For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation)

Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor, Portuguese: Operação Condor) was a campaign of political repressions involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships of the Southern Cone of South America. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Intelligence (abbreviated int or intel) is not Information, but the product of evaluated information valued for its currency and relevance rather than In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The program aimed to deter left-wing influence and ideas and to control active or potential opposition movements against the usually conservative governments. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Due to its clandestine nature, the precise number of deaths directly attributable to Operation Condor will likely never be known, but it is reported to have caused thousands of victims, possibly even more. ^[1][2][3]

Condor's key members were the right-wing military governments in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil, with Ecuador and Peru joining later in more peripheral roles. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. ^[4] These nations were ruled by dictators such as Jorge Rafael Videla, Augusto Pinochet, Ernesto Geisel, Hugo Banzer, and Alfredo Stroessner. Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes Buenos Aires) was the dictator and President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981 Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Ernesto Beckmann Geisel, pron. eʁ'nɛstu 'bɛkmɐ͂ 'gajzew ( August 3, 1907 - September 12, 1996) was a Brazilian Hugo Banzer Suárez ( May 10, 1926 &ndash May 5, 2002) was a politician military general and President of Bolivia. Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda, whose name is also spelled Strössner or Strößner (November 3 1912 Encarnación - August 16 2006 Brasília The operation was jointly conducted by the intelligence and security services of these nations during the mid-1970s with support provided by the United States of America^[5]. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Contents 1 History 2 Notable cases and prosecution 2.1 Argentina 2.2 Brazil 2.2.1 The Kidnapping of the Uruguayans 2.3 Chile 2.3.1 General Carlos Prats 2.3.2 Bernardo Leighton 2.3.3 Orlando Letelier 2.3.4 Operation Silencio 2.3.5 U.S. Congressman Edward Koch 2.3.6 Other cases 3 U.S. involvement 3.1 Henry Kissinger 4 The "French connection" 5 Legal actions 6 See also 6.1 South American intelligence agencies 6.2 Some participants in Operation Condor 6.3 Prominent victims of Operation Condor 6.4 Archives and reports 6.5 Detention and torture centers 6.6 Other operations and strategies related to Condor 7 Fictional references 8 Bibliography 9 Footnotes and references 10 External links

History

On 25 November 1975, leaders of the military intelligence services of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay met, with Manuel Contreras, chief of DINA (the Chilean secret police), in Santiago de Chile, officially creating the Plan Condor ^[6]. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes Buenos Aires) was the dictator and President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981 Juan Manuel Guillermo Contreras Sepúlveda (born May 4, 1929) is a Chilean military and the former head of DINA, Chile's Secret police Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( English: National Intelligence Directorate) or DINA was the Chilean Secret police in the government However, cooperation between various security services, in the aim of "eliminating Marxist subversion", previously existed before this meeting and Pinochet's coup d'état. The Chilean coup d'état of 1973 is a landmark in the History of Chile and the Russo-American Cold War. Thus, during the Xth Conference of American Armies held in Caracas on September 3, 1973, Brazilian General Breno Borges Fortes, head of the Brazilian army, proposed to "extend the exchange of information" between various services in order to "struggle against subversion". Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ^[7] Furthermore, in March 1974, representatives of the police forces of Chile, Uruguay and Bolivia met with Alberto Villar, deputy chief of the Argentine Federal Police and co-founder of the Triple A death squad, to implement cooperation guidelines in order to destroy the "subversive" threat represented by the presence of thousands of political exilees in Argentina ^[7]. The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, usually known as Triple A or AAA was a Far-right Death squad active in In August 1974 the corpses of the first victims of Condor, Bolivian refugees, were found in garbage dumps in Buenos Aires ^[7].

According to French journalist Marie-Monique Robin, author of Escadrons de la mort, l'école française (2004, Death Squads, The French School), the paternity of Operation Condor is to be attributed to General Rivero, intelligence officer of the Argentine Armed Forces and former student of the French. Marie-Monique Robin (born 1960 is an award-winning French journalist The Military of France encompasses an army, a navy, an air force and a military police force. ^[8]

Operation Condor, which took place in the context of the Cold War, was given at least tacit approval by the United States which feared a Marxist revolution in the region. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The targets were officially leftist guerrillas (such as the MIR, the Montoneros or the ERP, the Tupamaros, etc. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Revolutionary Left Movement ( MIR) ( Spanish Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria) is a Chilean Political party founded on October The Montonero Peronist Movement (Movimiento Peronista Montonero was an Argentine left-wing Peronist guerrilla group active during the 1960s and 1970s The Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP was the military branch of the Communist PRT ( Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores, or Workers' Revolutionary Tupamaros, also known as the MLN ( Movimiento de Liberación Nacional or National Liberation Movement was an Urban guerrilla organization in Uruguay ) but in fact included all kinds of political opponents, including their families and others, as reported by the Valech Commission. The Valech Report (officially The National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture Report) was a study that detailed abuses committed in Chile between 1973 The Argentine "Dirty War", for example, which resulted in approximatively 30,000 victims according to most estimates, targeted many trade-unionists, relatives of activists, etc. This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film.

From 1976 onwards, the Chilean DINA and its Argentine counterpart, SIDE, were its front-line troops. The infamous "death flights", theorized in Argentina by Luis María Mendía — and also used during the Algerian War (1954–1962) by French forces — were widely used, in order to make the corpses, and therefore evidence, disappear. The so-called death flights (Spanish vuelos de la muerte) were a form of Forced disappearance routinely practiced during the Argentine " Dirty War," Luis María Mendía (1925- May 2007 was the Argentine Chief of Naval Operations in 1976-77 with the rank of Vice-admiral. The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from There were also many cases of child abduction.

On December 22, 1992 a significant amount of information about Operation Condor came to light when José Fernández, a Paraguayan judge, visited a police station in the Lambaré suburb of Asunción to look for files on a former political prisoner. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) José Fernández may refer to José Agustín Fernández, Paraguayan judge and human rights activist found the " Terror archives " Lambaré is a city in Central Department, Paraguay, part of the Gran Asunción metropolitan area Asunción (full name Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Asunción) population 1212112 (2002 is the Capital and largest city of Paraguay. Instead he found what became known as the "terror archives", detailing the fates of thousands of Latin Americans secretly kidnapped, tortured and killed by the security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. The "Archives of Terror" (Archivos del Terror were found on December 22, 1992 by a lawyer Dr Some of these countries have since used portions of this archive to prosecute former military officers. The archives counted 50,000 persons murdered, 30,000 "desaparecidos" and 400,000 incarcerated. ^[9]

According to these archives other countries such as Peru cooperated to varying extents by providing intelligence information in response to requests from the security services of the Southern Cone countries. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Even though Peru were not at the secret November 1975 meeting in Santiago de Chile there is evidence of its involvement. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago For instance, in June 1980, Peru was known to have been collaborating with Argentine agents of 601 Intelligence Battalion in the kidnapping, torture and disappearance of a group of Montoneros living in exile in Lima. The Batallón de Inteligencia 601 ( 601st Intelligence Battalion) was a special military intelligence service of the Argentine Army active The Montonero Peronist Movement (Movimiento Peronista Montonero was an Argentine left-wing Peronist guerrilla group active during the 1960s and 1970s Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking ^[10]

The "terror archives" also revealed Colombia's and Venezuela's greater or lesser degree of cooperation (Luis Posada Carriles was probably at the meeting that ordered Orlando Letelier's car bombing). The "Archives of Terror" (Archivos del Terror were found on December 22, 1992 by a lawyer Dr Luis Clemente Faustino Posada Carriles (born February 15, 1928) is a Cuban born Venezuelan anti- Castro terrorist Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar ( April 13, 1932 - September 21, 1976) was a Chilean economist Political figure, It has been alleged that a Colombian paramilitary organization known as Alianza Americana Anticomunista may have cooperated with Operation Condor. The Alianza Americana Anticomunista ("Anticommunist American Alliance" "AAA" "Triple A" was believed to be a Paramilitary Far-right Brazil signed the agreement later (June 1976), and refused to engage in actions outside Latin America.

Mexico, together with Costa Rica, Canada, France, the U.K., Spain and Sweden received many people fleeing from the terror regimes. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Operation Condor officially ended with the ousting of the Argentine dictatorship in 1983, although the killings continued for some time after that.

