi accused the Italian secret services of having manipulated proofs of the Chilean secret police’s (DINA) involvement in the 1975 terrorist attack on former Chilean Vice-President Bernardo Leighton in Rome. Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( English: National Intelligence Directorate) or DINA was the Chilean Secret police in the government Bernardo Leighton Guzmán (born on August 16 1909 - died on January 26 1995) was a Chilean Christian Democrat who was targeted A similar mode of operation can also be recognized in various Cold War events, for example between the June 20, 1973 Ezeiza massacre in Buenos Aires (Argentina), the 1976 Montejurra massacre in Spain{fact}} and the 1977 Taksim Square massacre in Istanbul (Turkey). Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. The Ezeiza massacre took place on June 20, 1973 near the Ezeiza International Airport in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Montejurra in Spanish and Jurramendi in Basque are the names of a mountain in Navarre (Spain region

After Giulio Andreotti's revelations and the disestablishment of Gladio, the last meeting of the "Allied Clandestine Committee" (ACC), was held according to the Italian Prime minister on October 23 and 24, 1990. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Despite this, various events have raised concerns about "stay-behind" armies still being in place. In 1996, the Belgian newspaper Le Soir revealed the existence of a racist plan operated by the military intelligence agencies. Le Soir (meaning The Evening) is a berliner Belgian newspaper In 1999, Switzerland was suspected of again creating a clandestine paramilitary structure, allegedly to replace the former P26 and P27 (the Swiss branches of Gladio). Furthermore, in 2005, the Italian press revealed the existence of the Department of Anti-terrorism Strategic Studies (DSSA), accused of being "another Gladio". The Department of Anti-terrorism Strategic Studies ( Italian: Dipartimento Studi Strategici Antiterrorismo, DSSA) is an Italian organization

Gladio's strategy of tension and internal subversion operations

Further information: Strategy of tension

NATO's "stay-behind" organizations were never called upon to resist a Soviet invasion, but their structures continued to exist after the collapse of the Soviet Union. A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda Internal subversion and "false flag" operations were explicitly considered by the CIA and stay-behind paramilitaries. According to a November 13, 1990 Reuters cable quoted by Statewatch, "André Moyen – a former member of the Belgian military security service and of the [stay-behind] network – said Gladio was not just anti-Communist but was for fighting subversion in general. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson He added that his predecessor had given Gladio 142 million francs ($4. 6 millions) to buy new radio equipment. "^[9] Ganser alleges that on various occasions, stay-behind movements became linked to right-wing terrorism, crime and attempted coups d'état:

"Prudent Precaution or Source of Terror?" the international press pointedly asked when the secret stay-behind armies of NATO were discovered across Western Europe in late 1990. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion After more than ten years of research, the answer is now clear: both. The overview aboves shows that based on the experiences of World War II, all countries of Western Europe, with the support of NATO, the CIA, and MI6, had set up stay-behind armies as precaution against a potential Soviet invasion. While the safety networks and the integrity of the majority of the secret soldiers should not be criticized in hindsight after the collapse of the Soviet Union, very disturbing questions do arise with respect to reported links to terrorism.

"There exist large differences among the European countries, and each case must be analyzed individually in further detail. As of now, the evidence suggests the secret armies in the seven countries, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Luxemburg, Switzerland, Austria, and the Netherlands, focused exclusively on their stay-behind function and were not linked to terrorism. However, links to terrorism have been either confirmed or claimed in the nine countries, Italy, Ireland, Turkey, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, and Sweden, demanding further investigation. "^[1]

According to Daniele Ganser, only Italy, Belgium and Switzerland carried on parliamentary investigations, while the prosecution of various "black terrorists" (terrorismo nero, neofascist terrorism) in Italy was difficult. "On the eve of the 1980 Bologna bombing anniversary, Liberato Mancuso, the Bologna judge who had led the investigation and secured the initial convictions [of the Bologna bombers] broke six months of silence: "It is now understood among those engaged in the matter of democratic rights that we are isolated, and the objects of a campaign of aggression. The Bologna massacre (Strage di Bologna was a terrorist bombing at the Central Station of Bologna, Italy on the morning of August This is what has happened to the commission into the P2, and to the magistrates. The personal risks to us are small in comparison to this offensive of denigration, which attempts to discredit the quest for truth. In Italy there has functioned for some years now a sort of conditioning, a control of our national sovereignty by the P2 – which was literally the master of the secret services, the army and our most delicate organs of state" wrote The Guardian on August 3, 1990^[10]

Examples of such alleged terrorist acts include the strategy of tension in Italy, or the Oktoberfest bomb blast of 1980 in Munich. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) In an November 7, 1990 article from Le Monde, a Gladio official said that "depending on the cases, we would block or encourage far-left or far-right terrorism". Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Le Monde (The World is a ^[11]

Gladio operations in NATO countries

First discovered in Italy

Main article: Gladio in Italy

The Italian NATO stay-behind organization, dubbed "Gladio", was set up under Minister of Defense (from 1953 to 1958) Paolo Taviani's (DC) supervision. While " Stay-behind " Anti-communist networks existed in all NATO countries the Italian branch of Gladio was the first one to be discovered Paolo Emilio Taviani ( November 6, 1912 - June 18, 2001) was an Italian Politician. ^[12] However, Gladio's existence came to public knowledge when Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti revealed it to the Chamber of Deputies on October 24, 1990, although far-right terrorist Vincenzo Vinciguerra had already revealed its existence during his 1984 trial. Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian Politician of the centrist Christian Democratic party Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Vincenzo Vinciguerra is a former member of the neo-fascist ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' ("National Vanguard" and Ordine Nuovo ("New According to media analyst Edward S. Herman, "both the President of Italy, Francesco Cossiga, and Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, had been involved in the Gladio organization and coverup. Edward S Herman (born 7 April 1925) is an economist and media analyst with a specialty in corporate and regulatory issues as well as political economy and the media Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. . . "^[13]

Giulio Andreotti's October 24, 1990 revelations

Prime minister Giulio Andreotti (member of the Christian Democracy, DC) publicly recognized the existence of Gladio on October 24, 1990. Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian Politician of the centrist Christian Democratic party Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Andreotti spoke of a "structure of information, response and safeguard", with arms caches and reserve officers. He gave to the Commissione Stragi, the parliamentary commission led by senator Giovanni Pellegrino in charge of investigations on bombings committed during the years of lead in Italy, a list of 622 civilians who according to him were part of Gladio. Giovanni Pellegrino (born June 4, 1939) is an Italian politician currently the president of the Province of Lecce in Apulia. Italy endured a period of political turmoil in the 1970s and early 1980s Andreotti also assured that 127 weapons' cache had been dismantled, and pretended that Gladio had not been involved in any of the bombings committed from the 1960s to the 1980s (further evidence implicated neofascists linked to Gladio, in particular concerning the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing, the 1972 Peteano attack by Vincenzo Vinciguerra, the 1980 Bologna massacre in which SISMI officers were condemned for investigation diversion, along with Licio Gelli, head of Propaganda Due masonic lodge, etc. Piazza Fontana bombing (strage di Piazza Fontana identifies the massacre that was a result of a serious terrorist attack occurred on December 12 1969 when Vincenzo Vinciguerra is a former member of the neo-fascist ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' ("National Vanguard" and Ordine Nuovo ("New The Bologna massacre (Strage di Bologna was a terrorist bombing at the Central Station of Bologna, Italy on the morning of August Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare ( Military Intelligence and Security Service) was the Military intelligence agency of Italy Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919) is an Italian Financier, chiefly known for his role in the Propaganda Due or P2 was a Masonic lodge operating under the jurisdiction of the Grand Orient of Italy from 1877 to 1976 (when its charter was withdrawn ). Andreotti declared that the Italian military services (predecessors of the current SISMI had joined in 1964 the Allied Clandestine Committee created in 1957 by the US, France, Belgium and Greece, and which was in charge of directing Gladio's operations. ^[14] However, Gladio was actually set up under Minister of Defense (from 1953 to 1958) Paolo Taviani's supervision. Paolo Emilio Taviani ( November 6, 1912 - June 18, 2001) was an Italian Politician. ^[12] Beside, the list of Gladio members given by Andreotti was incomplete. It didn't include, for example, Antonio Arconte, who described an organization very different from the one brushed by Giulio Andreotti: an organization closely tied to the SID secret service and the Atlantist strategy. Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare ( Military Intelligence and Security Service) was the Military intelligence agency of Italy ^[15][16] According to Andreotti, the stay-behind organisations set up in all of Europe did not come "under broad NATO supervision until 1959" (David Pallister, Guardian, 5 December 1990^[17]). David Pallister is an investigative journalist with The Guardian.

2000 Parliamentary report: a "strategy of tension"

In 2000, a Parliament Commission report from the "Gruppo Democratici di Sinistra l'Ulivo" concluded that the strategy of tension had been supported by the United States to "stop the PCI, and to a certain degree also the PSI, from reaching executive power in the country". 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda The Italian Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista Italiano, PSI was a democratic socialist / social democratic political party founded in Genoa A 2000 Senate report, stated that "Those massacres, those bombs, those military actions had been organized or promoted or supported by men inside Italian state institutions and, as has been discovered more recently, by men linked to the structures of United States intelligence. " According to The Guardian, "The report [claimed] that US intelligence agents were informed in advance about several rightwing terrorist bombings, including the December 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing in Milan and the Piazza della Loggia bombing in Brescia five years later, but did nothing to alert the Italian authorities or to prevent the attacks from taking place. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Piazza Fontana bombing (strage di Piazza Fontana identifies the massacre that was a result of a serious terrorist attack occurred on December 12 1969 when The Piazza della Loggia bombing was a bombing that took place on the morning of May 28, 1974, in Brescia, Italy during a anti-fascist It also [alleged] that Pino Rauti [current leader of the MSI Fiamma-Tricolore party], a journalist and founder of the far-right Ordine Nuovo (new order) subversive organisation, received regular funding from a press officer at the US embassy in Rome. Giuseppe Umberto "Pino" Rauti (born November 19, 1926) has been a leading figure on the Italian Far right for many years The Tricolour Flame Social Movement, normally just Tricolour Flame ( Movimento Sociale Fiamma Tricolore, MS-FT is a neo-fascist Italian political Ordine Nuovo ( Italian for "New Order" complete name Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo, "New Order Scholarship Center" was an Italian 'So even before the 'stabilising' plans that Atlantic circles had prepared for Italy became operational through the bombings, one of the leading members of the subversive right was literally in the pay of the American embassy in Rome,' the report says. "^[18]

General Maletti's testimony concerning alleged CIA involvement

General Gianadelio Maletti, commander of the counter-intelligence section of the Italian military intelligence service from 1971 to 1975, alleged in March 2001 during the eight trial for the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombings that the CIA had foreknowledge of the event. ^[19] According to the Guardian, he said that. . .

"his men had discovered that a rightwing terrorist cell in the Venice region had been supplied with military explosives from Germany. Those explosives may have been obtained with the help of members of the US intelligence community, an indication that the Americans had gone beyond the infiltration and monitoring of extremist groups to instigating acts of violence"^[20]

General Maletti told the Italian court that "the CIA, following the directives of its government, wanted to create an Italian nationalism capable of halting what it saw as a slide to the left and, for this purpose, it may have made use of rightwing terrorism," and continued on by declaring: "I believe this is what happened in other countries as well. " Gianadelio Maletti also said to the court: "Don't forget that Nixon was in charge and Nixon was a strange man, a very intelligent politician but a man of rather unorthodox initiatives. "

General Maletti himself in the first Piazza Fontana trial received a four year sentence for providing a false passport to one of the accused bombers, this sentence was overturned in 1985. ^[21] Maletti received, while in exile, a 15-years sentence in 2000 for his role in trying to cover up a 1973 bomb attack in Milan against the Interior minister, Mariano Rumor (DC - 4 killed and 45 injured), but was acquitted on appeals. Mariano Rumor ( June 16, 1915 &ndash 22 January, 1990) was an Italian politician a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several ^[22] According to the court, General Maletti knew in advance of the plan of the attacker, Gianfranco Bertoli, allegedly an anarchist but in reality a right-wing activist and a "long-standing SID informant" according to The Guardian, but had deliberately failed to inform the interior minister of it. Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare ( Military Intelligence and Security Service) was the Military intelligence agency of Italy ^[20][1]

Responding to charges made by Maletti in La Repubblica one year earlier, the CIA called the allegation that it was involved in the attacks in Italy "ludicrous. la Repubblica (meaning "the Republic" is as of 2006 the largest circulation Italian daily general-interest newspaper. "^[23]

A quick chronology of Italy's "strategy of tension"

*1964 Operation Solo

In 1964, Gladio was involved in a silent coup d'état when General Giovanni de Lorenzo in Operation Solo forced the Italian Socialists Ministers to leave the government. ^[24]

*1969 Piazza Fontana bombing

According to Avanguardia Nazionale member Vincenzo Vinciguerra: "The December 1969 explosion was supposed to be the detonator which would have convinced the politic and military authorities to declare a state of emergency"^[25]