Notable cases and prosecution

Argentina

Main article: Dirty War

The Argentine Dirty War was carried on simultaneously with and overlapping Operation Condor. This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Argentine SIDE cooperated with the Chilean DINA in numerous cases of desaparecidos. History The Secretariat of Intelligence was created in 1946 when Juan Perón 's first presidency established it by Executive Decree 337/46 under the denomination of A forced disappearance occurs when an organization forces a person to vanish from Public view either by Murder or by simple Sequestration. Chilean General Carlos Prats, Uruguayan former MPs Zelmar Michelini, Héctor Gutiérrez Ruiz and the ex-president of Bolivia, Juan José Torres, were assassinated in the Argentine capital. General Carlos Prats González ( February 24, 1915 - September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer a Political figure Zelmar Michelini (Montevideo May 20 1924 - Buenos Aires May 20, 1976) was a Uruguayan reporter and politician murdered in Buenos Aires in 1976 in the frame of Héctor Gutiérrez Ruiz (Montevideo 1934 - Buenos Aires 1976 was a Uruguayan political figure who died by assassination Juan José Torres González (1920— 2 June, 1976) was a Bolivian socialist politician and military leader

The SIDE also assisted Bolivian general Luis Garcia Meza Tejada's Cocaine Coup in Bolivia, with the help of Gladio operative Stefano Delle Chiaie and Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie (see also Operation Charly). Luis García Meza Tejada (b August 8, 1932, La Paz, Bolivia) is a former Bolivian dictator Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 13 September 1936 in Caserta) is a Neofascist Italian activist (founder of ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' and Klaus Barbie ( October 25, 1913 &ndash September 25, 1991) was an SS - Hauptsturmführer, Soldier Operation Charly ( Spanish: " Operación Charly " was the code-name of the Covert operation headed by the Argentine military, with the The Madres de la Plaza de Mayo, a group of mothers who had lost their children to the dictatorship, started demonstrating each Sunday on Plaza de Mayo from April 1977, in front of the Casa Rosada in Buenos Aires, the seat of the government, to reclaim their children from the junta. The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Asociación Madres de Plaza de Mayo is an association of Argentine Mothers whose children " disappeared quot during Plaza_de_la_Victoriapng|thumb|225px|1867 view of the Plaza de la Victoria La Casa Rosada ( Spanish for "the Pink House" officially known as the Casa de Gobierno ("Government House" or Palacio Presidencial The Mothers continue their struggle for justice to this day (2007). JUSTICE is a Human rights and law reform organisation based in the United Kingdom.

The National Commission for Forced Disappearances (CONADEP), led by writer Ernesto Sabato, was created in 1983. The National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons (Spanish es Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas, CONADEP was an Argentine organization Ernesto Sabato (born June 24, 1911) is an Argentine writer of Italian and Arbëreshë (Italian Albanian descent Two years later, the Juicio a las Juntas (Trial of the Juntas) largely succeeded in proving the crimes of the various juntas which had formed the self-styled National Reorganization Process. The Trial of the Juntas (Spanish Juicio a las Juntas) was the judicial trial of the members of the de facto military government that ruled Argentina The National Reorganization Process (in Spanish, Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, often simply El Proceso) was the name used by its leaders Most of the top officers who were tried were sentenced to life imprisonment: Jorge Rafael Videla, Emilio Eduardo Massera, Roberto Eduardo Viola, Armando Lambruschini, Raúl Agosti, Rubén Graffigna, Leopoldo Galtieri, Jorge Anaya and Basilio Lami Dozo. Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime often for most Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes Buenos Aires) was the dictator and President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981 Emilio Eduardo Massera (born October 19, 1925, Paraná, Entre Ríos) is a former Argentine military officer and part of the 1976 Roberto Eduardo Viola Prevedini ( October 13 1924 &ndash September 30 1994) was a military officer who briefly served as president Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli ( July 15, 1926 - January 12, 2003) was an Argentine general and President of Argentina Rear Admiral Jorge Isaac Anaya ( 27 September 1926 &ndash 9 January 2008) was a member of the Argentine Navy. Brigadier General Basilio Arturo Ignacio Lami Dozo (born 1 February 1929) is a member of the Argentine Air Force. However, Raúl Alfonsín's government passed two amnesty laws protecting military officers involved in human rights abuses: the 1986 Ley de Punto Final (law of closure) and the 1987 Ley de Obediencia Debida (law of due obedience). Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín Foulkes (born 13 March 1927 in Chascomús) is an Argentine politician who was the President of Argentina An amnesty law is any law that retroactively exempts a select group of people usually military leaders and government leaders from criminal liability for crimes committed Ley de Punto Final (Spanish roughly translated Full Stop Law) was a law passed by the National Congress of Argentina after the end of the military Ley de Obediencia Debida (Spanish Law of Due Obedience) was a law passed by the National Congress of Argentina after the end of the military President Carlos Menem then pardoned the leaders of the junta in 1989–1990. Carlos Saúl Menem Akil (born July 2, 1930) was President of Argentina from July 8, 1989 to December 10, 1999 A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it Following continuous protests by the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo and other associations, the amnesty laws were repealed by the Argentine Supreme Court nearly twenty years later, in June 2005. The Supreme Court of Argentina (in Spanish, Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación) is the highest Court of Law of the Argentine

In Argentina DINA's civil agent Enrique Arancibia Clavel, prosecuted for crimes against humanity in 2004, was condemned to life imprisonment for his part in General Prat's murder. In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of ^[11] In 2003, federal judge Maria Servini de Cubria requested the extradition from Chile of Mariana Callejas, who was Michael Townley's wife (himself a U. For the Australian politician see Michael Townley (Australian politician. S. expatriate and DINA agent), and Cristoph Willikie, a retired colonel from the Chilean army—all three of them are accused of this murder. Chilean appeal court judge Nibaldo Segura refused extradition in July 2005 on the grounds that they had already been prosecuted in Chile. [2]

It has been claimed that Italian terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie—also an operative of Gladio "stay-behind" secret NATO paramilitary organization—was involved in the murder of General Prats. Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 13 September 1936 in Caserta) is a Neofascist Italian activist (founder of ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' and Gladio ( Italian, from Latin Gladius, meaning Sword) is a code name denoting the clandestine NATO " Stay-behind He and fellow extremist Vincenzo Vinciguerra testified in Rome in December 1995 before judge María Servini de Cubría that DINA agents Enrique Arancibia Clavel and Michael Townley were directly involved in this assassination. Vincenzo Vinciguerra is a former member of the neo-fascist ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' ("National Vanguard" and Ordine Nuovo ("New [3]

Brazil

In Brazil, president Fernando Henrique Cardoso ordered in 2000 the release of some military files concerning Operation Condor. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, PC (born June 18, 1931) - also known by his initials FHC - was the President of the Federative Republic of ^[12] Italian attorney general Giancarlo Capaldo, who is investigating the disappearances of Italian citizens, probably by a mixture of Argentine, Chilean, Paraguayan and Brazilian military, accused 11 Brazilians of involvement. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest In most Common law jurisdictions the Attorney General, or Attorney-General, is the main legal advisor to the government and in some jurisdictions may in addition However, according to the official statement, "they could not confirm nor deny that Argentine, Brazilian, Paraguayan and Chilean militaries will be submitted to a trial before December. "^[13] As of August 2006, nobody in Brazil has been convicted of human rights violations during the 21 years of military dictatorship there.

On April 26, 2000 former governor of Rio de Janeiro Leonel Brizola alleged that ex-presidents of Brazil João Goulart and Juscelino Kubitschek were assassinated as part of Operation Condor, and requested the opening of investigations on their deaths. Leonel de Moura Brizola ( Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, January 22, 1922 &mdash Rio de Janeiro, June 21 2004 João Belchior Marques Goulart ( March 1, 1919 The Goulart administration Congress was reluctant to give Goulart the mandate because of military Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (JK ( September 12, 1902 – August 22, 1976) was a prominent Brazilian politician who was Goulart died of a heart attack and Kubitschek a car accident. ^[14][15]

The Kidnapping of the Uruguayans

The Condor Operation expanded the covered-up repression from Uruguay to Brazil in an event that happened in November 1978 and later known as "o Sequestro dos Uruguaios´, that is, "the Kidnapping of the Uruguayans". In that occasion, under consent of the Brazilian military regime, high officers of the Uruguayan army secretly crossed the frontier, heading to Porto Alegre, capital of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. There they kidnapped a militant couple of the Uruguayan political opposition, Universindo Rodriguez and Lilian Celiberti, along with her two children, Camilo and Francesca, 8 and 3 years old.

The illegal operation failed when two Brazilian journalists – the reporter Luiz Cláudio Cunha and the photographer Joao Baptista Scalco, from Veja Magazine, were warned by an anonymous phone call about the disappearance of the Uruguayan couple. The two journalists decided to check the information and headed to the appointed address: an apartment in the borough of Menino Deus in Porto Alegre ^[16]. There, they were mistakenly taken as other members of the Uruguayan opposition by the armed men who had arrested Lilian. Universindo and the children had already been clandestinely taken to Uruguay ^[17]. The unexpected arrival of the journalists disclosed the secret operation which had to be suddenly suspended. Lillian was then taken back to Montevideo. The failure of the operation avoided the murder of the four Uruguayans. The news of a political kidnapping made headlines in the Brazilian press and became an international scandal which embarrassed the military governments of Brazil and Uruguay. A few days after, the children were taken to their maternal grandparents in Montevideo. Universindo as well as Lilian were imprisoned and tortured in Brazil and then taken to military prisons in Uruguay where they remained during the next five years. After the Uruguayan re-democratization in 1984, the couple was released and then confirmed all the details of the kidnapping. ^[18]

In 1980, two inspectors of DOPS (Department of Political and Social Order, an official police branch in charge of the political repression during the military regime) were convicted by the Brazilian Justice as the armed men who had arrested the journalists in Lilian's apartment in Porto Alegre. They were João Augusto da Rosa and Orandir Portassi Lucas (a former football player of Brazilian teams known as Didi Pedalada), both identified later as participants in the kidnapping operation by the reporters and the Uruguayan couple — which surely confirmed the involvement of the Brazilian Government in the Condor Operation. In 1991, through the initiative of Governor Pedro Simon, the State of Rio Grande do Sul officially recognized the kidnapping of the Uruguayans and compensated them for this, inspiring the democratic government of the President Luis Alberto Lacalle in Uruguay to do the same a year later ^[19].