*1970 Golpe Borghese

In 1970, the failed coup attempt Golpe Borghese gathered, around fascist Junio Valerio Borghese, international terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie and P2 headmaster Licio Gelli. Piazza Fontana bombing (strage di Piazza Fontana identifies the massacre that was a result of a serious terrorist attack occurred on December 12 1969 when The National Vanguard (Avanguardia Nazionale is a name that has been used for at least two neo-fascist groups in Italy. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies The Golpe Borghese (also known as " Tora Tora " was allegedly a failed Italian Coup d'état that was planned to take place in the night of 7 Prince Junio Valerio Scipione Borghese ( 6 June 1906 &ndash 26 August 1974) was an Italian naval Commander during Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 13 September 1936 in Caserta) is a Neofascist Italian activist (founder of ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' and

*1972 Gladio meeting

According to The Guardian, "General Geraldo Serravalle, a former head of "Office R", told the terrorism commission that at a crucial Gladio meeting in 1972, at least half of the upper echelons "had the idea of attacking the communists before an invasion. They were preparing for civil war. " Later, he put it more bluntly: "They were saying this: "Why wait for the invaders when we can make a preemptive attack now on the communists who would support the invader? The idea is now emerging of a Gladio web made up of semi-autonomous cadres which – although answerable to their secret service masters and ultimately to the NATO-CIA command – could initiate what they regarded as anti-communist operations by themselves, needing only sanction and funds from the existing 'official' Gladio column (. . . ) General Nino Lugarese, head of SISMI from 1981-84 testified on the existence of a 'Super Gladio' of 800 men responsible for 'internal intervention' against domestic political targets. Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare ( Military Intelligence and Security Service) was the Military intelligence agency of Italy "^[4]

*May 31, 1972 Peteano massacre

Magistrate Felice Casson discovered that "the explosives used in the attack came from one of 139 secret weapons depots of a secret army organized under the code name Operation Gladio". Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Felice Casson (born August 5, 1953, in Chioggia, Province of Venice) is an Italian Magistrate and Politician ^[13] Neofascist Vincenzo Vinciguerra confessed in 1984 to judge Felice Casson of having carried out the Peteano terrorist attack, in which three policemen died, and for which the Red Brigades (BR) had been blamed before. Felice Casson (born August 5, 1953, in Chioggia, Province of Venice) is an Italian Magistrate and Politician Vinciguerra explained during his trial how he had been helped by Italian secret services to escape the police and to fly away to Francoist Spain. However, he was abandoned by NATO as soon as he started talking about Gladio, declaring for example during his 1984 trial:

"with the massacre of Peteano and with all those that have followed, the knowledge should now be clear that there existed a real live structure, occult and hidden, with the capacity of giving a strategic direction to the outrages. [This structure] lies within the states itself. There exists in Italy a secret force parallel to the armed forces, composed of civilians and military men, in an anti-Soviet capacity, that is, to organise a resistance on Italian soil against a Russian army. . . A super-organization which, lacking a Soviet military invasion which might not happen, took up the task, on NATO's behalf, of preventing a slip to the left in the politcial balance of the country. This they did, with the assistance of the official secret services and the political and military forces. . . " He then said to The Guardian, in 1990: "I say that every single outrage that followed from 1969 fitted into a single, organised matrix. . . Avanguardia Nazionale, like Ordine Nuovo (the main right-wing terrorist group active during the 1970s), were being mobilised into the battle as part of an anti-communist strategy originating not with organisations deviant from the institutions of power, but from within the state itself, and specifically from within the ambit of the state's relations within the Atlantic Alliance. Ordine Nuovo ( Italian for "New Order" complete name Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo, "New Order Scholarship Center" was an Italian "^[4][1]

*November 23, 1973 Bombing of the plane Argo 16

According to a December 1, 1990 article by The Independent, quoted by Statewatch, "General Geraldo Serravalle, head of Gladio from 1971 to 1974, told a television programme that he now thought the explosion aboard the plane Argo 16 on 23 November 1973 was probably the work of gladiatori who were refusing to hand over their clandestine arms. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Argo 16 was the codename of an Italian Air Force aircraft registration MM61832 used by the Italian Secret Service and the Central Intelligence Agency The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. Argo 16 was the codename of an Italian Air Force aircraft registration MM61832 used by the Italian Secret Service and the Central Intelligence Agency Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Until then it was widely believed the sabotage was carried out by Mossad, the Israeli foreign service, in retaliation for the pro-Libyan Italian government’s decision to expel, rather than try, five Arabs who had tried to blow up an Israeli airliner. The Mossad ( HaMossad leModi'in v'leTafkidim Meyuhadim) (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים - Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations The Arabs had been spirited out of the country on board the Argo 16. ”^[6]

*1974 Piazza della Loggia bombing, Italicus Express massacre, and arrest of Vito Miceli, chief of the Army intelligence service and member of P2, on charges of "conspiracy against the state"

In 1974, a massacre committed by Ordine Nuovo, during an anti-fascist demonstration in Brescia, kills eight and injures 102. The Piazza della Loggia bombing was a bombing that took place on the morning of May 28, 1974, in Brescia, Italy during a anti-fascist On the night of August 4, 1974, a bomb exploded in car #5 of the Rome - Brenner express Train, killing 12 and injuring The same year, a bomb in the Rome to Munich train "Italicus Express" kills 12 and injures 48. Also in 1974, Vito Miceli, P2 member, chief of the SIOS (Servizio Informazioni), Army Intelligence's Service from 1969 and SID's head from 1970 to 1974, got arrested on charges of "conspiration against the state" concerning investigations about Rosa dei venti, a state-infiltrated group involved in terrorist acts. Vito Miceli (1916&ndash1990 was an Italian General and Politician. Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare ( Military Intelligence and Security Service) was the Military intelligence agency of Italy During his trial, he revealed the existence of the NATO stay-behind secret army.

*1977 Reorganization of Italian secret services following Vito Micelli's arrest

In 1977, the secret services were thus reorganized in a democratic attempt. With law#801 of 24/10/1977, SID was divided into SISMI (Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare), SISDE (Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Democratica) and CESIS (Comitato Esecutivo per i Servizi di Informazione e Sicurezza). Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare ( Military Intelligence and Security Service) was the Military intelligence agency of Italy Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare ( Military Intelligence and Security Service) was the Military intelligence agency of Italy Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Democratica (Intelligence and Democratic Security Service was the domestic Intelligence agency of Italy. Comitato Esecutivo per i Servizi di Informazione e Sicurezza (Executive Committee for Intelligence and Security Services was a government committee whose mission was the coordination of The CESIS was given a coordination role, led by the President of Council. Prime Ministers of Italy (1861-Present Presidents of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946 Presidents of the Council of Ministers

*1978 Murder of Aldo Moro

Prime minister Aldo Moro was murdered in May 1978 by the Second Red Brigades (BR), headed by Mario Moretti, in obscure circumstances. Aldo Moro ( September 23, 1916 &ndash May 9, 1978) was an Italian Politician and two-time Prime Minister of Italy Mario Moretti (born January 16 1946 in Porto San Giorgio) is an Italian former terrorist The head of the Italian secret services, accused of negligence, was a P2 member. The so-called "historic compromise" between the Christian-Democracy and the PCI was abandoned:

"As the conspiracy theorists would have it, Mr. The term Historic Compromise ( Italian: "compromesso storico") most commonly refers to the accommodation between the Italian Christian Democrats Moro was allowed to be killed either with the acquiescence of people high in Italy’s political establishment, or at their instigation, because of the historic compromise he had made with the Communist Party" (The Independent, November 16, 1990, quoted by Statewatch^[6])

"During his captivity, Aldo Moro wrote several letters to various political figures, including Giulio Andreotti. The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) In October 1990, "a cache of previously unknown letters written by the former Prime Minister, Aldo Moro, just prior to his execution by Red Brigade terrorists in 1978. . . was discovered in a Milan apartment which had once been used as a Red Brigade hideout. One of those letters made reference to the involvement of both NATO and the CIA in an Italian-based secret service, 'parallel' army", wrote The Irish Times on November 15, 1990 (quoted by Statewatch,^[6]). The Irish Times is an Irish daily broadsheet news paper launched in the late 1850s. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) "This safe house had been thoroughly searched at the time by Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, the head of counter-terrorism. Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa ( Saluzzo, September 27, 1920 – Palermo, 3 September, 1982) was a general of the Italian How is it that the papers had not been revealed before?" asked The Independent on November 16, 1990. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) ^[6] Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa was murdered in 1982 (see below).

In May 1978, investigative journalist Mino Pecorelli thought that Aldo Moro's kidnapping had been organised by a "lucid superpower" and was inspired by the "logic of Yalta". Carmine Pecorelli ( September 14, 1928, Sessano del Molise - March 20, 1979) known as Mino, was an Italian "maverick The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February He painted the figure of General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa as "general Amen," explaining that it was him that, during Aldo Moro's kidnap, had informed Interior Minister Francesco Cossiga of the localization of the cave where Moro was detained. Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa ( Saluzzo, September 27, 1920 – Palermo, 3 September, 1982) was a general of the Italian Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. In 1978, Pecorelli wrote that Dalla Chiesa was in danger and would be assassinated (Dalla Chiesa was murdered four years later). After Aldo Moro's assassination, Mino Pecorelli published some confidential documents, mainly Moro's letters to his family. In a cryptic article published in May 1978, wrote The Guardian in May 2003, Pecorelli drew a connection between Gladio, NATO's stay-behind anti-communist organisation (which existence was publicly acknowledged by Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti in October 1990) and Moro's death. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian Politician of the centrist Christian Democratic party During his interrogation, Aldo Moro had referred to "NATO's anti-guerrilla activities. "^[26] Mino Pecorelli, who was on Licio Gelli's list of P2 members discovered in 1980, was assassinated on March 20, 1979. Licio Gelli (born in Pistoia, Tuscany, April 21, 1919) is an Italian Financier, chiefly known for his role in the Propaganda Due or P2 was a Masonic lodge operating under the jurisdiction of the Grand Orient of Italy from 1877 to 1976 (when its charter was withdrawn Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The ammunitions used, a very rare type, where the same as discovered in the Banda della Magliana 's weapons stock hidden in the Health Minister's basement. The Banda della Magliana was an Italian Criminal organization based in Rome, particularly active throughout the late 1970s until the early 1990s Pecorelli's assassination has been thought to be directly related to Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, who was condemned to 20 years of prison for it in 2002 before having the sentence cancelled by the Supreme Court of Cassation in 2003. Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian Politician of the centrist Christian Democratic party The Supreme Court of Cassation (Corte Suprema di Cassazione is the major Court of last resort in Italy.

*1980 Bologna massacre

"The makings of the bomb. The Bologna massacre (Strage di Bologna was a terrorist bombing at the Central Station of Bologna, Italy on the morning of August . . came from an arsenal used by Gladio. . . according to a parliamentary commission on terrorism. . . The suggested link with the Bologna massacre is potentially the most serious of all the accusations levelled against Gladio, and comes just two days after the Italian Prime Minister, Giulio Andreotti, cleared Gladio’s name in a speech to parliament, saying that the secret army did not drift from its formal Nato military brief", wrote The Guardian on January 16, 1991 (quoted by Statewatch^[6]). In November 1995, Neo-Fascists terrorists Valerio Fioravanti and Francesca Mambro, members of the Nuclei Armati Revoluzionari (NAR), were convicted to life imprisonment as executors of the 1980 Bologna massacre. The NAR neofascist group worked in cooperation with the Banda della Magliana, a Mafia-linked gang which took over Rome's underground in the 1970s and was involved in various political events of the strategy of tension, including the Aldo Moro case, the 1979 assassination of Mino Pecorelli, a journalist who published articles alleging links between Prime minister Giulio Andreotti and the mafia, as well as the assassination of "God's Banker" Roberto Calvi in 1982. The Banda della Magliana was an Italian Criminal organization based in Rome, particularly active throughout the late 1970s until the early 1990s Carmine Pecorelli ( September 14, 1928, Sessano del Molise - March 20, 1979) known as Mino, was an Italian "maverick Roberto Calvi (Milan 13 April 1920 – London 17 June 1982 was an Italian Banker dubbed by the press as "God's Banker" The investigations concerning the Bologna bombing proved Gladio's direct influence: Licio Gelli, P2's headmaster, received a sentence for investigation diversion, as well as Francesco Pazienza and SISMI officers Pietro Musumeci and Giuseppe Belmonte. Avanguardia Nazionale founder Stefano Delle Chiaie, who was involved in the Golpe Borghese in 1970, was also accused of involvement in the Bologna massacre^[27][11]

*1982 murder of General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, head of counter-terrorism. Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 13 September 1936 in Caserta) is a Neofascist Italian activist (founder of ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' and Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa ( Saluzzo, September 27, 1920 – Palermo, 3 September, 1982) was a general of the Italian

General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa's 1982 murder, in Palermo, by Pino Greco, one of the Mafia Godfather Salvatore Riina's (aka Toto Riina) favorite hitmen, is allegedly part of the strategy of tension. Giuseppe "Pino" Greco ( January 4, 1952 - September 1985 was a Hitman and high-ranking member of the Sicilian Mafia Salvatore Riina, also known as Totò Riina (born November 16, 1930, Corleone) is a member of the Sicilian Mafia who Alberto Dalla Chiesa had arrested Red Brigades founders Renato Curcio and Alberto Franceschini in September, 1974, and was later charged of investigation concerning Aldo Moro. He had also found Aldo Moro's letters concerning Gladio.