Police officer Pedro Seelig, the head of the DOPS at the time of the kidnapping, was identified by the Uruguayan couple as the man in charge of the operation in Porto Alegre. When Seelig was denounced to the Brazilian Justice, Universindo and Lílian were in prison in Uruguay and they were prevented from testifying against him. The Brazilian policeman was then cleared of all charges due to alleged lack of evidences. Lilian and Universindo's later testimony also proved that four officers of the secret Uruguayan Counter-information Division – two majors and two captains – took part in the operation under consent of the Brazilian authorities^[20]. One of these officers, Captain Glauco Yanonne, was himself responsible for torturing Universindo Dias in the DOPS headquarters in Porto Alegre ^[21]. Even though Universindo and Lilian recognized the Uruguayan military men who had arrested and tortured them, not a single one of them was prosecuted by the Justice in Montevideo. This was due to the Law of Impunity which guaranteed amnesty to all Uruguayan people involved in political repression.

The investigative journalism of the Veja Magazine awarded Cunha and Scalco with the 1979 Esso Prize, the most important prize of the Brazilian Press ^[22]. Hugo Cores, a former Uruguayan political prisoner who was living in São Paulo at the time of the kidnapping and was the author of the anonymous phone call to Cunha, spoke the following to the Brazilian press in 1993: "All the Uruguayans kidnapped abroad, around 180 people, are missing to this day. The only ones who managed to survive are Lilian, her children, and Universindo"^[23].

The kidnapping of the Uruguayans in Porto Alegre entered into history as the only failure with international repercussion in the whole Operation Condor, among several hundreds of clandestine actions from the Latin America Southern Cone dictatorships, who were responsible for thousands of killed and missing people in the period between 1975 and 1985. Analyzing the political repression in the region during that decade, the Brazilian journalist Nilson Mariano estimates the number of killed and missing people as: 297 in Uruguay, 366 in Brazil, 2,000 in Paraguay, 3,196 in Chile and 30,000 in Argentina^[24]. The so-called "Terror Files" (Portuguese: "Arquivos do Terror") – a whole set of 60,000 documents, weighting 4 tons and making 593,000 microfilmed pages which were discovered by a former Paraguayan political prisoner Marti Almada, in Lambare, Paraguay, in 1992 - provides even higher numbers: the total result of Southern Cone Operation Condor had left up to 50,000 killed, 30,000 missing and 400,000 arrested^[25].

Chile

When Augusto Pinochet was arrested in London in 1998 in response to Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón's request for his extradition to Spain, information concerning Condor was revealed. General Augusto Pinochet was indicted in 1998 by the Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón, arrested in London and finally released by the UK government Baltasar Garzón Real (born October 26, 1955 in Torres, Jaén, Spain) is a Judge in Spain. Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal One of the lawyers who asked for his extradition talked about an attempt to assassinate Carlos Altamirano, leader of the Chilean Socialist Party: it was claimed that Pinochet met Italian terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie during Franco's funeral in Madrid in 1975 in order to have Altamirano murdered. Carlos Altamirano Orrego ( December 18, 1922, Santiago de Chile) is a lawyer and one of the most influential politicians of Chilean Socialism The Socialist Party of Chile (Spanish Partido Socialista de Chile or PS is part of the ruling Coalition of Parties for Democracy coalition Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 13 September 1936 in Caserta) is a Neofascist Italian activist (founder of ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' and Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid ^[26] But as with Bernardo Leighton, who was shot in Rome in 1975 after a meeting the same year in Madrid between Stefano Delle Chiaie, former CIA agent Michael Townley and anti-Castrist Virgilio Paz Romero, the plan ultimately failed. Bernardo Leighton Guzmán (born on August 16 1909 - died on January 26 1995) was a Chilean Christian Democrat who was targeted For the Australian politician see Michael Townley (Australian politician. Virgilio Paz Romero is an anti-Castro Cuban exile, involved in various anti-communist acts

Chilean judge Juan Guzmán Tapia eventually established a precedent concerning the crime of "permanent kidnapping": since the bodies of victims kidnapped and presumably murdered could not be found, he deemed that the kidnapping was deemed to continue, rather than to have occurred so long ago that the perpetrators were protected by an amnesty decreed in 1978 or by the Chilean statute of limitations. Juan Salvador Guzmán Tapia (b April 22, 1939) is a retired Chilean judge who became famous internationally for being the first judge to prosecute former In Common law legal systems, a precedent or authority is a Legal case establishing a principle or rule that a Court or other judicial A statute of limitations is a Statute in a Common law Legal system that sets forth the maximum period of time after certain events that legal proceedings Ironically, the perpetrators' success in hiding evidence of their crimes frustrated their attempts to escape from justice.

General Carlos Prats

General Carlos Prats and his wife were killed by the Chilean DINA on September 30, 1974 by a car bombing in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where they lived in exile. General Carlos Prats González ( February 24, 1915 - September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer a Political figure Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. In Chile the judge investigating this case, Alejandro Solís, definitively terminated the prosecution of Pinochet for this particular case after the Chilean Supreme court rejected a demand to revoke his immunity from prosecution in January 2005. The Supreme Court of Chile is the highest Court in Chile. It also administrates the lower courts in the nation The leaders of DINA, including chief Manuel Contreras, ex-chief of operation and retired general Raúl Itturiaga Neuman, his brother Roger Itturiaga, and ex-brigadeers Pedro Espinoza Bravo and José Zara, are accused in Chile of this assassination. Brigadier Pedro Espinoza Bravo was a Chilean Army officer and member of the DINA, the secret police which operated during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990 DINA agent Enrique Arancibia Clavel has been convicted in Argentina for the murder. Enrique Arancibia is a former Chilean DINA agent who resided in unofficial exile in Buenos Aires after the assassination of Chilean Army Chief of Staff René Schneider

Bernardo Leighton

Bernardo Leighton and his wife were severely injured by gunshots on October 5, 1976 while in exile in Rome. Bernardo Leighton Guzmán (born on August 16 1909 - died on January 26 1995) was a Chilean Christian Democrat who was targeted Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. According to the National Security Archive and Italian attorney general Giovanni Salvi, in charge of former DINA head Manuel Contreras' prosecution, Stefano Delle Chiaie met with Michael Townley and Virgilio Paz Romero in Madrid in 1975 to plan the murder of Bernardo Leighton with the help of Franco's secret police. The National Security Archive is a 501(c(3 non-governmental non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in Virgilio Paz Romero is an anti-Castro Cuban exile, involved in various anti-communist acts Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid ^[27]

Orlando Letelier

Another target was Orlando Letelier, a former minister of the Chilean Allende government who was assassinated by a car bomb explosion in Washington, D. Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar ( April 13, 1932 - September 21, 1976) was a Chilean economist Political figure, Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens (June 26 1908 – September 11 1973 was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup d'état of C. on September 21, 1976. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. His assistant, Ronni Moffitt, a U. Ronni Karpen Moffitt (1951 &ndash September 21 1976) was an American political activist of Jewish heritage S. citizen, also died in the explosion. Michael Townley, General Manuel Contreras, former head of the DINA, and Brigadier Pedro Espinoza Bravo, also formerly of DINA, were convicted for the murders. In 1978, Chile agreed to hand over Townley to the US, in order to reduce the tension about Letelier's murder. Townley, however, was freed under the witness protection program. The US is still waiting for Manuel Contreras and Pedro Espinoza to be extradited.

In an article published 17 December 2004 in the Los Angeles Times, Francisco Letelier, the son of Orlando Letelier, wrote that his father's assassination was part of Operation Condor, described as "an intelligence-sharing network used by six South American dictators of that era to eliminate dissidents. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed " Augusto Pinochet has been accused of being a participant in Operation Condor. Francisco Letelier declared, "My father's murder was part of Condor. "

Michael Townley has accused Pinochet of being responsible for Orlando Letelier's death. Townley confessed that he had hired five anti-Castro Cuban exiles to booby-trap Letelier's car. According to Jean-Guy Allard, after consultations with the terrorist organization CORU's leadership, including Luis Posada Carriles and Orlando Bosch, those elected to carry out the murder were Cuban-Americans José Dionisio "Bloodbath" Suárez, Virgilio Paz Romero, Alvin Ross Díaz, and brothers Guillermo and Ignacio Novo Sampoll. Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations (CORU has been described by the FBI as "an anti- Castro terrorist umbrella organization" Luis Clemente Faustino Posada Carriles (born February 15, 1928) is a Cuban born Venezuelan anti- Castro terrorist Orlando Bosch (also known as Orlando Bosch Avila is a Cuban exile and former Central Intelligence Agency -backed operative head of CORU organization which ^[28][29] According to the Miami Herald, Luis Posada Carriles was at this meeting that decided on Letelier's death and also about the Cubana Flight 455 bombing. The Miami Herald is a daily Newspaper owned by The McClatchy Company headquartered in Downtown Miami Florida. Cubana Flight 455 was a Cubana flight from Barbados to Jamaica that was brought down by a terrorist attack on October 6, 1976.

Operation Silencio

Operation Silencio (Operation Silence) was an operation to impede investigations by Chilean judges by removing witnesses from the country, starting about a year before the "terror archives" were found in Paraguay. The "Archives of Terror" (Archivos del Terror were found on December 22, 1992 by a lawyer Dr

In April 1991 Arturo Sanhueza Ross, linked to the murder of MIR leader Jecar Neghme in 1989, left the country. According to the Rettig Report, Jecar Neghme's death was carried out by Chilean intelligence agents ^[30]. The Rettig Report, officially The National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation Report, is a report by a commission designated by then President Patricio Aylwin In September 1991 Carlos Herrera Jiménez, who killed trade-unionist Tucapel Jiménez, flew away. ^[31] In October 1991 Eugenio Berríos, a chemist who had worked with DINA agent Michael Townley, was escorted from Chile to Uruguay by Operation Condor agents, in order to escape testifying in the Letelier case. Eugenio Berríos Sagredo (died in April 1995 was a Chilean Biochemist who worked for the DINA intelligence agency He used Argentinian, Uruguayan, Paraguayan and Brazilian passports, raising concerns that Operation Condor was not dead. In 1995 Berríos was found dead in El Pinar, near Montevideo (Uruguay), his murderers having tried to make the identification of his body impossible. Montevideo (monteβi'ðeo is the largest city the capital and chief port of Uruguay.

In January 2005, Michael Townley, who now lives in the USA under the witness protection program, acknowledged to agents of Interpol Chile links between DINA and the detention and torture center Colonia Dignidad,[4] which was founded in 1961 by Paul Schäfer, a Nazi accused of child-abuse and torture, arrested in March 2005 in Buenos Aires. Villa Baviera (Bavaria Village formerly known as Colonia Dignidad (Dignidad Colony is a Chilean hamlet in Parral Commune Linares Province Paul Schäfer Schneider (born December 4, 1921) is the founder and former leader of a sect and agricultural commune of German immigrants called Colonia Townley also revealed information about Colonia Dignidad and the Army's Bacteriological Warfare Laboratory. This last laboratory would have replaced the old DINA's laboratory on Via Naranja de lo Curro street, where Michael Townley worked with the chemical assassin Eugenio Berríos. The toxin that allegedly killed Christian-Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva may have been made in this new lab in Colonia Dignidad, according to the judge investigating the case. Eduardo Nicanor Frei Montalva (1911&ndash1982 was a Chilean political figure and President of Chile from 1964 to 1970

U. S. Congressman Edward Koch

In February 2004 John Dinges, a reporter, published The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents (The New Press, 2004). John Dinges was special correspondent for Time, Washington Post and ABC Radio in Chile. In this book he reveals how Uruguayan military officials threatened to assassinate US Congressman Edward Koch in mid-1976. Edward Irving Koch (born December 12, 1924;) was a United States Congressman from 1969 to 1977 and the Mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989 In late July 1976, the CIA station chief in Montevideo received information about it, but recommended that the Agency take no action because the Uruguayan officers (among them Colonel José Fons, who was at the November 1975 secret meeting in Santiago, Chile, and Major José Nino Gavazzo, who headed a team of intelligence officers working in Argentina in 1976, where he was responsible for more than 100 Uruguayans' deaths) had been drinking when the threat was made. In an interview for the book, Koch said that George H.W. Bush, CIA's director at the time, informed him in October 1976 — more than two months afterward, and after Orlando Letelier's murder — that "his sponsorship of legislation to cut off US military assistance to Uruguay on human rights grounds had provoked secret police officials to 'put a contract out for you'". George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 In mid-October 1976, Koch wrote to the Justice Department asking for FBI protection. None was provided for him. In late 1976, Colonel Fons and Major Gavazzo were assigned to prominent diplomatic posts in Washington, DC, but the State Department forced the Uruguayan government to withdraw their appointments, with the public explanation that "Fons and Gavazzo could be the objects of unpleasant publicity. " Koch only became aware of the connections between the threats in 2001. ^[32]

Other cases

The Chilean leader of the MIR, Edgardo Enríquez, was "disappeared" in Argentina, as well as another MIR leader, Jorge Fuentes; Alexei Jaccard, Chilean and Swiss, Ricardo Ramírez and a support network to the Communist party dismantled in Argentina in 1977. Revolutionary Left Movement ( MIR) ( Spanish Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria) is a Chilean Political party founded on October Cases of repression against German, Spanish, Peruvians citizens and Jewish people were also reported. The assassinations of former Bolivian president Juan José Torres and former Uruguayan deputies Héctor Gutiérrez and Zelmar Michelini in Buenos Aires in 1976 was also part of Condor. Juan José Torres González (1920— 2 June, 1976) was a Bolivian socialist politician and military leader Héctor Gutiérrez Ruiz (Montevideo 1934 - Buenos Aires 1976 was a Uruguayan political figure who died by assassination Zelmar Michelini (Montevideo May 20 1924 - Buenos Aires May 20, 1976) was a Uruguayan reporter and politician murdered in Buenos Aires in 1976 in the frame of The DINA entered into contact even with Croatian terrorists, Italian neofascists and the Shah's SAVAK to locate and assassinate dissidents. SAVAK ( Persian: ساواک short for سازمان اطلاعات و امنیت کشور Sazeman-e Ettela'at va Amniyat-e Keshvar, National Intelligence and Security ^[33]

Operation Condor was at its peak in 1976. Chilean exiles in Argentina were threatened again, and again had to go underground or into exile. Chilean General Carlos Prats had already been assassinated by the Chilean DINA in Buenos Aires in 1974, with the help of former CIA agent Michael Townley. General Carlos Prats González ( February 24, 1915 - September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer a Political figure Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( English: National Intelligence Directorate) or DINA was the Chilean Secret police in the government For the Australian politician see Michael Townley (Australian politician. Cuban diplomats were also assassinated in Buenos Aires in the infamous Automotores Orletti torture center, one of the 300 clandestine prisons of the dictatorship. These centers were managed by the Grupo de Tareas 18 headed by convicted armed robber Aníbal Gordon, who reported directly to General Commandant of the SIDE Otto Paladino. History The Secretariat of Intelligence was created in 1946 when Juan Perón 's first presidency established it by Executive Decree 337/46 under the denomination of Automotores Orletti was the main base of foreign intelligence services involved in Operation Condor. One of the survivors, José Luis Bertazzo, who was detained there fort wo months, identified Chilean, Uruguayan, Paraguayan and Bolivian prisoners who were interrogated by agents from their own countries. It is there that the 19-year-old daughter-in-law of poet Juan Gelman was tortured with her husband, before being transported to Montevideo where she delivered a baby which was immediately stolen by Uruguayan military officers. Juan Gelman (born 3 May 1930) is an Argentine poet. He has published more than twenty books of poetry since 1956 ^[34]

According to John Dinges's book Los años del Cóndor Chilean MIR prisoners in the Orletti center told José Luis Bertazzo that they had seen two Cuban diplomats, 22-year-old Jesús Cejas Arias, and 26-year-old Crescencio Galañega, tortured by Gordon's group and interrogated by a man who travelled from Miami to interrogate them. John Dinges was special correspondent for Time, Washington Post and ABC Radio in Chile. Mir (Мир which can mean both Peace and World, and was the name given to peasant communes in pre-revolutionary Russia was a Soviet (and The two Cuban diplomats, charged with the protection of Cuban ambassador to Argentina Emilio Aragonés, had been kidnapped on August 9, 1976 at the corner of calle Arribeños and Virrey del Pino by 40 armed SIDE agents who blocked the street with their Ford Falcons, the cars used by the security forces during the dictatorship. The Argentinian Ford Falcon is a full size car that was built by Ford Motor Company from 1962 to 1991 According to Dinges the FBI and the CIA were informed of their arrest. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all He quotes a cable sent by FBI agent in Buenos Aires Robert Scherrer on September 22, 1976 in which he mentioned in passing that Michael Townley, later convicted for the assassination on September 21, 1976 of former Chilean minister Orlando Letelier in Washington D. For the Australian politician see Michael Townley (Australian politician. Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar ( April 13, 1932 - September 21, 1976) was a Chilean economist Political figure, C. , had taken part to the interrogatories of the two Cubans. The former head of the DINA confirmed to Argentine federal judge María Servini de Cubría in Santiago de Chile on December 22, 1999 that Michael Townley and Cuban Guillermo Novo Sampoll were present in the Orletti center, having travelled from Chile to Argentina on August 11, 1976, and "cooperated in the torture and assassination of the two Cuban diplomats. " Anti-Castro Cuban terrorist Luis Posada Carriles also boasted in his autobiography, "Los caminos del guerrero", of the murder of the two young men. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until Luis Clemente Faustino Posada Carriles (born February 15, 1928) is a Cuban born Venezuelan anti- Castro terrorist ^[34]

U. S. involvement

Further information: U.S. intervention in Chile

CIA documents show that the CIA had close contact with members of the Chilean secret police, DINA, and its chief Manuel Contreras. The United States intervention in Chilean's politics started during the War of Chilean Independence. Juan Manuel Guillermo Contreras Sepúlveda (born May 4, 1929) is a Chilean military and the former head of DINA, Chile's Secret police Some have alleged that the CIA's one-time payment to Contreras is proof that the U. S. approved of Operation Condor and military repression within Chile. The CIA's official documents state that at one time some members of the intelligence community recommended making Contreras into a paid contact because of his closeness to Pinochet; the plan was rejected based on Contreras' poor human rights record, but the single payment was made due to miscommunication. ^[35]