*October 24, 1990 Giulio Andreotti’s acknowledgement of Operazione Gladio

After the discovery by judge Felice Casson of documents on Gladio in the archives of the Italian military secret service in Rome, Giulio Andreotti, head of Italian government, revealed to the Chamber of deputies the existence of "Operazione Gladio" on October 24, 1990, insisting that Italy has not been the only country with secret "stay-behind" armies. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian Politician of the centrist Christian Democratic party Felice Casson (born August 5, 1953, in Chioggia, Province of Venice) is an Italian Magistrate and Politician He made clear that "each chief of government had been informed of the existence of Gladio". Former Socialist Prime Minister Bettino Craxi said that he had not been informed until he was confronted with a document on Gladio signed by himself while he was Prime Minister. Benedetto (Bettino Craxi ( February 24, 1934 – January 19, 2000) was an Italian politician head of the Italian Socialist Party Former Prime Minister Giovanni Spadolini (Republican Party), at the time President of the Senate, and former Prime Minister Arnaldo Forlani, at the time secretary of the ruling Christian Democratic Party claimed they remembered nothing. Giovanni Spadolini ( Florence, June 21, 1925 &ndash Rome, August 4 1994) was a liberal Italian Arnaldo Forlani (born December 8, 1925) is an Italian politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy from October 18 Spadolini stressed that there was a difference between what he knew as former Defence Secretary and what he knew as former Prime Minister. Only former Prime Minister Francesco Cossiga (DC) confirmed Andreotti's revelations, explaining that he was even "proud and happy" for his part in setting up Gladio as junior Defence Minister of the Christian Democratic Party. Francesco Cossiga (born July 26, 1928) is an Italian politician and former President of the Italian Republic. This lit up a political storm, requests were made for Cossiga's (Italian President since 1985) resignation or impeachment for high treason. He refused to testify to the investigating Senate committee. Cossiga narrowly escaped his impeachment by stepping down on April 1992, three months before his term expired. Impeachment is the first of two stages in a specific process for a legislative body to forcibly remove a Government official ^[28]

*1998 David Carrett, officer of the U.S. Navy David Carrett, officer of the U. S. Navy, was indicted by magistrate Guido Salvini on charge of political and military espionage and his participation to the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing, among other events. Guido Salvini is an Italian judge, based in Milan. He issued European arrest warrants in 2005 against approximatively 20 CIA agents accused of Judge Guido Salvini also opened up a case against Sergio Minetto, Italian official for the US-NATO intelligence network, and pentito Carlo Digilio. Pentito ( Italian he who has repented, Plural pentiti) designates people in Italy who formerly part of criminal or terrorist La Repubblica underlined that Carlo Rocchi, CIA's man at Milan, was surprised in 1995 searching for information concerning Operation Gladio, thus demonstrating that all was not over. ^[25]

1969 Piazza Fontana bombing, which started Italy's anni di piombo, and the 1974 "Italicus Expressen" train bombing were also attributed to Gladio operatives. Piazza Fontana bombing (strage di Piazza Fontana identifies the massacre that was a result of a serious terrorist attack occurred on December 12 1969 when On the night of August 4, 1974, a bomb exploded in car #5 of the Rome - Brenner express Train, killing 12 and injuring In 1975, Stefano Delle Chiaie met with Pinochet during Franco's funeral in Madrid, and would participate afterward in operation Condor, preparing for example the attempted murder of Bernardo Leighton, a Chilean Christian Democrat, or participating in the 1980 'Cocaine Coup' of Luis García Meza Tejada in Bolivia. Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 13 September 1936 in Caserta) is a Neofascist Italian activist (founder of ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' and Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid For other uses of Operation Condor please see Operation Condor (disambiguation Operation Condor (Operación Cóndor Operação Condor was a campaign Bernardo Leighton Guzmán (born on August 16 1909 - died on January 26 1995) was a Chilean Christian Democrat who was targeted Luis García Meza Tejada (b August 8, 1932, La Paz, Bolivia) is a former Bolivian dictator In 1989, he was arrested in Caracas, Venezuela and extradited to Italy to stand trial for his role in the Piazza Fontana bombing. Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. Despite his reputation, Delle Chiaie was acquitted by the Assize Court in Catanzaro in 1989, along with fellow accused Massimiliano Fachini (as yet no convictions have been made for the attack). Catanzaro (Katantheros Katastarioi Lokroi is a city in Calabria, Italy, the capital of both the Province of Catanzaro and the whole region of Calabria According to Avanguardia Nazionale member Vincenzo Vinciguerra: "The December 1969 explosion was supposed to be the detonator which would have convinced the political and military authorities to declare a state of emergency"^[25]

The DSSA, another Gladio?

In July 2005, the Italian press revealed the existence of the Department of Anti-terrorism Strategic Studies (DSSA), a "parallel police" created by Gaetano Saya and Riccardo Sindoca, two leaders of the National Union of the Police Forces (UNPF), a trade-union present in all the state security forces. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies The Department of Anti-terrorism Strategic Studies ( Italian: Dipartimento Studi Strategici Antiterrorismo, DSSA) is an Italian organization Gaetano Saya ( Messina Italy, 1956 is a Far right Italian politician, leader of the National Right Neo-fascist party Both said they were former members of Gladio. According to the DSSA website — closed after these revelations — Fabrizio Quattrocchi, murdered in Iraq after being taken hostage, was there "for the DSSA". According to the Italian investigators, the DSSA was trying to obtain international and national recognition by intelligence agencies, in order to obtain finances for its parallel activities. Furthermore, Il Messaggero, quoted by The Independent, declared that, according to judicial sources, wiretaps suggested DSSA members had been planning to kidnap Cesare Battisti, a former communist activist. Il Messaggero (literal meaning The messenger) is an Italian Newspaper based in Rome. The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. Cesare Battisti (born 18 December 1954) is an Italian author of Thrillers, and a former member of the terrorist Armed Proletarians for Communism "We were seeing the genesis of something similar to the death squads in Argentina" (the AAA groups) the magistrate is reported to have said. A death squad is an armed Squad that kills civilians terrorists or guerillas For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, usually known as Triple A or AAA was a Far-right Death squad active in ^[29]

Belgium

Main article: Belgian stay-behind network

After the 1966 retreat of France from NATO, the SHAPE headquarter was displaced to Mons in Belgium. The Belgian stay-behind network, colloquially called " Gladio " was a secret mixed civilian and military unit trained to form a Resistance movement Mons ( Dutch: Bergen, Picard: Mont) is a Walloon City and municipality located in the Belgian In 1990, following France's denial of any "stay-behind" French army, Giulio Andreotti publicly said the last Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC) meeting, at which the French branch of Gladio was present, had been on October 23 and 24, 1990, under the presidency of Belgian General Van Calster, director of the Belgian military secret service SGR. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - The General Intelligence and Security Service ( GISS) known in Dutch as Algemene Dienst Inlichting en Veiligheid (ADIV and in French as Service Général du In November, Guy Coëme, the Minister of the Defense, acknowledged the existence of a Belgium "stay-behind" army, lifting concerns about a similar implication in terrorist acts as in Italy. The same year, the European Parliament sharply condemned NATO and the United States in a resolution for having manipulated European politics with the stay-behind armies. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU ^[24]

New legislation governing intelligence agencies' missions and methods was passed in 1998, following two government inquiries and the creation of a permanent parliamentary committee in 1991, which was to bring them under the authority of Belgium's federal agencies. The Commission was created following events in the 1980s, which included the Brabant massacres and the activities of far right group Westland New Post. The Killers of Brabant or the Nivelles gang ( "De Bende van Nijvel" or "de Bende" in Dutch, "Les Tueurs du Brabant" or Westland New Post ( WNP, also known as Westland National Socialistische Ordnung) was a Belgian neo-Nazi organization founded in March 1981 ^[30]

France

In 1947, Interior Minister Edouard Depreux revealed the existence of a secret stay-behind army in France codenamed "Plan Bleu". Édouard Depreux ( October 31, 1898 &mdash October 16, 1981) was a French socialist journalist Essayist and politician The next year, the "Western Union Clandestine Committee" (WUCC) was created to coordinate secret unorthodox warfare. In 1949, the WUCC was integrated into NATO, whose headquarters were established in France, under the name "Clandestine Planning Committee" (CPC). The North Atlantic Treaty In 1958, NATO founded the Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC) to coordinate secret warfare.

The network was supported with elements from SCEDE, and had military support from the 11th Choc regiment. The Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage ( External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service, SDECE) was France 's external The former director of DGSE, admiral Pierre Lacoste, alleged in a 1992 interview with The Nation, that certain elements from the network were involved with terrorist activities against de Gaulle and his Algerian policy. This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French A section of the 11th Choc regiment split over the 1962 Evian peace accords, and became part of the Organisation armée secrète (OAS), but it is unclear if this also involved members of the French stay-behind network. The Organisation de l'armée secrète ( OAS &mdash or Organisation armée secrète, lit ^[31][32]

La Rose des Vents and Arc-en-ciel ("Rainbow") network were part of Gladio. François de Grossouvre was Gladio's leader for the region around Lyon in France until his alleged suicide on April 7th, 1994. François de Grossouvre ( March 29, 1918, Vienne Isère – April 7, 1994, Paris) was a French Politician ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Captain Paul Barril, among others, said that Grossouvre was murdered. Paul Barril (13 April 1946 is a former officer of the French ''Gendarmerie Nationale''. ^[33] In any case, Grossouvre would have asked Constantin Melnik, leader of the French secret services during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62), to return to activity. The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from He was living in comfortable exile in the US, where he maintained links with the Rand Corporation. The RAND Corporation ( R esearch AN d D evelopment is a Nonprofit global policy Think tank first formed to offer research and analysis Constantin Melnik is alleged to have been involved in the creation in 1952 of the Ordre Souverain du Temple Solaire, an ancestor of the Order of the Solar Temple, in which the SDECE (French former military intelligence agency) was interested. The Order of the Solar Temple also known as Ordre du Temple Solaire ( OTS) in French, and the International Chivalric Organization of the Solar Tradition The Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage ( External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service, SDECE) was France 's external ^[34]

Denmark

The Danish stay-behind army was code-named Absalon, after a Danish archbishop, and led by E. Absalon (c 1128 &ndash March 21, 1201) was a Danish Archbishop and statesman J. Harder. It was hidden in the military secret service Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste (FE). The Danish Defence Intelligence Service ( DDIS) ( Danish: Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste, short FE (often but incorrectly FET) In 1978, William Colby, former director of the CIA, released his memoirs in which he described the setting-up of stay-behind armies in Scandinavia:

"The situation in each Scandinavian country was different. William Egan Colby ( January 4, 1920 – April 27, 1996) spent a career in Intelligence for the United States culminating in holding near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Norway and Denmark were NATO allies, Sweden held to the neutrality that had taken her through two world wars, and Finland were required to defer in its foreign policy to the Soviet power directly on its borders. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Thus, in one set of these countries the governments themselves would build their own stay-behind nets, counting on activating them from exile to carry on the struggle. These nets had to be co-ordinated with NATO's plans, their radios had to be hooked to a future exile location, and the specialised equipment had to be secured from CIA and secretly cached in snowy hideouts for later use. In other set of countries, CIA would have to do the job alone or with, at best, "unofficial" local help, since the politics of those governments barred them from collaborating with NATO, and any exposure would arouse immediate protest from the local Communist press, Soviet diplomats and loyal Scandinavians who hoped that neutrality or nonalignment would allow them to slip through a World War III unharmed. "^[35]

On November 25, 1990, Danish daily newspaper Berlingske Tidende, quoted by Daniele Ganser (2005), confirmed William Colby's revelations, by a source named "Q":

"Colby's story is absolutely correct. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Berlingske Tidende is a Danish daily Newspaper. Founded in 1749 by Ernst Henrich Berling, it is the oldest Danish newspaper still Absalon was created in the early 1950s. Colby was a member of the world spanning laymen Catholic organisation Opus Dei, which, using a modern term, could be called right-wing. Opus Dei, formally known as The Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei, is a part of the Roman Catholic Church that teaches the Catholic belief that everyone Opus Dei played a central role in the setting up of Gladio in the whole of Europe and also in Denmark. . . The leader of Gladio was Harder who was probably not a Catholic. But there are not many Catholics in Denmark and the basic elements making up the Danish Gladio were former [WW II] resistance people - former prisoners of Vestre Fængsel, Frøslevlejren, Neuengamme and also of the Danish Brigade. Vestre Fængsel is a Prison located in the Danish capital Copenhagen. Frøslev Prison Camp (Frøslevlejren Polizeigefangenenlager Frøslev was an Internment camp in German - occupied Denmark during World War Neuengamme is a quarter of the district Bergedorf within the City of Hamburg, Germany. "