A 1978 cable from the US ambassador to Paraguay, Robert White, to the Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, was published on March 6, 2001 by the New York Times. Robert White served as US ambassador under different administrations Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. Cyrus Roberts Vance ( Clarksburg West Virginia, March 27, 1917 &ndash January 12, 2002) was the United States Secretary of State Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The document was released in November 2000 by the Clinton administration under the Chile Declassification Project. The United States Presidency of Bill Clinton, also known as the Clinton Administration, was the executive branch of the Federal In the cable Ambassador White reported a conversation with General Alejandro Fretes Davalos, chief of staff of Paraguay's armed forces, who informed him that the South American intelligence chiefs involved in Condor "[kept] in touch with one another through a U. S. communications installation in the Panama Canal Zone which cover[ed] all of Latin America". The Panama Canal Zone (Zona del Canal de Panamá was a 553 square mile (1432 km² territory inside of Panama, consisting of the Panama Canal and an area generally According to Davalos, this installation was "employed to co-ordinate intelligence information among the southern cone countries". Robert White feared that the US connection to Condor might be publicly revealed at a time when the assassination in the U. S. A. of Chilean former minister Orlando Letelier and his American assistant Ronni Moffitt was being investigated. Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar ( April 13, 1932 - September 21, 1976) was a Chilean economist Political figure, Ronni Karpen Moffitt (1951 &ndash September 21 1976) was an American political activist of Jewish heritage White cabled that "it would seem advisable to review this arrangement to insure that its continuation is in US interest. "

The "information exchange" (via telex) included torture techniques (e. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally g. near-drowning, and playing recordings of victims who were being tortured to their families).

This demonstrates that the US facilitated communications for Operation Condor, and has been called by J. Patrice McSherry (Long Island Univ. J Patrice McSherry is a professor of Political science at Long Island University. ) "another piece of increasingly weighty evidence suggesting that U. S. military and intelligence officials supported and collaborated with Condor as a secret partner or sponsor. "^[36]

It has been argued that while the US was not a key member, it "provided organizational, intelligence, financial and technological assistance to the operation. "[5]

Material declassified in 2004 states that

"The declassified record shows that Secretary Kissinger was briefed on Condor and its 'murder operations' on August 5, 1976, in a 14-page report from Shlaudeman. 'Internationally, the Latin generals look like our guys,' Shlaudeman cautioned. 'We are especially identified with Chile. It cannot do us any good. ' Shlaudeman and his two deputies, William Luers and Hewson Ryan, recommended action. Over the course of three weeks, they drafted a cautiously worded demarche, approved by Kissinger, in which he instructed the U. S. ambassadors in the Southern Cone countries to meet with the respective heads of state about Condor. He instructed them to express 'our deep concern' about 'rumors' of 'plans for the assassination of subversives, politicians and prominent figures both within the national borders of certain Southern Cone countries and abroad. '"[6]

Ultimately, the demarche was never delivered. Kornbluh and Dinges suggest that the decision not to send Kissinger's order was due to a cable sent by Assistant Secretary Harry Shlaudeman to his deputy in D. C which states "you can simply instruct the Ambassadors to take no further action, noting that there have been no reports in some weeks indicating an intention to activate the Condor scheme. "^[37]McSherry, adds, "According to [U. S. Ambassador to Paraguay Robert] White, instructions from a secretary of state cannot be ignored unless there is a countermanding order received via a secret (CIA) backchannel. " ^[38] Kornbluh and Dinges conclude that "The paper trail is clear: the State Department and the CIA had enough intelligence to take concrete steps to thwart Condor assassination planning. Those steps were initiated but never implemented. " Shlaudeman's deputy Hewson Ryan later acknowledged in an oral history interview that the State Department was "remiss" in its handling of the case. "We knew fairly early on that the governments of the Southern Cone countries were planning, or at least talking about, some assassinations abroad in the summer of 1976. . . . Whether if we had gone in, we might have prevented this, I don't know," he stated in reference to the Letelier-Moffitt bombing. "But we didn't. "

Henry Kissinger

Henry Kissinger, Secretary of State in the Nixon and Ford administrations, was closely involved diplomatically with the Southern Cone governments at the time and well aware of the Condor plan. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President According to the French newspaper L'Humanité the first cooperation agreements were signed between the CIA and anti-Castro groups, fascist movements such as the Triple A set up in Argentina by Juan Perón and Isabel Martínez de Perón's "personal secretary" José López Rega, and Rodolfo Almirón (arrested in Spain in 2006). L'Humanité ("Humanity" formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF was founded in 1904 by Jean Jaurès, a leader of the Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, usually known as Triple A or AAA was a Far-right Death squad active in Juan Domingo Perón (October 8 1895 &ndash July 1 1974 was an Argentine Colonel and Politician, elected three times as President of Argentina María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former José López Rega ( 17 October 1916  &ndash 9 June 1989) was Argentina 's Minister of Social Welfare during the Peronist -->If you have just labeled this page as needing such attention please add{{substDuflu | pg= | Language = | Comments ^[39]

On May 31, 2001 French judge Roger Le Loire requested that a summons be served on Henry Kissinger while he was staying at the Hôtel Ritz in Paris. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 The Hôtel Ritz is a Hotel located at 15 Place Vendôme, in the heart of Paris, France. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Loire wanted to question Kissinger as a witness for alleged U. S. involvement in Operation Condor and for possible US knowledge concerning the "disappearances" of 5 French nationals in Chile during military rule. Kissinger left Paris that evening, and Loire's inquiries were directed to the U. S. State Department. ^[40]

In July 2001 the Chilean high court granted investigating judge Juan Guzmán the right to question Kissinger about the 1973 killing of American journalist Charles Horman, whose execution at the hands of the Chilean military following the coup was dramatized in the 1982 Costa-Gavras film, Missing. Juan Salvador Guzmán Tapia (b April 22, 1939) is a retired Chilean judge who became famous internationally for being the first judge to prosecute former Charles Horman ( May 15, 1942 &ndash September 20, 1973) an American journalist was one of the victims of the Chilean coup Constantinos Gavras (born February 13, 1933, Loutra Iraias, Greece) better known as (Constantin Costa-Gavras (Κώστας Γαβράς Missing is a 1982 Film directed by Costa Gavras, starring Jack Lemmon, Sissy Spacek, Melanie Mayron, John The judge’s questions were relayed to Kissinger via diplomatic routes but were not answered. ^[41]

In August 2001 Argentine Judge Rodolfo Canicoba sent a letter rogatory to the US State Department, in accordance with the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT), requesting a deposition by Kissinger to aid the judge's investigation of Operation Condor. A Letter Rogatory or Letter of Request is a formal request from a Court to a foreign court for some type of judicial assistance A mutual legal assistance treaty is an Agreement between two Foreign Countries for the purpose of gathering and exchanging Information in an ^[42]

On September 10, 2001 a civil suit was filed in a Washington, D. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. C. , federal court by the family of Gen. René Schneider, murdered former Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army, asserting that Kissinger ordered Schneider's murder because he refused to endorse plans for a military coup. General René Schneider Chereau ( December 31, 1913 - October 25, 1970) was the Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army Schneider was killed by coup-plotters loyal to General Roberto Viaux in a botched kidnapping attempt, but U. General Roberto Viaux Marambio ( 1917 - September 5, 2005) was a Chilean Army General and the primary planner in two failed Coup d'état S. involvement with the plot is disputed, as declassified transcripts show that Nixon and Kissinger had ordered the coup "turned off" a week before the killing, fearing that Viaux had no chance. As part of the suit Schneider’s two sons are attempting to sue Kissinger and then-CIA director Richard Helms for $3 million. Richard McGarrah Helms ( March 30, 1913 &ndash October 23, 2002) was the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI from 1966 to 1973 ^{[43] [44] [45]}

On September 11, 2001, the 28th anniversary of the Pinochet coup, Chilean human rights lawyers filed a criminal case against Kissinger along with Augusto Pinochet, former Bolivian general and president Hugo Banzer, former Argentine general and dictator Jorge Rafael Videla, and former Paraguayan president Alfredo Stroessner for alleged involvement in Operation Condor. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Hugo Banzer Suárez ( May 10, 1926 &ndash May 5, 2002) was a politician military general and President of Bolivia. Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes Buenos Aires) was the dictator and President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981 Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda, whose name is also spelled Strössner or Strößner (November 3 1912 Encarnación - August 16 2006 Brasília The case was brought on behalf of some fifteen victims of Operation Condor, ten of whom were Chilean.

In late 2001 the Brazilian government canceled an invitation for Kissinger to speak in São Paulo because it could not guarantee his immunity from judicial action. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world

On February 16, 2007, a request for the extradition of Kissinger was filed at the Supreme Court of Uruguay on behalf of Bernardo Arnone, a political activist who was kidnapped, tortured and disappeared by the dictatorial regime in 1976. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America ^[46]

The "French connection"

French journalist Marie-Monique Robin found in the archives of the Quai d'Orsay, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the original document proving that a 1959 agreement between Paris and Buenos Aires set up a "permanent French military mission" of officers who had fought in the Algerian War, and which was located in the offices of the chief of staff of the Argentine Army. Marie-Monique Robin (born 1960 is an award-winning French journalist For the Cuban cigar brand see Quai d'Orsay (cigar brand. The Quai d'Orsay is a Quai in the VIIe arrondissement The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from It continued until socialist François Mitterrand was elected President of France in 1981. The Socialist Party ( Parti Socialiste, PS is the largest left-wing political party in France. François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand ( 26 October 1916 8 January 1996 served as President of France from 1981 to 1995 elected as representative of the Socialist ^[47] She showed how Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's government secretly collaborated with Videla's junta in Argentina and with Augusto Pinochet's regime in Chile. Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing (born 2 February 1926 is a French centre - right politician who was President of the French The National Reorganization Process (in Spanish, Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, often simply El Proceso) was the name used by its leaders Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November ^[48]. The first Argentine officers, among them Alcides Lopez Aufranc, went to Paris to attend two-year courses at the Ecole de Guerre military school in 1957, two years before the Cuban Revolution and when no Argentine guerrilla movement existed. The École Militaire (Military School is a vast complex of buildings housing various military teaching facilities located in Paris, France, southeast of the The Cuban Revolution refers to the revolution that led to the overthrow of the United States proxy ruler General Fulgencio Batista 's regime on January 1, ^[47] "In practice", said Robin to Página/12, "the arrival of the French in Argentina led to a massive extension of intelligence services and of the use of torture as the primary weapon of anti-subversive war in the concept of modern warfare. Página/12 a left-wing newspaper based in Buenos Aires, Argentina, founded on May 25, 1987 by journalist Jorge Lanata Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Subversion refers to an attempt to overthrow structures of Authority, including the State. " The annihilation decrees signed by Isabel Peron had been inspired by French texts. María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former During the Battle of Algiers police forces were put under the authority of the Army, and in particular of the paratroopers, who used interrogation under torture and "disappearances". Paratroopers are Soldiers trained in Parachuting and generally operate as part of an airborne force. Interrogation or questioning is Interviewing as commonly employed by officers of the Police and Military.

On September 10, 2003 French Green Party deputies Noël Mamère, Martine Billard and Yves Cochet petitioned for the constitution of a Parliamentary Commission on the "role of France in the support of military regimes in Latin America from 1973 to 1984" before the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly, presided by Edouard Balladur. Noël Mamère (born December 25, 1948 in Libourne, Gironde, France) is a French Politician of the Martine Billard (born Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, 1952-10-07 is a French politician and Députée Martine Billard entered Yves Cochet is a French politician member of The Greens. He was minister in the government of Lionel Jospin. Édouard Balladur (born 2 May 1929 is a French right-wing Politician. The only newspaper to report this was Le Monde. Le Monde (The World is a ^[49] However, Deputy Roland Blum, in charge of the Commission, refused to hear Marie-Monique Robin, and in December 2003 published a 12-page report described by Robin as being in the utmost bad faith. Roland Blum ( Les Pennes-Mirabeau, 12 July 1945- is a French conservative politician member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP It claimed that no agreement had been signed, despite the agreement found by Robin in the Quai d'Orsay^[50][51]

When Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique de Villepin traveled to Chile in February 2004 he claimed that there had been no cooperation between France and the military regimes. For the Cuban cigar brand see Quai d'Orsay (cigar brand. The Quai d'Orsay is a Quai in the VIIe arrondissement Dominique de Villepin (born Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin (dɔminik də vilpɛ̃ &mdash) on 14 November 1953 in Rabat, Morocco ^[52]

Reporter Marie-Monique Robin said to L'Humanité newspaper: "The French have systematized a military technique in the urban environment which would be copied and pasted to Latin American dictatorships. L'Humanité ("Humanity" formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF was founded in 1904 by Jean Jaurès, a leader of the "^[8]. The methods employed during the 1957 Battle of Algiers were systematized and exported to the War School in Buenos Aires. ^[47] Roger Trinquier's famous book on counter-insurgency had a very strong influence in South America. Roger Trinquier (20 March 1908 - 11 January 1986 was a French Army officer and theorist of Counter-insurgency warfare See also Insurgency In the context of an occupation or a Civil war, counter-insurgency (abbreviated COIN is a military term for the combat Robin said that she was shocked to learn that the French intelligence agency Direction de surveillance du territoire (DST) communicated to the DINA the names of refugees who returned to Chile (Operation Retorno), all of whom were killed. The Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire (DST (Directorate of Territorial Surveillance was a directorate of the French National Police operating as a domestic Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( English: National Intelligence Directorate) or DINA was the Chilean Secret police in the government "Of course, this puts the French government in the dock, and Giscard d'Estaing, then President of the Republic. Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing (born 2 February 1926 is a French centre - right politician who was President of the French I was very shocked by the duplicity of the French diplomatic position which, at the same time received political refugees with open arms, and collaborated with the dictatorships. "^[8]

Marie-Monique Robin also showed ties between the French far right and Argentina since the 1930s, in particular through the Catholic fundamentalist organization Cité catholique created by Jean Ousset, a former secretary of Charles Maurras (founder of the royalist Action française movement). Traditionalist Catholics are Roman Catholics, or people who identify as Roman Catholics who believe that there should be a restoration of many or all of the liturgical NPOV La Cité Catholique is a Traditionalist Catholic organisation created in 1946 by Jean Ousset, private secretary of Charles Maurras Jean Ousset ( 28 July 1914 &ndash 20 April 1994) was a French ideologist of National Catholicism born in Porto. __FORCETOC__ Charles Maurras ( 20 April 1868 Martigues Bouches-du-Rhône France – 16 November 1952) was The Action Française is a French Monarchist ( Orléanist) Counter-revolutionary movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and La Cité published a review, Le Verbe, which influenced military officers during the Algerian War, notably by justifying the use of torture. At the end of the 1950s the Cité catholique established itself in Argentina and set up cells in the Army. It greatly expanded during the government of General Juan Carlos Onganía, in particular in 1969. Juan Carlos Onganía Carballo (1914-1995 was a military President of Argentina from 29 June 1966 to 8 June 1970. ^[47] The key figure of the Cité catholique was priest Georges Grasset, who became Videla's personal confessor and had been the spiritual guide of the Organisation de l'armée secrète (OAS) pro-French Algeria terrorist movement founded in Franquist Spain. The Organisation de l'armée secrète ( OAS &mdash or Organisation armée secrète, lit This Catholic fundamentalist current in the Argentine Army explains, according to Robin, the importance and duration of Franco-Argentine cooperation. In Buenos Aires Georges Grasset maintained links with Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, founder of the Society of St. Pius X in 1970 and excommunicated in 1988. Marcel-François Lefebvre ( November 29 1905 – March 25 1991) better known as Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, was a French The Society of St Pius X ( SSPX) is an international Traditionalist Catholic organisation whose official Latin name is Fraternitas Sacerdotalis The Society of Pius-X has four monasteries in Argentina, the largest in La Reja. There, a French priest declared to Marie-Monique Robin: "to save the soul of a Communist priest, one must kill him. " There she met Luis Roldan, former Under Secretary of Religion under Carlos Menem (President of Argentina from 1989 to 1999), who was presented by Dominique Lagneau, the priest in charge of the monastery, as "Mr. Carlos Saúl Menem Akil (born July 2, 1930) was President of Argentina from July 8, 1989 to December 10, 1999 Cité catholique in Argentina". Bruno Genta and Juan Carlos Goyeneche represent this ideology. Jordán Bruno Genta, (1909-1974 was an Argentine writer and educator widely considered the ideologue of the Argentine extreme Right-wing. ^[47]

Argentine Admiral Luis Maria Mendia, who had theorized the practice of "death flights", testified in January 2007 before Argentine judges that a French intelligence "agent," Bertrand de Perseval, had participated in the abduction of two French nuns, Léonie Duquet and Alice Domont, who were later murdered. Luis María Mendía (1925- May 2007 was the Argentine Chief of Naval Operations in 1976-77 with the rank of Vice-admiral. Leonie Duquet (1916 – 1977 was a French nun who was killed in the Dirty War that took place during the military regime of Argentine President Perseval, who lives today in Thailand, denied any links with the abduction but admitted being a former member of the OAS, and having escaped for Argentina after the March 1962 Evian Accords which ended the Algerian War (1954-62). The Organisation de l'armée secrète ( OAS &mdash or Organisation armée secrète, lit The Évian Accords comprise a Treaty which was signed on March 18, 1962 in Évian-les-Bains, France by France and the The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from Referring to Marie Monique Robin's film documentary titled The Death Squads - the French School (Les escadrons de la mort - l'école française), Luis Maria Mendia asked of the Argentine Court that former French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, former French premier Pierre Messmer, former French ambassador to Buenos Aires François de la Gorce, and all officials in place in the French embassy in Buenos Aires between 1976 and 1983 be called before the court. Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing (born 2 February 1926 is a French centre - right politician who was President of the French Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer (20 March 1916 29 August 2007 was a French Gaullist politician ^[53] Besides this "French connection" he has also accused former head of state Isabel Peron and former ministers Carlos Ruckauf and Antonio Cafiero, who had signed the "anti-subversion decrees" before Videla's 1976 coup d'état. María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former Carlos Federico Ruckauf (born Ramos Mejía 1944) is a Peronist politician in Argentina, member of the Justicialist Party. Antonio Francisco Cafiero (born 12 September 1922 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine Justicialist Party politician According to ESMA survivor Graciela Daleo, this is another tactic which claims that these crimes were legitimised by the 1987 Obediencia Debida law, and that they were also covered by Isabel Peron's "anti-subversion decrees" (which, if true, would give them a veneer of legality, despite torture being forbidden by the Argentine Constitution)^[54] Alfredo Astiz also referred before the courts to the "French connection". The Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics (in Spanish Escuela de Suboficiales de Mecánica de la Armada, previously Escuela Superior de Mecánica de la Armada Alfredo Ignacio Astiz (born 8 November 1951) was a Captain and Intelligence officer in the Argentine Navy during the dictatorial rule of ^[55]