Germany

Reinhard Gehlen, Nazi intelligence agent on the East front during the war, turned towards the US after the war, and set up the "Gehlen Organisation," which used many former Nazi party members for intelligence purpose in the frame of the Cold War. Reinhard Gehlen ( April 3, 1902 - June 8, 1979) was a Generalmajor ( Major-General) in the German Army ( Wehrmacht In the context of this article the term ex-Nazi, or more correctly ex-Nazi Party member refers either to those few who were once Nazis and resigned from the But alongside the Gehlen organisation, which became the nucleus of the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND, Federal Intelligence Service), West Germany's intelligence agency created in 1956, US intelligence also set up a German stay-behind network parallel (and juxtaposed) to the Gehlen Org (which also had a role in the organisation of the ODESSA network, used to exfiltrate Nazi war criminals). The Bundesnachrichtendienst ( Federal Intelligence Service, BND is the foreign Intelligence agency of the German government under the control of the West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates CIA documents released in June 2006 under the 1998 Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, more than fifteen years after Prime minister Giulio Andreotti's revelations concerning Gladio, show that the CIA organized "stay-behind" networks of German agents between 1949 and 1955. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group is a United States government interagency group which tasked with locating identifying ^[36]

One of these networks supported by the CIA was the Technische Dienst (TD, Technical Service) section within the Bund Deutscher Jugend (BDJ, Union of German Youth). The anti-communist BDJ was founded in 1950 by ex-Nazis Erhard Peters and Paul Lüth. The existence of TD came to light, after a speech in the Hesse Landtag by PM Georg August Zinn. ^[37] During the investigations into BDJ, which started in September 1952, a couple of arms caches were found, including one in Odenwald, Hesse. ^[38] The claim by August Zinn that the BDJ supposedly was in the possession of a list of Social Democracts and Communists to be liquidated in case of a Soviet invasion, including leading figures of the opposition Social Democratic Party^[39]) was denied by German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer ( 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967 was a German Statesman. ^[40] The BDJ was outlawed in January of 1953. ^[41][42]

Documents shown to the Italian parliamentary terrorism committee revealed that in the 1970s British and French officials involved in the network visited a training base in Germany built with US money. ^[39]

In 1976, the secret service BND secretary Heidrun Hofer was arrested after having revealed the secrets of the German stay-behind army to her husband, who was a spy of the KGB. KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty ^[24]

The 1980 Oktoberfest bomb blast

Revelations of a witness in the investigation of the Oktoberfest bomb blast of 1980 in Munich lead to the conclusion that the explosives might have come from the German Neo-Nazi Heinz Lembke. The Oktoberfest is a sixteen-day festival held each year in Munich, Bavaria, Germany during late September (and running to early October In 1981, German police by chance found an arms cache in the Lüneburg Heath, which led to the arrest of Lembke and the discovery of other arms caches in Lower Saxony. The Lüneburg Heath (Lüneburger Heide is a region in Lower Saxony, Germany. A few days later, Lembke hanged himself in prison. Lembke had been questioned in Oktoberfest investigation, but the public prosecutor's found no evidence that he supplied the explosives for the bombing. ^[43]

Lembkes arms caches were supposed to be connected to Gladio by a number of researchers and journalists. ^[44]

CIA's documents released in June 2006

One network included Staff Sergent Heinrich Hoffman and Lieutenant Colonel Hans Rues, and another one, codenamed Kibitz-15, was run by Lieutenant Colonel Walter Kopp, a former Wehrmacht officer, described by his own North American handlers as an "unreconstructed Nazi. Walter Kopp was Lieutenant Colonel of the Wehrmacht under the Third Reich. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 "^[45] In an April 1953 CIA memo released in June 2006, the CIA headquarters wrote: "The present furore in Western Germany over the resurgence of the Nazi or neo-Nazi groups is a fair example — in miniature — of what we would be faced with. The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, " Therefore some of these networks were dismantled. These documents stated that the ex-Nazis were a complete failure in intelligence terms. According to Timothy Naftali, a US historian from the University of Virginia who reviewed the CIA documents then released, "The files show time and again that these people were more trouble than they were worth. The University of Virginia (also called UVa, UVA, Mr Jefferson's University, or The University) is a highly selective public research The unreconstructed Nazis were always out for themselves, and they were using the West's lack of information about the Soviet Union to exploit it. "^[45] The US NARA Archives themselves stated in a 2002 communique, concerning Reinhard Gehlen's recruiting of former Nazis, that "Besides the troubling moral issues involved, these recruitments opened the West German government, and by extension the United States, to penetration by the Soviet intelligence services. The United States National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government charged "^[46]

Hans Globke, who had worked for Adolf Eichmann in the Jewish Affairs department and helped draft the 1935 Nuremberg laws, became Chancellor Konrad Adenauer's national security advisor in the 1960s, and "was the main liaison with the CIA and NATO" according to The Guardian. Hans Josef Maria Globke ( 10 September 1898 – 13 February 1973) was a jurist and high ranking public servant after World War II in The Nuremberg Laws ( German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer ( 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967 was a German Statesman. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ^[45] A March 1958 memo from the German BND agency to the CIA wrote that Adolf Eichmann is "reported to have lived in Argentina under the alias CLEMENS since 1952. The Bundesnachrichtendienst ( Federal Intelligence Service, BND is the foreign Intelligence agency of the German government under the control of the " However, the CIA did not pass the information on to the Israeli MOSSAD, as it feared revelations concerning its use of former Nazis for intelligence purposes — Eichmann, who was in charge of the Jewish Affairs department, was abducted by the MOSSAD two years later. The Mossad ( HaMossad leModi'in v'leTafkidim Meyuhadim) (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים - Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations Among these information that might have been revealed by Eichmann were the ones concerning Hans Globke, CIA's liaison in West Germany. At the request of Bonn, the CIA persuaded Life magazine to delete any reference to Globke from Eichmann's memoirs, which it had bought from his family. Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia ^[36]

Norbert Juretzko's 2004 revelations

In 2004 the German spymaster Norbert Juretzko published a book about his work at the BND. He went into details about recruiting partisans for the German stay-behind network. He was sacked from BND following a secret trial against him, because the BND could not find out the real name of his Russian source "Rubezahl" whom he had recruited. A secret trial is a trial that is not open to the public, nor reported in the news Rübezahl (- German; Krakonoš Liczyrzepa is the mountain spirit ( Woodwose) of the Karkonosze ( Krkonoše, Riesengebirge A man with the name he put on file was arrested by the KGB following treason in the BND, but was obviously innocent, his name having been chosen at random from the public phone book by Juretzko.

According to Juretzko, the BND built up its branch of Gladio, but discovered after the fall of the German Democratic Republic that it was 100% known to the Stasi early on. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state For the regular police in East Germany see Volkspolizei. The Ministerium für Staatssicherheit ( Ministry for State Security When the network was dismantled, further odd details emerged. One fellow "spymaster" had kept the radio equipment in his cellar at home with his wife doing the engineering test call every 4 months, on the grounds that the equipment was too "valuable" to remain in civilian hands. Juretzko found out because this spymaster had dismantled his section of the network so quickly, there had been no time for measures such as recovering all caches of supplies. Civilians recruited as stay-behind partisans were equipped with a clandestine shortwave radio with a fixed frequency. It had a keyboard with encryption, making use of Morse code unnecessary. They had a cache of further equipment for signalling helicopters or submarines to drop special agents who were to stay in the partisan's homes while mounting sabotage operations against the communists.

Greece

The aim of British Prime minister Winston Churchill was to prevent the communist-led EAM resistance movement from taking power after the end of World War II. The National Liberation Front (EAM ( Εθνικό Απελευθερωτικό Μέτωπο (ΕΑΜ, Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Metopo) was the main movement of the After the suppression of a pro-EAM uprising in April 1944 among the Greek forces in Egypt, a new and firmly reliable unit was formed, the Third Greek Mountain Brigade, which excluded "almost all men with views ranging from moderately conservative to left wing"^[47] After liberation in October 1944, EAM controlled most of the country. Greece entered World War II on 28 October 1940, when the Italian army invaded from Albania. When it organized a demonstration in Athens on December 3, 1944 against British interference, members of rightist and pro-royalist paramilitary organizations, as well as "British troops and police with machine guns. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. . . posited on the rooftops", suddenly shot on the crowd, killing 25 protesters (including a six-year-old boy) and wounding 148. ^[48] This marked the outbreak of the Dekemvriana, and subsequently led to the Greek Civil War. The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom

When Greece joined NATO in 1952, the country's special forces, the LOK (Lochoi Oreinōn Katadromōn, i. e. "Mountain Raiding Companies") were integrated into the European stay-behind network. The CIA and LOK reconfirmed on March 25, 1955 their mutual cooperation in a secret document signed by US General Trascott for the CIA, and Konstantinos Dovas, chief of staff of the Greek military. In addition to preparing for a Soviet invasion, the CIA instructed LOK to prevent a leftist coup. Former CIA agent Philip Agee, who was sharply criticized in the US for having revealed sensitive information, insisted that "paramilitary groups, directed by CIA officers, operated in the sixties throughout Europe [and he stressed that] perhaps no activity of the CIA could be as clearly linked to the possibility of internal subversion. Philip Burnett Franklin Agee ( July 19, 1935 &ndash January 7, 2008) was a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA Case officer "^[49]

The LOK was involved in the Greek military coup d'État on April 21, 1967,^[50] which took place one month before the scheduled national elections for which opinion polls predicted an overwhelming victory of the centrist Center Union of George and Andreas Papandreou. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. The Center Union ( EK, Greek: Ένωση Κέντρου, Enosi Kentrou) was a Greek political party created in 1961 by George Papandreou (in Greek Georgios Papandreou or Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου ( 18 February 1888 - 1 November 1968) was Andreas Georgiou Papandreou (Ανδρέας Γ Παπανδρέου ( 5 February, 1919 23 June, 1996) was a Greek economist Under the command of paratrooper Lieutenant Colonel Costas Aslanides, the LOK took control of the Greek Defence Ministry while Brigadier General Stylianos Pattakos gained control over communication centers, the parliament, the royal palace, and according to detailed lists, arrested over 10,000 people. Phillips Talbot, the US ambassador in Athens, disapproved of the military coup which established the "Regime of the Colonels" (1967-1974), complaining that it represented "a rape of democracy" - to which Jack Maury, the CIA chief of station in Athens, answered: "How can you rape a whore?". Regime of the Colonels redirects here For the Polish regime of colonels see Colonels' group. ^[24]

Arrested and then exiled in Canada and Sweden, Andreas Papandreou later returned to Greece, where he won the 1981 election for Prime minister, forming the first socialist government of Greece's post-war history. According to his own testimony, he discovered the existence of the secret NATO army, then codenamed "Red Sheepskin", as acting prime minister in 1984 and had given orders to dissolve it.

Following Giulio Andreotti's revelations in 1990, the Greek defence minister confirmed that a branch of the network, known as Operation Sheepskin, operated in his country until 1988. ^[51] The socialist opposition called for a parliamentary investigation into the secret army and its alleged link to terrorism and the 1967 coup d'état. Public order minister Yannis Vassiliadis declared that there was no need to investigate such "fantasies" as "Sheepskin was one of 50 NATO plans which foresaw that when a country was occupied by an enemy there should be an organised resistance. It foresaw arms caches and officers who would form the nucleus of a guerilla war. In other words, it was a nationally justifiable act. "

In December 2005, journalist Kleanthis Grivas published an article in To Proto Thema, a Greek Sunday newspaper, in which he accused "Sheepskin" for the assassination of CIA station chief Richard Welch in Athens in 1975, as well as the assassination of British military attaché Stephen Saunders in 2000. Richard Skeffington Welch (1929&mdash December 23, 1975) a Harvard educated classicist, was a CIA Station Chief killed by the radical Brigadier Stephen Saunders ( 1947 - 8 June 2000) the British military attaché in Athens, was killed on 8 June 2000 by This was denied by the US State Department, who responded that "the Greek terrorist organization '17 November' was responsible for both assassinations", and that Grivas's central piece of evidence had been the Westmoreland Field Manual which the State department, as well as an independent Congressional inquiry have alleged to be a Soviet forgery. Revolutionary Organization 17 November ( Greek: Επαναστατική Οργάνωση 17 Νοέμβρη Epanastatiki Organosi dekaefta Noemvri) (also known The US Army Field Manual 30-31B is a forgery presented as a classified appendix to a US Army Field Manual purporting to describe top-secret Counter insurgency tactics ^[3] The document in question, however, makes no specific mention of Greece, November 17th, nor Welch. The State Department also highlighted the fact that, in the case of Richard Welch, "Grivas bizarrely accuses the CIA of playing a role in the assassination of one of its own senior officials" while "Sheepskin" couldn't have assassinate Stephen Saunders for the simple reason, according to the US government, that "the Greek government stated it dismantled the “stay behind” network in 1988. "^[3]

The Netherlands

A large arms cache was discovered in 1983 near the village Velp. In 1990 the government by means of then-prime-minister Ruud Lubbers was forced to confirm that the arms were related to planning for unorthodox warfare. Rudolphus Franciscus Marie Lubbers or Ruud Lubbers (born 7 May 1939 was Prime minister of the Netherlands from 1982 &ndash 1994 He insisted that the Dutch organisation was, contrary to the operations in other European countries, totally independent from NATO command, and during wartime occupation would be commanded by the Dutch government in exile. The operating bureaus of the organisation would also move to safety in England or the USA at the first sign of trouble.