Legal actions

Chilean judge Juan Guzman, who had arraigned Pinochet at his return to Chile after his arrest in London, started procedures against some 30 torturers, including former head of the DINA Manuel Contreras, for the disappearance of 20 Chilean victims of the Condor plan. Juan Salvador Guzmán Tapia (b April 22, 1939) is a retired Chilean judge who became famous internationally for being the first judge to prosecute former Juan Manuel Guillermo Contreras Sepúlveda (born May 4, 1929) is a Chilean military and the former head of DINA, Chile's Secret police ^[39]

In Argentina the CONADEP human rights commission led by writer Ernesto Sabato investigated human rights abuses during the "Dirty War", and the 1985 Trial of the Juntas found top officers who ran the military governments guilty of acts of state terrorist. The National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons (Spanish es Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas, CONADEP was an Argentine organization Ernesto Sabato (born June 24, 1911) is an Argentine writer of Italian and Arbëreshë (Italian Albanian descent The Trial of the Juntas (Spanish Juicio a las Juntas) was the judicial trial of the members of the de facto military government that ruled Argentina State terrorism refers to acts of Terrorism conducted by governments However, the amnesty laws (Ley de Obediencia Debida and Ley de Punto Final) put an end to the trials until the amnesties themselves were repealed by the Argentine Supreme Court in 2003. Ley de Obediencia Debida (Spanish Law of Due Obedience) was a law passed by the National Congress of Argentina after the end of the military Ley de Punto Final (Spanish roughly translated Full Stop Law) was a law passed by the National Congress of Argentina after the end of the military The Supreme Court of Argentina (in Spanish, Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación) is the highest Court of Law of the Argentine Criminals such as Alfredo Astiz, sentenced in absentia in France for the disappearance of the two French nuns Alice Domont and Léonie Duquet will now have to answer for their involvement in Condor. Alfredo Ignacio Astiz (born 8 November 1951) was a Captain and Intelligence officer in the Argentine Navy during the dictatorial rule of Leonie Duquet (1916 – 1977 was a French nun who was killed in the Dirty War that took place during the military regime of Argentine President

Chilean Enrique Arancibia Clavel was condemned in Argentina for the assassination of Carlos Prats and of his wife. Enrique Arancibia is a former Chilean DINA agent who resided in unofficial exile in Buenos Aires after the assassination of Chilean Army Chief of Staff René Schneider Former Uruguayan president Juan María Bordaberry, his minister of Foreign Affairs and six military officers, responsible for the disappearance in Argentina in l976 of opponents to the Uruguayan regime, were arrested in 2006. Juan María Bordaberry Arocena is a Uruguayan statesman and Cattle rancher, who served as President from 1972 to 1976.

On 3 August, 2007 General Raúl Iturriaga, former head of DINA, was captured in the Chilean town of Viña del Mar on the Pacific coast^[56]. Raúl Eduardo Iturriaga Neumann (b January 23 1938 in Linares Chile) is a retired Army general and a former deputy director of the DINA Viña del Mar ( Spanish: "Vineyard of the Sea" also known locally as La Ciudad Jardín (Spanish "The Garden City" is a Chilean He had previously been a fugitive from a five-year jail term, after being sentenced for the kidnapping of Luis Dagoberto San Martin, a 21-year-old opponent of Pinochet. Martín had been captured in 1974 and taken to a DINA detention centre, from which he "disappeared. " Iturriaga was also wanted in Argentina for the assassination of General Prats ^[56].

According to French newspaper L'Humanité "in most of those countries legal action against the authors of crimes of 'lese-humanity' from the 1970s to 1990 owes more to flaws in the amnesty laws than to a real will of the governments in power, which, on the contrary, wave the flag of 'national reconciliation'. L'Humanité ("Humanity" formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF was founded in 1904 by Jean Jaurès, a leader of the It is sad to say that two of the pillars of the Condor Operation, Alfredo Stroessner and Augusto Pinochet, never paid for their crimes and died without ever answering charges about the 'disappeared' - who continue to haunt the memory of people who had been crushed by fascist brutality. Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda, whose name is also spelled Strössner or Strößner (November 3 1912 Encarnación - August 16 2006 Brasília "^[39].

See also

• History of Argentina
• History of Bolivia
• History of Brazil
• History of Chile
• History of Paraguay
• History of Peru
• History of Uruguay
• Dirty War
• Amnesty Law
• Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships

South American intelligence agencies

• DINA
• DIM
• SNI
• SIDE

Some participants in Operation Condor

• Stefano Delle Chiaie, Italian terrorist, also an operative for Gladio "stay-behind" NATO clandestine structure
• Michael Townley, US expatriate, DINA agent involved in Orlando Letelier's 1976 murder in Washington D. This article is about the History of Argentina. See also History of South America, History of Latin America, History of the Americas, and This is the History of Bolivia.See also the History of Latin America, the History of the Americas, and the History of present-day nations The history of Brazil begins with the arrival of the first indigenous peoples, over 8000 years ago by crossing the Bering land bridge into Alaska and then This is the history of Chile. See also the History of South America and the History of present-day nations and states. This is the history of Paraguay. See also the History of South America and the History of present-day nations and states. The history of Peru spans several millennia Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world and to the Inca Empire This is about the History of Uruguay. See also the History of South America. This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film. An amnesty law is any law that retroactively exempts a select group of people usually military leaders and government leaders from criminal liability for crimes committed This is a list of movies that in one way or another are closely related to the military dictatorships in Latin America that appeared during the context of the Cold War. Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( English: National Intelligence Directorate) or DINA was the Chilean Secret police in the government The Dirección de Inteligencia Militar was the military intelligence agency of Venezuela. The National Intelligence Service ( Serviço Nacional de Informações, or SNI) of Brazil was an Intelligence agency formed by the Castelo History The Secretariat of Intelligence was created in 1946 when Juan Perón 's first presidency established it by Executive Decree 337/46 under the denomination of Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 13 September 1936 in Caserta) is a Neofascist Italian activist (founder of ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' and Gladio ( Italian, from Latin Gladius, meaning Sword) is a code name denoting the clandestine NATO " Stay-behind For the Australian politician see Michael Townley (Australian politician. Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar ( April 13, 1932 - September 21, 1976) was a Chilean economist Political figure, C.
• Luis Posada Carriles, a Cuban anti-Castro terrorist who participated in Operation Condor and worked for the Venezuelan DISIP (currently in the US)
• Virgilio Paz Romero, who participated to Orlando Letelier's 1976 assassination and the attack against Bernardo Leighton in Rome^[57]
• Alianza Anticomunista Argentina (aka Triple A)
• Italian secret services

Prominent victims of Operation Condor

A few well-known victims of Operation Condor:

• Martín Almada, educator in Paraguay, arrested in 1974 and tortured for three years
• Víctor Olea Alegría, member of the Socialist Party, arrested on September 11, 1974 and "disappeared" (head of DINA Manuel Contreras was convicted in 2002 for this crime)
• General Carlos Prats, who immediately preceded Pinochet at the head of the Chilean army, assassinated in Buenos Aires in 1974
• William Beausire, businessman with dual British and Chilean nationality, abducted in transit in Buenos Aires airport in November 1974, taken to the Villa Grimaldi torture centre in Chile and never seen since[7]. Luis Clemente Faustino Posada Carriles (born February 15, 1928) is a Cuban born Venezuelan anti- Castro terrorist The Dirección de los Servicios de Inteligencia y Prevención (Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services DISIP was the premier Intelligence agency of Virgilio Paz Romero is an anti-Castro Cuban exile, involved in various anti-communist acts The Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, usually known as Triple A or AAA was a Far-right Death squad active in Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare ( Military Intelligence and Security Service) was the Military intelligence agency of Italy Martín Almada (born 30 January 1937) is a lawyer writer and educationalist from Paraguay. Víctor Olea Alegría (born 17 June 1950) was a member ( militante) of Chile’s Partido Socialista. The Socialist Party of Chile (Spanish Partido Socialista de Chile or PS is part of the ruling Coalition of Parties for Democracy coalition General Carlos Prats González ( February 24, 1915 - September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer a Political figure
• Bernardo Leighton, Christian-Democrat who narrowly escaped murder in Rome in 1975 organized by Italian terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie
• Carlos Altamirano, leader of the Chilean Socialist Party, targeted for murder by Pinochet in 1975
• Attempted assassination against Emilio Aragonés, the Cuban ambassador in Buenos Aires, in 1975, organized by leader of the CORU, Orlando Bosch
• Sheila Cassidy, British physician, arrested in Chile in 1975 and tortured for medical treatment to an opponent of the regime. Bernardo Leighton Guzmán (born on August 16 1909 - died on January 26 1995) was a Chilean Christian Democrat who was targeted Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 13 September 1936 in Caserta) is a Neofascist Italian activist (founder of ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' and Carlos Altamirano Orrego ( December 18, 1922, Santiago de Chile) is a lawyer and one of the most influential politicians of Chilean Socialism The Socialist Party of Chile (Spanish Partido Socialista de Chile or PS is part of the ruling Coalition of Parties for Democracy coalition Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations (CORU has been described by the FBI as "an anti- Castro terrorist umbrella organization" Orlando Bosch (also known as Orlando Bosch Avila is a Cuban exile and former Central Intelligence Agency -backed operative head of CORU organization which Sheila Cassidy (born 1937 is a British doctor known for her work in the hospice movement as a writer and as someone who by publicising her own history as a
• Volodia Teitelboim, member of the Communist Party of Chile, targeted for murder alongside Carlos Altamirano, in Mexico in 1976
• "Disappearance" of two Cuban diplomats in Argentina, Crecencio Galañega Hernández and Jesús Cejas Arias who transited through Orletti detention center in Buenos Aires (August 9, 1976 - see Lista de centros clandestinos de detención (Argentina)); both were questionned by the SIDE and the DINA, with the knowledge of the FBI and the CIA^[58]
• Pascal Allende, nephew of Salvador Allende and president of the MIR, escaped assassination attempt in Costa Rica in March 1976
• Orlando Letelier, murdered in 1976 in Washington D. Volodia Valentín Teitelboim Volosky ( March 17, 1916 - January 31, 2008) was a Chilean lawyer politician and author The Communist Party of Chile (Partido Comunista de Chile is a Chilean political party that advocates Communism. Andrés Pascal Allende is a Chilean Marxist revolutionary and nephew of former President Salvador Allende. Revolutionary Left Movement ( MIR) ( Spanish Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria) is a Chilean Political party founded on October Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar ( April 13, 1932 - September 21, 1976) was a Chilean economist Political figure, C. with his assistant Ronnie Moffitt
• US Congressman Edward Koch, who became aware in 2001 of relations between 1970s threats on his life and Operation Condor
• Christian-Democrat and president of Chile from 1964 to 1970 Eduardo Frei Montalva, who may have been poisoned in the early 1980s according to current investigations
• former Bolivian president Juan José Torres, assassinated in Buenos Aires in 1976
• Héctor Gutiérrez Ruiz, former Uruguayan deputy, assassinated in Buenos Aires in 1976
• Zelmar Michelini, former Uruguayan deputy, assassinated in Buenos Aires in 1976
• Carmelo Soria, Spanish diplomat, civil servant of the CEPAL (a United Nations organism), assassinated on July 21, 1976
• Jorge Zaffaroni and Maria Emilia Islas de Zaffaroni, maybe members of the Tupamaros, "disappeared" in Buenos Aires on September 29, 1976, kidnapped by the Batallón de Inteligencia 601, who handed them out to the Uruguayan OCOAS (Organismo Coordinador de Operaciones Anti-Subversivas)^[59]
• Dagmar Ingrid Hagelin, 17-year-old Swedish girl shot in the back by Alfredo Astiz in 1977 and later murdered
• Poet Juan Gelman's son and daughter-in-law (whose baby was stolen by the Uruguayan militaries)

Archives and reports

• National Security Archives, a NGO which publicizes the few CIA documents obtained under Freedom of Information Act
• "Terror archives", discovered in 1992 in Paraguay, which permitted opening of prosecution cases against former or active militaries involved in Operation Condor
• Rettig Report
• Valech Report

Detention and torture centers

• Colonia Dignidad, a bizarre and secretive German enclave in activity until 2005, put under state administration end of 2005
• Esmeralda (BE-43)
• Estadio Nacional de Chile
• Villa Grimaldi

Other operations and strategies related to Condor

• Operation Colombo, for which Augusto Pinochet was being judged at the time of his death
• Caravan of Death, carried on a few weeks after the 1973 coup

Fictional references

• Don Winslow's 2005 book The Power of the Dog is based on the actions and some of the consequences of Operation Condor. Edward Irving Koch (born December 12, 1924;) was a United States Congressman from 1969 to 1977 and the Mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989 Eduardo Nicanor Frei Montalva (1911&ndash1982 was a Chilean political figure and President of Chile from 1964 to 1970 Juan José Torres González (1920— 2 June, 1976) was a Bolivian socialist politician and military leader Héctor Gutiérrez Ruiz (Montevideo 1934 - Buenos Aires 1976 was a Uruguayan political figure who died by assassination Zelmar Michelini (Montevideo May 20 1924 - Buenos Aires May 20, 1976) was a Uruguayan reporter and politician murdered in Buenos Aires in 1976 in the frame of Carmelo Soria ( Madrid, 5 November 1921 – Santiago de Chile, 16 July 1976) was a Spanish Diplomat The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC or ECLAC was established in 1948 (then as the UN Economic Commission for Latin The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Tupamaros, also known as the MLN ( Movimiento de Liberación Nacional or National Liberation Movement was an Urban guerrilla organization in Uruguay The Batallón de Inteligencia 601 ( 601st Intelligence Battalion) was a special military intelligence service of the Argentine Army active Alfredo Ignacio Astiz (born 8 November 1951) was a Captain and Intelligence officer in the Argentine Navy during the dictatorial rule of Juan Gelman (born 3 May 1930) is an Argentine poet. He has published more than twenty books of poetry since 1956 The National Security Archive is a 501(c(3 non-governmental non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in The "Archives of Terror" (Archivos del Terror were found on December 22, 1992 by a lawyer Dr The Rettig Report, officially The National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation Report, is a report by a commission designated by then President Patricio Aylwin The Valech Report (officially The National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture Report) was a study that detailed abuses committed in Chile between 1973 Villa Baviera (Bavaria Village formerly known as Colonia Dignidad (Dignidad Colony is a Chilean hamlet in Parral Commune Linares Province Construction The ship is the sixth to carry the name Esmeralda. The Estadio Nacional de Chile is the National stadium of Chile. Villa Grimaldi was a complex of buildings used for the Interrogation and Torture of Political prisoners by DINA, the Chilean Operation Colombo was an operation undertaken by the DINA (the Chilean Secret police) in 1975 The Caravan of Death was a Chilean Army Death squad that following the Chilean coup of 1973, flew by helicopter from south to north of Chile between Don Winslow is an author currently living in the United States, most recognized for his crime and mystery novels The Power of the Dog is a 2005 crime/thriller novel by Don Winslow, based on the DEA 's involvement with the War on Drugs.
• In DC Comics, the father of the superheroine Fire was a key figure in Operation Condor. DC Comics is an American comic book and related media company Fire is a Fictional character, a Comic book Superheroine from the DC Comics universe. ^[60]
• Nathan Englander's powerful novel The Ministry of Special Cases is set in Buenos Aires in the early 1970s. Its main characters are Kaddish and Lillian, a Jewish couple whose son Pato is disappeared shortly after the Videla junta takes power. Faber and Faber, London, 2007.

Bibliography

• Stella Calloni, Los años del lobo and Operación Cóndor: Pacto Criminal, Editorial Ciencias Sociales', La Habana, 2006.
• John Dinges, "The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents" (The New Press, 2004)
• Peter Kornbluh, The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountablity (New Press). John Dinges was special correspondent for Time, Washington Post and ABC Radio in Chile. Peter Kornbluh is director of the National Security Archive 's Chile Documentation Project and of the Cuba Documentation Project The New Press is a not-for-profit United States -based publishing house that operates in the public interest
• Marie-Monique Robin, Escadrons de la mort, l'école française ("Death Squads, the French School"). Marie-Monique Robin (born 1960 is an award-winning French journalist Book and film documentary (French, transl. in Spanish, Sudamericana, 2002).
• J. Patrice McSherry, "Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America" (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005)
• Nilson, Cezar Mariano; Operación Cóndor. Terrorismo de Estado en el cono Sur. Lholé-Lumen; Buenos Aires, 1998.
  • Paredes, Alejandro. La Operación Cóndor y la guerra fría. . Universum. [online]. 2004, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 122-137. ISSN 0718-2376.
• Gutiérrez Contreras, J. C. y Villegas Díaz, Myrna. Derechos Humanos y Desaparecidos en Dictaduras Militares, KO'AGA ROÑE'ETA se. vii (1999) - Previamente publicado en "Derecho penal: Implicaciones Internacionales", Publicación del IX Congreso Universitario de Derecho Penal, Universidad de Salamanca. Edit. Colex, Madrid, Marzo de 1999
• Informe de la Comisión Nacional sobre prisión política y tortura. Santiago de Chile, Ministerio del Interior – Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura, 2005.

Footnotes and references

External links

• Operation Condor on Nizkor's website
• Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America, by J. Events in March American Red Cross Month Fire Prevention month ( The Philippines) Women's History Month ( United DC Comics is an American comic book and related media company See Nizkor for other organizations with a similar name ---- Equipo Nizkor (from the Hebrew נִזְכּוֹר "we will remember" is a Patrice McSherry (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005) [8]
• The Condor Years - How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents
• Ed Koch Threatened with Assassination in 1976
• Plan Condor on Disinfopedia
• Nacimiento del Operativo Cóndor, article in Spanish by Dr Martín Almada on how the enquiry of his case led to the discover of the Lambaré files. SourceWatch (formerly Disinfopedia) is an internet site which is a "collaborative project" of the Center for Media and Democracy (CMD
• Operation Condor - John Dinges John Dinges is a reporter, author of several books about Operation Condor. John Dinges was special correspondent for Time, Washington Post and ABC Radio in Chile. He has worked as a correspondent for the Washington Post in South America and is the former director of NPR. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a

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