In his television show of 22 April 2007 Dutch crime journalist Peter R. De Vries revealed that weapons had been illegally supplied to Gladio well after the network was supposed to have been disbanded. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Peter Rudolf de Vries (born November 14, 1956) is a Dutch Crime Reporter with his own Television programme ^[24]

A Dutch investigative television program revealed on September 9, 2007, that an arms cache that belonged to Gladio was ransacked in the 1980s. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The cache was located in a forest near Scheveningen. Scheveningen (ˈsxeːfənɪŋə is one of the eight Districts of The Hague, as well as one of its subdistricts ( wijken) Some of stolen weapons later turned up, including hand grenades and machine guns, when police officials arrested criminals Sam Klepper and John Mieremet in 1991. Johannes (John/Johnny Mieremet (born May 10, 1960 &ndash died November 2, 2005) was a Dutch underworld figure associated with the The Dutch military intelligence agency, MIVD, feared at that time that the disclosure of the Gladio history of these weapons was politically explosive. Militaire Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst ( MIVD) is the Military Intelligence and Security Service of the ^[52][53]

Norway

In 1957, the director of the secret service NIS, Vilhelm Evang, protested strongly against the pro-active intelligence activities at AFNORTH, as described by the chairman of CPC: "[NIS] was extremely worried about activities carried out by officers at Kolsås. Etterretningstjenesten ( E-tjenesten) or the Norwegian Intelligence Service ( NIS) is a Norwegian military Intelligence agency Allied Forces Northern Europe (AFNORTH was the most northern NATO headquarter located at Kolsås outside Oslo. Kolsås is a wooded mountain ridge in the municipality of Bærum, Norway. This concerned SB, Psywar and Counter Intelligence. " These activities supposedly included the blacklisting of Norwegians. SHAPE denied these allegations. Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE) is the central command of NATO Military forces Eventually, the matter was resolved in 1958, after Norway was assured about how stay-behind networks were to be operated. ^[54]

In 1978, the police discovered an arms cache at a mountain cabin and arrested Hans Otto Meyer, a NIS officer. Meyer claimed that these were supplied by Norwegian intelligence. Rolf Hansen, defense minister at that time, stated the network was not in any way answerable to NATO and had no CIA connection. ^[55]

Portugal

Further information: Aginter Press

In 1966, the CIA set up Aginter Press which, under the direction of Captain Yves Guérin-Sérac (who had taken part in the founding of the OAS), ran a secret stay-behind army and trained its members in covert action techniques amounting to terrorism, including bombings, silent assassinations, subversion techniques, clandestine communication and infiltration and colonial warfare. Aginter Press ( Aka "Central Order and Tradition" was a pseudo press agency set up in Lisbon, Portugal in September 1966 under Oliveira Aginter Press ( Aka "Central Order and Tradition" was a pseudo press agency set up in Lisbon, Portugal in September 1966 under Oliveira Yves Guérin-Sérac was a French Anti-Communist Roman Catholic Activist, former officer of the French army and Veteran Aginter Press was suspected of having assassinated General Humberto Delgado (1906-1965), founder of the Portuguese National Liberation Front against Salazar's dictatorship (prominent historians and several sources also claim Delgado's assassination was performed by PIDE operational Rosa Casaco), as well as anti-colonialist leader Amilcar Cabral (1924-1973), founder of the PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde) and Eduardo Mondlane leader of the liberation movement FRELIMO (Frente de Libertação de Moçambique), in 1969 (prominent historians and several sources also claim Cabral's assassination was performed by indivuduals within Cabral's guerrilla movemment, the PAIGC, and Mondlane's death was work of his enemies inside FRELIMO - according to these versions, both assassinations were the result of struggles for power within the independentist movements). Humberto da Silva Delgado, GCL, pron. ũ'bɛɾtu dɛɫ'gadu ( 15 May 1906 in Brogueira, Torres Novas &ndash Portuguese National Liberation Front (in Portuguese: Frente Portuguesa de Libertação Nacional) was a Portuguese political movement founded in Rome António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ Pide can mean several things Pita, a type of flatbread typical of Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisines Amílcar Lopes Cabral ( September 12, 1924 – January 20, 1973) was an African agronomic engineer, writer Marxist The African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde ( Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde) or PAIGC is a Political party Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane ( June 20 1920 - February 23 1969) served as President of the Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO from 1962 The Liberation Front of Mozambique, better known by the acronym FRELIMO, from the Portuguese Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (IPA /fɾeˈlimo/ The African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde ( Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde) or PAIGC is a Political party The Liberation Front of Mozambique, better known by the acronym FRELIMO, from the Portuguese Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (IPA /fɾeˈlimo/ ^[56][24]

Turkey

See also: Multi-Party Period of Republic of Turkey and Deep state

In Turkey, the stay-behind army was known as "Counter-Guerrilla". The multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey started with the establishment of the opposition Liberal Republican Party ( Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası) by Ali (Derin devlet is said to be an influential anti-democratic coalition within the Turkish political system composed of high-level elements within the Turkish military security Related to the Millî İstihbarat Teşkilâtı (MIT), the Turkish intelligence agency, it engaged in domestic terror, supporting, as in Italy, a strategy of tension, which led to two military coups d'état in which it was directly involved. The National Intelligence Organization, or Millî İstihbarat Teşkilâtı ( MİT) in Turkish, is the governmental intelligence organization of A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda In 1971, after a military coup d'état carried on March 12, the stay-behind army Counter-Guerrilla engaged in domestic terror and killed hundreds. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving State terrorism refers to acts of Terrorism conducted by governments The overall death-toll of the terror of the 1970s is estimated at 5,000, with right-wing and terrorism responsible for the most part. According to statistics published by the British Searchlight magazine (n°47, May 1979, p. Searchlight is a British Anti-fascist Magazine, founded in 1975 which publishes exposés about Racism, Antisemitism 6), in 1978 there were 3,319 fascist attacks, in which 831 were killed and 3,121 wounded. In 1977, Counter-Guerrilla took part on the May 1, Taksim Square massacre, while left-wing newspaper editor Abdi İpekçi was murdered in 1979 by Mehmet Ali Ağca, a Grey Wolves member who later tried to assassinate the Pope John Paul II in 1980. The " Taksim Square Incidents " better known as the Taksim Square Massacre relates to the incidents on 1 May 1977, the international Abdi İpekçi ( August 9, 1929 – February 1, 1979) was a Turkish Journalist, Intellectual and an activist for Mehmet Ali Ağca (born January 9, 1958) is a Turkish Assassin, who shot and wounded Pope John Paul II on May 13, Grey Wolves (Bozkurtlar or Idealist Youth (Ülkücü Gençlik is the youth organization of the Turkish Nationalist Movement Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Pope General Kenan Evren staged a military coup and seized power in 1980. Ahmet Kenan Evren (born July 17, 1918) was the seventh President of Turkey; a post he assumed by leading the 1980 military coup. The September 12 1980 Turkish coup d'état, headed by Chief of the General Staff General Kenan Evren, was the third Coup d'etat in the history of The US-support of this coup was acknowledged by the CIA Ankara station chief Paul Henze. After the government was overthrown, Henze cabled Washington, saying, "our boys have done it". At the time there were some 1,700 Grey Wolves organizations in Turkey, with about 200,000 registered members and a million sympathisers. After being useful for the strategy of tension followed by Kenan Evren, the leader of the Counter-Guerrilla turned president outlawed the right-wing Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and the Grey Wolves, its youth organization. The Nationalist Movement Party (also translated as 'Nationalist Action Party' (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi MHP) is a Nationalist, Conservative The MHP had been founded in 1965 by Alparslan Türkeş, a member of the Counter-Guerrilla. Alparslan Türkeş ( November 25, 1917 in Nicosia, Cyprus &ndash April 5, 1997 in Ankara, Turkey Colonel Türkeş and other Grey Wolves were arrested. In its indictment of the MHP in May 1981, the Turkish military government charged 220 members of the MHP and its affiliates for 694 murders, according to Edward Herman and Frank Brodhead in The Rise and Fall of the Bulgarian Connection (New York, 1986, quoted by Ganser). Edward S Herman (born 7 April 1925) is an economist and media analyst with a specialty in corporate and regulatory issues as well as political economy and the media However, Grey Wolves' imprisoned members were offered release if they accepted to fight the Kurdish minority and the PKK,^[57] as well as the ASALA ("Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia"). The Kurdistan Workers' Party (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan or PKK, also called KADEK, Kongra-Gel, and KGK It is listed as a terrorist The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia ( ASALA) was a Militant Marxist-Leninist organization that operated from 1975 to 1986 and was They then went on to fight, with Counter-Guerrilla, Kurds, killing and torturing thousands in the 1980s, and also carrying false flag attacks in which the Counter-Guerrilla attacked villages, dressed up as PKK fighters, and raped and executed people randomly (Ganser, 2005). ^[58] The fact that Counter-Guerrilla had engaged in torture was confirmed by Talat Turhan, a retired Turkish lieutenant colonel. According to a December 5, 1990 article by the Swiss Neue Zürcher Zeitung, the Counter-Guerrilla had their headquarters in the building of the US DIA military secret service. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The Neue Zürcher Zeitung ( NZZ) is a major German language Swiss daily newspaper based in Zürich. ^[24] In addition, they carried out operations to assassinate the leader squad of ASALA, in which they succeeded.

Former Turkish prime minister Bülent Ecevit recalled he had learned of the existence of Turkish "stay-behind" armies for the first time in 1974. Mustafa Bülent Ecevit ( May 28, 1925 in Istanbul – November 5, 2006 in Ankara) was a Turkish Politician Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. At the time, the commander of the Turkish army, General Semih Sancar, had allegedly informed him the US had financed the unit since the immediate post-war years, as well as the MIT, the Turkish intelligence agency. The National Intelligence Organization, or Millî İstihbarat Teşkilâtı ( MİT) in Turkish, is the governmental intelligence organization of Ecevit declared he suspected Counter-Guerrilla's involvement in the 1977 Taksim Square massacre in Istanbul, during which snipers opened fire on a protest rally of 500 000 citizens, organized by trade unions on May 1, killing 38 and injuring hundred. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. In 1976, a demonstration gathering 100 000 against the domestic terror, for which Counter-Guerrilla was largely responsible, had already took place. The next year, the demonstrators were met with bullets. According to Ecevit, the shooting lasted for twenty minutes, yet several thousand policemen on the scene did not intervene. This mode of operation recalls the June 20, 1973 Ezeiza massacre in Buenos Aires, when the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (aka Triple A), founded by José Lopez Rega (a P2 member), opened fire on the left-wing peronists. The Ezeiza massacre took place on June 20, 1973 near the Ezeiza International Airport in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, usually known as Triple A or AAA was a Far-right Death squad active in José López Rega ( 17 October 1916  &ndash 9 June 1989) was Argentina 's Minister of Social Welfare during the Peronist . . According to Kurtulus Turkish magazine (n°99, September 19, 1998 - quoted by Ganser, 2005), Turkish CIA agent Hiram Abas who "was closer than his own brother" to the CIA chief of station in Istanbul Duane 'Dewey' Clarridge (quotes from Clarridge's 1997 memoirs An Agent for All Seasons), was present on the May Day massacre. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Duane Ramsdell "Dewey" Clarridge (1932– a CIA operative and supervisor for more than 30 years became famous in the mid-1980s for his role in the Contra The Hotel International, from which the shots were fired, belonged to the ITT company, which had already been involved in financing the September 11, 1973 coup against Salvador Allende in Chile and was on good terms with the CIA. The Chilean coup d'état of 1973 is a landmark in the History of Chile and the Russo-American Cold War. Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens (June 26 1908 – September 11 1973 was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup d'état of Hiram Abas had been trained in the US in covert action operations and as an MIT agent first gained notoriety in Beirut, where he cooperated with the Mossad from 1968 to 1971 and carried out attacks, "targeting left-wing youths in the Palestinian camps and receiving bounty for the results he achieved in actions" (Kurtulus n°99). The Mossad ( HaMossad leModi'in v'leTafkidim Meyuhadim) (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים - Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations Palestinian Refugee camps were established after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War to accommodate Palestinian refugees who fled from the war With MIT agent Mehmet Eymür, later promoted to direct the MIT's department for counter-espionage, Abas also participated in the Kizildere massacre of March 30, 1972, when they killed seven left-wing militants. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Other massacres include the Bahçelievler Massacre (October 9, 1978 - 7 university students who were members of the Turkish Worker's Party were assassinated by far-right activists including Abdullah Çatlı and Haluk Kırcı), March 16 Massacre (March 16, 1978 - At the exit of the school, the police and fascists bombed and shot the leftist students in Beyazıt Square, killing 7 people), Kahramanmaraş Massacre (December 23-24, 1978 - 111 Alauoites were killed according to the official figures, the actual number was predicted to be much higher) and many more. The Bahçelievler incident also known as Bahçelievler Massacre, is the name given to the events of October 9, 1978 in Bahçelievler Ankara, Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Workers' Party (in Turkish: İşçi Partisi) is a Political party in Turkey led by Doğu Perinçek. Abdullah Çatlı (1956— November 3, 1996) was a Turkish Ultra-nationalist activist of the " Grey Wolves " a movement of the Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Kahramanmaraş is the capital city of Kahramanmaraş Province in southeastern Turkey. Alevis (Aleviler Elewî are a religious sub-ethnic and cultural community in Turkey, numbering in the millions

According to Le Monde diplomatique, Abdullah Çatlı, one of the leader of the Grey Wolves, "is reckoned to have been one of the main perpetrators of underground operations carried out by the Turkish branch of the Gladio organisation and had played a key role in the bloody events of the period 1976-1980 which paved the way for the military coup d’état of September 1980. Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed "Le Diplo" by its French readers is a monthly publication offering analysis and opinion on politics culture and current affairs Abdullah Çatlı (1956— November 3, 1996) was a Turkish Ultra-nationalist activist of the " Grey Wolves " a movement of the As the young head of the far-right Grey Wolves militia, he had been accused, among other things, of the murder of seven left-wing students. " He was seen in the company of Avanguardia Nazionale founder Stefano Delle Chiaie, while touring Latin America and on a visit to Miami in September 1982. The National Vanguard (Avanguardia Nazionale is a name that has been used for at least two neo-fascist groups in Italy. Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 13 September 1936 in Caserta) is a Neofascist Italian activist (founder of ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' and ^[59]

The United Kingdom

In Great Britain, Prime Minister Winston Churchill created the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in 1940 to assist resistance movements and carry out subversive operations in enemy-held territory across occupied Europe. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 The Special Operations Executive ( SOE) (sometimes referred to as "the Baker Street Irregulars " after Sherlock Holmes ' fictional group of helpers Guardian reporter David Pallister wrote in December 1990 that a guerrilla network with arms caches had been put in place following the fall of France. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. David Pallister is an investigative journalist with The Guardian. In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries It included Brigadier "Mad Mike" Calvert, and was drawn from a special-forces ski battalion of the Scots Guards which was originally intended to fight in Nazi-occupied Finland. James Michael Calvert DSO and Bar ( 6 March 1913 &ndash 26 November[[ 998]] was a British soldier involved in special operations in The Scots Guards (SG form part of the Guards Division of the British Army, whose origins lie in the personal bodyguard of King Charles I of England and ^[17] Known as Auxiliary Units, they were headed by Major Colin Gubbins, an expert in guerrilla warfare who would later lead the SOE. The Auxiliary Units (or Auxunits) were specially trained highly secret units created with the aim of resisting the expected invasion of the British Isles by Nazi Major General Sir Colin McVean Gubbins KCMG, DSO, MC (1896-1976 was the prime mover of the SOE ( Special Operations Executive) in The Auxiliary Units were attached to GHQ Home Forces, and concealed within the Home Guard. The British Home Guard (initially "Local Defence Volunteers" or LDV, or in slang Look-Duck-Vanish, hence the name change was a defence The units were created in preparation of a possible invasion of the British Isles by the Third Reich. British anti-invasion preparations of World War II entailed a large-scale division of military and civilian mobilization in response to the threat of invasion These units were allegedly stood down only in 1944. Several of their members subsequently joined the Special Air Service and saw action in France in late 1944. The Special Air Service ( SAS) is a Special forces regiment within the British Army which has served as a model and inspiration for the special The units' existence did not generally become known by the public until the 1990s though a book on the subject was published in 1968. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 ^[60]

After the end of World War II, the stay-behind armies were created with the experience and involvement of former SOE officers. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ^[24] Following Giulio Andreotti's October 1990 revelations, General Sir John Hackett (1910-1997), former commander-in-chief of the British Army on the Rhine, declared on November 16, 1990 that a contingency plan involving "stay behind and resistance in depth" was drawn up after the war. This article is about the British Army officer and author for information about the musician see John Hackett (musician. There have been two formations named British Army of the Rhine (BAOR The same week, Sir Anthony Farrar-Hockley (1924-2006), former commander-in-chief of NATO's Forces in Northern Europe from 1979 to 1982, declared to The Guardian that a secret arms network was established in Britain after the war. General Sir Anthony Heritage Farrar-Hockley GBE, KCB, DSO & Bar, MC (8 April 1924 &ndash 11 March 2006 affectionately known as ^[39] General John Hackett had written in 1978 a novel, The Third World War: August 1985, which was a fictionalized scenario of a Soviet Army invasion of West Germany in 1985. The novel was followed in 1982 by The Third World War: The Untold Story, which elaborated on the original. The Third World War The Untold Story is a novel by Sir John Hackett of a fictional third world war between NATO and Warsaw Pact forces Farrar-Hockley had aroused controversy in 1983 when he became involved in trying to organise a campaign for a new Home Guard against eventual Soviet invasion. ^[61]

Gladio membership included mostly ex-servicemen but also followers of Oswald Mosley's pre-war fascist movement. Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley 6th Baronet (16 November 1896 &ndash 3 December 1980 was a British Politician, known principally as the founder of the British Among the 200,000+ Polish ex-servicemen in the UK after the end of WW2, unable to return home for fear of communist repression, were conspiratorial groups maintaining combat readiness ready to fight for a free Poland should the Warsaw Pact attack western Europe. The 'Pogon' organisation, linked to the Polish Government-in-Exile held regular paramilitary exercises until the 1970s; many of its members were associated with the Polish scouting movement in the UK which had a strong paramilitary flavour. The Government of the Polish Republic in Exile was the government of Poland after the country had been occupied by Germany and the Soviet Union during September–October Links with 'Stay-behind' networks are strongly suspected. .

General Serravale's revelations

General Gerardo Serravalle, who commanded the Italian Gladio from 1971 to 1974, related that "in the 1970s the members of the CPC [Coordination and Planning Committee] were the officers responsible for the secret structures of Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and Italy. These representatives of the secret structures met every year in one of the capitals. . . At the stay-behind meetings representatives of the CIA were always present. They had no voting rights and were from the CIA headquarters of the capital in which the meeting took place. . . members of the US Forces Europe Command were present, also without voting rights. ". ^[62] Next to the CPC a second secret command post was created in 1957, the Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC). According to the Belgian Parliamentary Committee on Gladio, the ACC was "responsible for coordinating the 'Stay-behind' networks in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Holland, Norway, United Kingdom and the United States". During peacetime, the activities of the ACC "included elaborating the directives for the network, developing its clandestine capability and organising bases in Britain and the United States. In wartime, it was to plan stay-behind operations in conjunction with SHAPE; organisers were to activate clandestine bases and organise operations from there". ^[63] General Serravale declared to the Commissione Stragi headed by senator Giovanni Pellegrino that the Italian Gladio members trained at a military base in Britain. Giovanni Pellegrino (born June 4, 1939) is an Italian politician currently the president of the Province of Lecce in Apulia. ^[39] Documents shown to the committee also revealed that British and French officials members of Gladio had visited in the 1970s a training base in Germany built with US money. ^[39]

The Guardian's November 1990 revelations concerning plans under Margaret Thatcher

The Guardian reported on November 5, 1990, that there had been a "secret attempt to revive elements of a parallel post-war plan relating to overseas operations" in the "early days of Mrs Thatcher's Conservative leadership". The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 According to the British newspaper, "a group of former intelligence officers, inspired by the wartime Special Operations Executive, attempted to set up a secret unit as a kind of armed MI6 cell. Those behind the scheme included Airey Neave, Mrs Thatcher's close adviser who was killed in a terrorist attack in 1979, and George Kennedy Young, a former deputy chief of the Secret Intelligence Service, MI6. Airey Middleton Sheffield Neave, DSO, OBE, MC, (23 January 1916 &ndash 30 March 1979 was a British soldier barrister and politician George Kennedy Young, CB, MBE, MA, (born 1911 Dumfriesshire, died 1990 London) was a deputy director of MI6, and later " The newspaper stated that Thatcher had been "initially enthusiastic but dropped the idea after the scandal surrounding the attack by the French secret service on the Greenpeace ship, Rainbow Warrior, in New Zealand in 1985. The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, codenamed Opération Satanique, was an operation by the "action" branch of the French foreign "^[64] The Swiss branch, P-26, as well as Italian Gladio, had trained in the UK in the early 1970s. ^[64][65]

Parallel stay-behind operations in non-NATO countries

Austria

In Austria, the first secret stay-behind army was exposed in 1947. It had been set up by far-right Soucek and Rössner, who both insisted during their trial that "they were carrying out the secret operation with the full knowledge and support of the US and British occupying powers. " Sentenced to death, they were then pardoned under mysterious circumstances by Chancellor Körner (1951-1957).

Franz Olah set up a new secret army codenamed Österreichischer Wander-Sport-und Geselligkeitsverein (OWSGV, literally "Austrian hiking, sports and society club"), with the cooperation of MI6 and the CIA. He later explained that "we bought cars under this name. We installed communication centres in several regions of Austria", confirming that "special units were trained in the use of weapons and plastic explosives". He precised that "there must have been a couple of thousand people working for us. . . Only very, very highly positioned politicians and some members of the union knew about it".

In 1965, the police forces discovered a stay-behind arms cache in an old mine close to Windisch-Bleiberg and forced the British authorities to hand over a list with the location of 33 other caches in Austria. ^[24]

In 1990, when secret "stay-behind" armies were discovered all around Europe, the Austrian government said that no secret army had existed in the country. However, six years later, the Boston Globe revealed the existence of a secret CIA arms caches in Austria. The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England, Austrian President Thomas Klestil and Chancellor Franz Vranitzky insisted that they had known nothing of the existence of the secret army and demanded that the US launch a full-scale investigation into the violation of Austria's neutrality, which was denied by President Bill Clinton. Thomas Klestil ( 4 November 1932 6 July 2004) was an Austrian Diplomat and Politician. Franz Vranitzky (born October 4 1937) is a former Austrian politician of the SPÖ party ( Social democrats. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States State Department spokesman Nicholas Burns - appointed in August 2001 by President George Bush as the US Permanent Representative to the Atlantic treaty organization, where, as ambassador to NATO, he headed the combined State-Defense Department United States Mission to NATO and coordinated the NATO response to the September 11, 2001 attacks - insisted:

"The aim was noble, the aim was correct, to try to help Austria if it was under occupation. For other people named Burns see Burns (disambiguation. R Nicholas Burns (born January 28, 1956) is a retired American George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. What went wrong is that successive Washington administrations simply decided not to talk to the Austrian government about it. "^[1]

Finland

In 1945, Interior Minister Yrjö Leino (a communist) exposed a secret stay-behind army which was closed down (so called Weapons Cache Case). The Weapons Cache Case is a Finnish criminal case of the late 1940's This operation was organized by Finnish general staff officers (without foreign help) in 1944 to hide weapons in order to sustain a large-scale guerilla warfare in the event the Soviet Union tried to occupy Finland in the aftermath of the Continuation War. The Continuation War (Jatkosota Fortsättningskriget Советско-финская война ( 25 June 1941 &ndash 19 September 1944) See also Operation Stella Polaris. Operation Stella Polaris was the cover name for activity in which Finnish Signals intelligence records equipment and personnel were transported into Sweden

In 1991, the Swedish media claimed that a secret stay-behind army had existed in neutral Finland with an exile base in Stockholm. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the Finnish Defence Minister Elisabeth Rehn called the revelations "a fairy tale", adding cautiously "or at least an incredible story, of which I know nothing. Märta Elisabeth Rehn (born April 6 1935 in Helsinki, Finland) is a former MP of the Swedish People's Party and the first ". ^[24] However, in his memoirs, former CIA director William Colby described the setting-up of stay-behind armies in Scandinavian countries, including Finland, with or without the assistance of local governments, to prepare for a Soviet invasion. William Egan Colby ( January 4, 1920 – April 27, 1996) spent a career in Intelligence for the United States culminating in holding ^[66]

Ireland

It is unknown whether a NATO "stay-behind" paramilitary organization existed in the Republic of Ireland. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe.

Spain

Main article: Montejurra

Note: Spain joined NATO in 1982. Montejurra in Spanish and Jurramendi in Basque are the names of a mountain in Navarre (Spain region

In May 1976, a year after Franco's death, two left-wing Carlist members were shot down by far-right terrorists, among whom Gladio operative Stefano Delle Chiaie and members of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Triple A), demonstrating connections between Gladio and the South American "Dirty War". Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 13 September 1936 in Caserta) is a Neofascist Italian activist (founder of ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' and The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, usually known as Triple A or AAA was a Far-right Death squad active in This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film. This incident became known as the Montejurra massacre. Montejurra in Spanish and Jurramendi in Basque are the names of a mountain in Navarre (Spain region ^[67] According to a report by the Italian CESIS (Executive Committee for Intelligence and Security Services), Carlo Cicuttini (who took part in the 1972 Peteano bombing in Italy alongside Vincenzo Vinciguerra), participated in the 1977 Massacre of Atocha in Madrid, killing five people (including several lawyers), members of the Workers' Commissions trade-unions closely linked with the Spanish Communist Party. Comitato Esecutivo per i Servizi di Informazione e Sicurezza (Executive Committee for Intelligence and Security Services was a government committee whose mission was the coordination of Vincenzo Vinciguerra is a former member of the neo-fascist ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' ("National Vanguard" and Ordine Nuovo ("New The 1977 Massacre of Atocha was a Neo-fascist attack during the Spanish transition to democracy after Franco 's death in 1975 killing five and injuring Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Workers' Commissions ( Spanish: Comisiones Obreras, Spanish Communist Party (in Spanish: Partido Comunista Español) was the first communist party in Spain, formed out of the Federación de Juventudes Socialistas Cicuttini was naturalized Spanish and exiled in Spain since 1972 (date of the Peteano bombing)^[68]

Following Andreotti's 1990 revelations, Adolfo Suárez, Spain's first democratically elected Prime minister after Franco's death, denied ever having heard of Gladio. Don Adolfo Suárez González 1st Duke of Suárez Grandee of Spain, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Don Adolfo Suárez González I Duque ^[69] President of the Spanish government in 1981-82, during the transition to democracy, Calvo Sotelo stated that Spain had not been informed of Gladio when it entered NATO. The Spanish transition to democracy was the era when Spain moved from the Dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo y Bustelo 1st Marquess of Ría de Ribadeo ( Don Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo y Bustelo 1 Asked about Gladio's relations to Franquist Spain, he said that such a network was not necessary under Franco, since "the regime itself was Gladio. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid "^[70]

According to General Fausto Fortunato, head of Italian SISMI from 1971 to 1974, France and the US had backed Spain's entrance to Gladio, but Italy would have opposed its veto to it. Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare ( Military Intelligence and Security Service) was the Military intelligence agency of Italy Following Andreotti's revelations, however, Narcís Serra, Spanish Minister of Defense, opened up an investigation concerning Spain's links to Gladio. Narcís Serra i Serra (born May 30, 1943) was Mayor of Barcelona from 1979 to 1982 and was Minister of Defense ^[71][72] Furthermore, Canarias 7 newspaper revealed, quoting former Gladio agent Alberto Volo, who had a role in the revelations of the existence of the network in 1990, that a Gladio meeting had been organized in August 1991 in the Gran Canaria island. ^[73] Alberto Vollo also declared that as a Gladio operative, he had received trainings in Maspalomas, in the Gran Canaria island between the 1960s and the 1970s. Maspalomas is the oldest touristic town in the south coast of Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands. Gran Canaria (in English " Grand Canary " is an island of the Canary Islands, an Archipelago located in the Atlantic Ocean 210 km from ^[74] El País daily also revealed that the Gladio organization was suspected of having used former NASA installations in Maspalomas, in the Gran Canaria island, in the 1970s. El País ( Spanish for "The Country" is the most widely-circulated Daily newspaper in Spain. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Maspalomas is the oldest touristic town in the south coast of Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands. Gran Canaria (in English " Grand Canary " is an island of the Canary Islands, an Archipelago located in the Atlantic Ocean 210 km from ^[75]

André Moyen, former Belgian secret agent, also declared that Gladio had operated in Spain. ^[76] He said that Gladio had bases in Madrid, Barcelona, San Sebastián and the Canarias islands.

Sweden

In 1951, CIA agent William Colby, based at the CIA station in Stockholm supported the training of stay-behind armies in neutral Sweden and Finland and in the NATO members Norway and Denmark. William Egan Colby ( January 4, 1920 – April 27, 1996) spent a career in Intelligence for the United States culminating in holding "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe In 1953, the police arrested right winger Otto Hallberg and discovered the Swedish stay-behind army. Hallberg was set free and charges against him were mysteriously dropped. ^[24]

Switzerland

Main article: Projekt-26

In Switzerland, a secret army named P26 was discovered, by coincidence months before Giulio Andreotti's October 1990 revelations. Projekt-26, best known as P-26, was a Stay-behind army in Switzerland charged with countering a possible invasion of the country After the "secret files scandal" (Fichenaffäre), Swiss parliamentaries started investigating the Defense Department in the summer of 1990. The Fichenaffäre or Secret Files Scandal shook Public opinion in Switzerland in 1989 According to Felix Würsten of the ETH Zurich, "P26 was not directly involved in the network of NATO's secret armies but it had close contact to MI6. The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency. "^[77] Daniele Ganser (ETH Zurich) wrote in the Intelligence and National Security review that "following the discovery of the stay-behind armies across Western Europe in late 1990, Swiss and international security researchers found themselves confronted with two clear-cut questions: Did Switzerland also operate a secret stay-behind army? And if yes, was it part of NATO's stay-behind network? The answer to the first question is clearly yes. . . The answer to the second question remains disputed. . . "^[78]

Swiss Major Hans von Dach published in 1958 Der totale Widerstand, Kleinkriegsanleitung für jedermann ("Total Resistance," Bienne, 1958) concerning guerrilla warfare, a book of 180 pages about passive and active resistance to a foreign invasion, including detailed instructions on sabotage, clandestinity, methods to dissimulate weapons, struggle against police moles, etc. Swiss army Major Hans von Dach is the author of several army manuals including the seminal Stay-behind warfare book Der totale Widerstand Eine Kleinkriegsanleitung ^[79]

In 1990, Colonel Herbert Alboth, a former commander of the Swiss secret stay-behind army P26 declared in a confidential letter to the Defence Department that he was willing to reveal "the whole truth". He was later found in his house, stabbed with his own military bayonet. The detailed parliamentary report on the Swiss secret army was presented to the public on November 17, 1990. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) ^[24] According to The Guardian, "P26 was backed by P27, a private foreign intelligence agency funded partly by the government, and by a special unit of Swiss army intelligence which had built up files on nearly 8,000 "suspect persons" including "leftists", "bill stickers", "Jehovah's witnesses", people with "abnormal tendencies" and anti-nuclear demonstrators. Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian denomination The anti-nuclear movement is a loosely-linked international social movement opposed to the use of nuclear technologies On November 14, the Swiss government hurriedly dissolved P26 — the head of which, it emerged, had been paid £100,000 a year. "^[50]

In 1991, a report by Swiss magistrate Pierre Cornu was released by the Swiss defence ministry. It said that P26 was without "political or legal legitimacy", and described the group's collaboration with British secret services as "intense". "Unknown to the Swiss government, British officials signed agreements with the organisation, called P26, to provide training in combat, communications, and sabotage. The latest agreement was signed in 1987. . . P26 cadres participated regularly in training exercises in Britain. . . British advisers — possibly from the SAS — visited secret training establishments in Switzerland. " P26 was led by Efrem Cattelan, known to British intelligence. ^[80]

In a 2005 conference presenting Daniele Ganser's research on Gladio, Hans Senn, General Chief of Staff of the Swiss Army between 1977 and 1980, explained how he was informed of the existence of a secret organisation in the middle of his term of office. The military of Switzerland, officially known as the Swiss Armed Forces, is a unique institution somewhere between a Militia and a regular army. According to him, it already became clear in 1980 in the wake of the Schilling/Bachmann affair that there was also a secret group in Switzerland. But former MP, Helmut Hubacher, President of the Social Democratic Party from 1975 to 1990, declared that although it had been known that "special services" existed within the army, as a politician he never at any time could have known that the secret army, P26 was behind this. The Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (also rendered as Socialist Party of Switzerland Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz (SP Parti socialiste suisse (PS Partito Socialista Hubacher pointed out that the President of the parliamentary investigation into P26 (PUK-EMD), the right-wing politician from Appenzell and member of the Council of States for that Canton, Carlo Schmid, had suffered "like a dog" during the commission's investigations. Carlo Schmid-Sutter (born March 11, 1950) is a Swiss Politician. Carlo Schmid declared to the press: "I was schocked that something like that is at all possible," and said to the press he was glad to leave the "conspirational atmosphere" which had weighted upon him like a "black shadow" during the investigations. ^[81] Hubacher found it especially disturbing that, apart from its official mandate of organizing resistance in case of a Soviet invasion, P26 had also a mandate to become active should the left succeed in achieving a parliamentary majority. ^[77]

The Order of the Solar Temple mystery

Psychiatrist Jean-Marie Abgrall has alleged^[82] that the "collective suicides" allegedly committed by various Order of the Solar Temple (OST) members, in December 1995 in the Vercors region of France, were somehow related to Gladio. Jean-Marie Abgrall, born April 12, 1950 in Toulon France, is a French Psychiatrist, Criminologist, specialist in The Order of the Solar Temple also known as Ordre du Temple Solaire ( OTS) in French, and the International Chivalric Organization of the Solar Tradition According to Jean-Marie Abgrall's declarations to Le Point magazine and Nice Matin newspaper in February 2003, which he renewed in official justice documents, the Renewed Order of the Solar Temple cult ("Ordre Rénové du Temple" - ORT^[83]), ancestor of the OTS, had relations with Gladio networks. Le Point ( is a French weekly News magazine. It was founded in 1972 by a group of Journalists who had one year earlier left the Abgrall also claimed that the AMORC, of which he had been a member, was also related to "Foccart networks" (Jacques Foccart was De Gaulle's spindoctor for African affairs, and retained an important role long after him). The Ancient Mystical Order Rosæ Crucis (AMORC, also called Rosicrucian Order, is a philosophical and humanist worldwide Fraternal organization. Jacques Foccart ( 31 August 1913 – 19 March 1997) was French President Charles de Gaulle 's and then Georges Pompidou 's

The theory of the mass suicide has been heavily contested by family of the victims Alain Vuarnet, René and Muguette Rostan, Willy and Giséla Schleimer and their lawyer, Alain Leclerc. According to a Reuters cable dated March 22, 2004 (19:03:46), the lawyer explained that he had two documents upholding the theory of a murder, the first one being Jean-Marie Abgrall's juridical declaration above-mentioned. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " According to the lawyer, psychiatrist Jean-Marie Abgrall "reveals. . . that the Order of the Solar Temple, as the AMORC and the ORT, were created and controlled by French and foreign secret services". Those information weren't given at the time of investigations; the lawyer thus asked that Dr. Abgrall be heard by the judge, according to a Reuters cable.

One document was a copy of an April 21, 1997 letter addressed by a lawyer office to a bank, concerning the distribution of 17 million French Francs (about 2. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar 5 millions Euros) between various personalities and political parties, the OST and the Rosicrucian Order AMORC (Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis), an organization suspected of links with the OST. The Ancient Mystical Order Rosæ Crucis (AMORC, also called Rosicrucian Order, is a philosophical and humanist worldwide Fraternal organization. In his demand for more investigation, Dr. Leclerc wrote: "If the document is true, it shows that the Order of the Solar Temple was in activity after the last March 22, 1997 massacre (the "collective suicide" of five adepts in Canada) and that the responsibles of this organization are still alive". Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar However, the court refused further expertise: thus, it hasn't been possible to verify the validity of this document.

A third document was sent by the French secret services (RG) to the judge, discrediting the family of the victims' claims and demands for further investigations. The Direction Centrale des Renseignements Généraux (Central Directorate of General Intelligence often called Renseignements Généraux (RG was the intelligence If Jean-Marie Abgrall's claims of relationship between the ORT (OST's ancestor) and Gladio may seem far-fetched, Propaganda Due's juridically proven involvement in Gladio's strategy of tension inclines one to keep open various possibilities during investigations. Propaganda Due or P2 was a Masonic lodge operating under the jurisdiction of the Grand Orient of Italy from 1877 to 1976 (when its charter was withdrawn Furthermore, connections between ORT founder Luc Jouret and far-right Belgian activist Jean Thiriart have been alleged by other sources; together, they had found in the 1970s a far-right party which was controlled by Belgium's branch of Gladio (See above). Luc Jouret ( October 17, 1947 &ndash October 5, 1994) born in Kikwit, Belgian Congo, was a Belgian religious Jean-Francois Thiriart (1922&mdash November 23 1992) was a Belgian Far right politician Gladio ( Italian, from Latin Gladius, meaning Sword) is a code name denoting the clandestine NATO " Stay-behind In any case, the mass suicides haven't been clearly explained, let alone financial links concerning those various cults. ^[84][85]

FOIA requests and US State Department's 2006 communiquee

Three Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests have been filed to the CIA, which has rejected them with the standard reply: "The CIA can neither confirm nor deny the existence or non-existence of records responsive to your request. " One request was filed by the National Security Archive in 1991; another by the Italian Senate commission headed by Senator Giovanni Pellegrino in 1995 concerning Gladio and Aldo Moro's murder; the last one in 1996, by Oliver Rathkolb, of Vienna university, for the Austrian government, concerning the secret stay-behind armies after a discovery of an arms-cache. The National Security Archive is a 501(c(3 non-governmental non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in Giovanni Pellegrino (born June 4, 1939) is an Italian politician currently the president of the Province of Lecce in Apulia. Aldo Moro ( September 23, 1916 &ndash May 9, 1978) was an Italian Politician and two-time Prime Minister of Italy ^[24]

Furthermore, the US State Department published a communiquee in January 2006 which, while admitting the existence of Gladio stay-behind units, dismissed any role in any false flag attack. It also claimed that several of the researchers have been influenced by the Westmoreland Field Manual, which was a forgery made by the Soviet Union (confirmed by KGB sources). The US Army Field Manual 30-31B is a forgery presented as a classified appendix to a US Army Field Manual purporting to describe top-secret Counter insurgency tactics The forgery, disseminatedin the 1970s, explicitly formulated the need for a strategy of tension involving violent attacks blamed on radical left-wing groups in order to convince allied governments of the need for counter-action. It also rejected a Communist Greek journalist's allegations made in December 2005 (See above). Gladio ( Italian, from Latin Gladius, meaning Sword) is a code name denoting the clandestine NATO " Stay-behind ^[3]

Politicians about Gladio

Whilst the existence of a "stay-behind" organization such as Gladio was disputed, prior to its confirmation by Giulio Andreotti, with some skeptics describing it as a conspiracy theory, several high ranking politicians in NATO countries have made statements appearing to confirm the existence of something like what is described:

• Former Italian prime minister Giulio Andreotti ("Gladio had been necessary during the days of the Cold War but, that in view of the collapse of the East Bloc, Italy would suggest to NATO that the organisation was no longer necessary. Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian Politician of the centrist Christian Democratic party A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment ")
• Former French minister of defense Jean-Pierre Chevènement ("a structure did exist, set up at the beginning of the 1950s, to enable communications with a government that might have fled abroad in the event of the country being occupied. Jean-Pierre Chevènement (born 9 March 1939) is a French Politician. ").
• Former Greek defence minister, Yannis Varvitsiotis ("local commandos and the CIA set up a branch of the network in 1955 to organise guerrilla resistance to any communist invader")

As noted above, the US has now acknowledged the existence of Operation Gladio.

References

Bibliography

• Various documents (Report by the SIFAR (Italian Military Secret Service) on Operation Gladio; US Field Manual; Report by Giulio Andreotti; Parliamentary Investigation into the Swiss Defense Ministry; various FOIA requests to the CIA; Parliamentary Investigation report in Belgium & in Italy. Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare ( Military Intelligence and Security Service) was the Military intelligence agency of Italy . . on the ETH Zürich website)
• Giulio Andreotti's report on Gladio, in French (waiting for translation) (French)
• William Colby (former CIA director), Honorable Men (1978) extract available here
• Daniele Ganser, website (English, German - and news articles in many others languages
• Daniele Ganser, NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe ISBN 0-7146-8500-3 (a quick resume available here)
• Daniele Ganser, Les Armées Secrètes de l'OTAN, Gladio et Terrorisme en Europe de l’Ouest, ISBN 978-2-917112-00-7 éditions Demi-Lune, 2007. William Egan Colby ( January 4, 1920 – April 27, 1996) spent a career in Intelligence for the United States culminating in holding Same book as above, in French. (a quick resume available in French here)
• Lucy Komisar, "Turkey's terrorists: a CIA legacy lives on", The Progressive, April 1997. Lucy Komisar is a New York City -based Investigative journalist. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all
• David Hoffman, "The Oklahoma City bombing and the Politics of Terror", 1998 (chapter 14 online on strategy of tension
• Giovanni Fasanella and Claudio Sestieri with Giovanni Pellegrino, "Segreto di Stato. The Oklahoma City bombing was a domestic terrorist attack on April 19 1995 aimed at the U A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda La verità da Gladio al caso Moro", Einaudi, 2000 (see civic website of Bologna (Italian)
• Jan Willems, Gladio, 1991, EPO-Dossier, Bruxelles (ISBN 2-87262-051-6). EPO ( Proletarian Education, French: Education prolétarienne, Dutch: Proletarische Opvoeding) is a Belgian Publisher (French)
• Jens Mecklenburg, Gladio. Die geheime terrororganisation der Nato, 1997, Elefanten Press Verlag GmbH, Berlin (ISBN 3-88520-612-9). (German)
• Leo A. Müller, Gladio. Das Erbe des kalten Krieges, 1991, RoRoRo-Taschenbuch Aktuell no 12993 (ISBN : 3499 129930). (German)
• Jean-François Brozzu-Gentile, L’Affaire Gladio. Les réseaux secrets américains au cœur du terrorisme en Europe, 1994, Albin Michel, Paris (ISBN 2-226-06919-4). (French)
• Anna Laura Braghetti, Paola Tavella, Le Prisonnier. 55 jours avec Aldo Moro, 1999 (translated from Italian: Il Prigioniero), Éditions Denoël, Paris (ISBN 2207248887) (Italian)/(French)
• Regine Igel, Andreotti. Politik zwischen Geheimdienst und Mafia, 1997, Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH, Munich (ISBN 3776619511). (German)
• Arthur E. Rowse, "Gladio: The Secret U.S. War to Subvert Italian Democracy" in Covert Action #49, Summer of 1994. Covert Action is an action and strategy Computer game designed by game legend Sid Meier. ]
• Anti-Fascist Action (AFA), "Staying Behind: NATO's Terror Network" in Fighting Talk #11, May 1995.
• François Vitrani, "L’Italie, un Etat de 'souveraineté limitée' ?", in Le Monde diplomatique, December 1990. Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed "Le Diplo" by its French readers is a monthly publication offering analysis and opinion on politics culture and current affairs (French)
• Patrick Boucheron, "L'affaire Sofri : un procès en sorcellerie?", in L'Histoire magazine, n°217 (January 1998) (L'Histoire website and article on-line here - with other newspaper articles about Gladio) (French)
• "Les procès Andreotti en Italie" "The Andreotti trials in Italy" by Philippe Foro, published by University of Toulouse II, Groupe de recherche sur l'histoire immédiate (Study group on immediate history). Adriano Sofri ( Trieste, August 1, 1942) is an Italian Intellectual, a Journalist and a Writer. L'Histoire is a monthly mainstream French Magazine dedicated to historical studies recognized by peers as the most important historical popular Giulio Andreotti (born 14 January 1919 in Rome) is an Italian Politician of the centrist Christian Democratic party Université Toulouse II or University of Toulouse II (known by the name of Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, or UTM is one of 3 universities in Toulouse (French)
• Bibliography from ETH Zurich
• Gerardo Serravalle, Gladio, 1991 ISBN 88-267-0145-8 (Gerardo Serravale commanded the Italian Gladio army from 1971 to 1974) (Italian)
• Angelo Paratico "Gli assassini del karma" Robin editore, Roma, 2003.

Films

• Michele Placido, Romanzo Criminale (2005, concerning the strategy of tension and the Banda della Magliana)
• Renzo Martinelli, "Five Moons Plaza" (Piazza delle cinque lune) (2003)
• Allan Francovich (film documentarist), Gladio (1992)
• Conspirator: The Story of Licio Gelli (2009) IMDb

See also

• Gladio in Italy
• Gehlen Org
• Aldo Moro
• Strategy of tension

External links

• L'Orchestre Noir (1997 Jean-Michel Meurice)
• "Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay Behind Armies", research project directed by PhD Daniele Ganser at the Center for Security Studies (CSS) and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Zurich (ETH Zurich) Groups a lot of contributions in various media, including audiofiles from interviews. Michele Placido (born May 19, 1946 in Ascoli Satriano) is an internationally known Italian Actor and director. The Banda della Magliana was an Italian Criminal organization based in Rome, particularly active throughout the late 1970s until the early 1990s Allan Francovich (1941 &ndash April 24, 1997) was an American film producer and director who made a series of films purporting to expose Central Intelligence While " Stay-behind " Anti-communist networks existed in all NATO countries the Italian branch of Gladio was the first one to be discovered Reinhard Gehlen ( April 3, 1902 - June 8, 1979) was a Generalmajor ( Major-General) in the German Army ( Wehrmacht Aldo Moro ( September 23, 1916 &ndash May 9, 1978) was an Italian Politician and two-time Prime Minister of Italy A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda Many languages (English, Italian, German, French, Dutch, Hungarian, Turkish. . . )
• Permanent Committee for the Control of Intelligence Services (Belgium - History)
• Belgian parliamentary report concerning the stay-behind network, named "Enquête parlementaire sur l'existence en Belgique d'un réseau de renseignements clandestin international" or "Parlementair onderzoek met betrekking tot het bestaan in België van een clandestien internationaal inlichtingenetwerk" (Parliamentary investigation on the existence in Belgium of an international clandestine intelligence network)
• Cambridge Clarion - various news articles on Gladio
• "EVOLUTION IN EUROPE; Italy Discloses Its Web Of Cold War Guerrillas", The New York Times, November 16, 1990.  
• "Turkish Dirty War Revealed, but Papal Shooting Still Obscured", Martin A. Lee, in Los Angeles Times, April 12, 1998
• 1958-1990: Operation Gladio, Italy on libcom. Martin A Lee is an author and activist who has written books and articles on Far-right movements Terrorism, media issues and drug politics The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) org
• Operation Gladio
• Thirdworldtraveller (Mark Zepezauer)
• "Operation Gladio", Copi. com, 1997.  
• "The Assassins of a Pope (by Lucy Komisar)", Albion Monitor, June 4, 1997. Lucy Komisar is a New York City -based Investigative journalist.  
• "The Real History of Gladio" (Italian)
• "Caso Moro. Morire di Gladio", La Voce della Campania, January 2005.   (Italian)
• 2000 Interview with Vincenzo Vinciguerra (Italian)
• "L'effet Gladio (Google translation available)", L'Humanité, November 29, 1990. Vincenzo Vinciguerra is a former member of the neo-fascist ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' ("National Vanguard" and Ordine Nuovo ("New L'Humanité ("Humanity" formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF was founded in 1904 by Jean Jaurès, a leader of the   (French)/(English)
• "Le chef du gouvernement italien a dû reconnaître son existence", L'Humanité, November 29, 1990. L'Humanité ("Humanity" formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF was founded in 1904 by Jean Jaurès, a leader of the   (French)/(English)
• "Affaire Battisti: retour sur les années de plomb", Politis, May 13, 2004.   (French)
• "Gladio", Radio France, unknown. Radio France is the French radio broadcaster. Mission Radio France's two principal missions are To create and expand the programming   (French)
• with an article from L'Histoire magazine concerning Carlo Ginzburg's book The judge and the historian about Adriano Sofri (French)
• forum with Fred Vargas (French)
• "La irresistible ascension de Silvio Berlusconi", Rebelion. L'Histoire is a monthly mainstream French Magazine dedicated to historical studies recognized by peers as the most important historical popular Carlo Ginzburg is a noted historian and pioneer of Microhistory. Adriano Sofri ( Trieste, August 1, 1942) is an Italian Intellectual, a Journalist and a Writer. Fred Vargas is the pseudonym of French historian archaeologist and writer Frédérique Audoin-Rouzeau born in 1957 in Paris. org, September 29, 2005.   (Spanish)
• "The Pentagon's 'NATO option'", Common Dreams, February 10, 2005.  
• "On the Trail of Turkey's Terrorist Grey Wolves", Consortium News, 1997.  
• "Global Eye - Sword play", The Moscow Times, February 18, 2005.  
• on Stay behind
• "Stay-behind: les réseaux d'ingérence américains (French, Spanish and Arabic)", Voltaire Network, August 20, 2001. The Réseau Voltaire (Voltaire Network is an international non-profit organisation based in Paris.   (French)/(Spanish)/(Arabic)
• "Enquête sur la France templière", Le Point, January 9, 1999. Le Point ( is a French weekly News magazine. It was founded in 1972 by a group of Journalists who had one year earlier left the   (about Gladio, the Order of the Solar Temple, and the Grande Loge Nationale de France (GLNF, a masonic lodge) allegedly linked with the French SDECE) (French)
• a bibliography
• John Diamond. Secret U.S. military campaigns in the Middle East through 'proxies', USA Today, February 14, 2006. USA TODAY is a national American daily Newspaper published by the Gannett Company. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
• Gladio - Death Plan For Democracy [1]by Peter Chamberlin
• "Will Turkey be complicit in another war against another neighbour?", CASMII, February 24, 2008. Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran (CASMII is a group of people especially academics students and professionals of both Iranian and non-Iranian backgrounds  

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