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U.S. Marines hit three feet of rough water as they leave their LST to take the beach at Cape Gloucester, New Britain. December 26, 1943. (Source:National Archives)
U.S. Marines hit three feet of rough water as they leave their LST to take the beach at Cape Gloucester, New Britain. Landing Ship Tank ( LST) was the military designation for naval vessels created during World War II to support Amphibious operations by carrying significant December 26, 1943. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (Source:National Archives)

Operation Cartwheel (1943–1944) was the major military strategy for the Allies in the Pacific theater of World War II. Military strategy is a National defence policy implemented by Military organisations to pursue desired strategic goals Derived from the Greek The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Cartwheel was a twin-axis of advance operation, aimed at militarily neutralizing the major Japanese base at Rabaul. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Rabaul is a township in East New Britain province Papua New Guinea. The operation was directed by the Supreme Allied Commander in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA), General Douglas MacArthur, whose forces advanced along the northeast coast of New Guinea and occupied nearby islands. The South West Pacific was one of two theatres of World War II in the Pacific region between 1942 and 1945. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known Allied forces from the Pacific Ocean Areas command, under Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, advanced through the Solomon Islands towards Bougainville. Pacific Ocean Areas was the major Allied military command in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II. Fleet Admiral Chester William Nimitz, USN, GCB ( February 24, 1885 &ndash February 20, 1966) held the dual command The Solomon Islands is a country in Melanesia, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands Bougainville is part of Papua New Guinea. Geographically, Bougainville is included in the chain of islands known as the Solomon Islands in Melanesia The Allied forces involved were from the United States, Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands and various Pacific Islands. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Pacific Ocean contains an estimated 20000 to 30000 Islands (the exact number has yet to be precisely determined

Contents

Background to Operation Cartwheel

Japanese forces had captured Rabaul, on New Britain, in the Territory of New Guinea, from Australian forces in February 1942 and turned it into their major forward base in the South Pacific, and the main obstacle in the two Allied theaters. The Battle of Rabaul, on the island of New Britain, in the Australian Territory of New Guinea, in January and February 1942, represented This article discusses the island of New Britain in Papua New Guinea Territory of New Guinea was the name given to the Australia -controlled League of Nations -mandated territory in the north eastern part of the island of New For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. MacArthur formulated a strategic outline, the Elkton Plan, to capture Rabaul from bases in Australia and New Guinea. New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known Admiral Ernest J. King, the Chief of Naval Operations, proposed a plan with similar elements but under Navy command. Fleet Admiral Ernest Joseph King GCB ( November 23, 1878 &ndash June 25, 1956) was Commander in Chief United States Organization of the CNO's Office The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations includes the Chief of Naval Operations the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, the Deputy Chiefs Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall, whose main goal was for a main effort in Europe and not the Pacific, proposed a compromise plan in which the task would be divided into three stages, the first under Navy command and the second two under MacArthur's direction. George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of This strategic plan, which was never formally adopted by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff but which was ultimately implemented, called for:

The protracted battle for Guadalcanal followed by the unopposed seizure of the Russell Islands (Operation Cleanslate) on February 21, 1943, resulted in Japanese attempts to reinforce the area by sea. The Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS) is a group comprising the Chiefs of service of each major branch of the Armed services in the United States armed forces Tulagi, less commonly Tulaghi, is a small Island (55 km by 1 km in the Solomon Islands, just off the south coast of Florida Island. The Santa Cruz Islands are a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, part of Temotu Province of the Solomon Islands. The Guadalcanal Campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal, was fought between August 7, 1942, and February 9, 1943, in the See also Russell Island. The Russell Islands are two important small islands as well as several Islets of volcanic origin in the Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. MacArthur's air forces countered in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea on March 2-March 5, 1943. The Battle of the Bismarck Sea was a battle in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA during World War II, in which planes of the United States Fifth Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The disastrous losses suffered by the Japanese prompted Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto to initate I Go (Operation 'I'), a series of air attacks against Allied airfields and shipping at both Guadalcanal and New Guinea, which ultimately resulted in Yamamoto's death on April 18, 1943. Fleet Admiral ( 4 April 1884 – 18 April 1943) was the Commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during World War II a Operation Vengeance was carried out to kill Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto on April 18, 1943, during the Solomon Islands campaign Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Implementation of Cartwheel

The eastern part of the Territory of New Guinea, and the northern Solomon Islands; the area in which Operation Cartwheel took place, from June 1943.
The eastern part of the Territory of New Guinea, and the northern Solomon Islands; the area in which Operation Cartwheel took place, from June 1943. New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known The Solomon Islands is a country in Melanesia, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands

MacArthur had presented Elkton III, his revised plan for taking Rabaul before 1944, on February 12, 1943. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It called for an attack by MacArthur against northeast New Guinea and western New Britain, and by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey (then in command of the South Pacific Area) against the central Solomons. This article discusses the island of New Britain in Papua New Guinea Fleet Admiral William Frederick Halsey Jr, GBE, USN, ( October 30, 1882 &ndash August 16, 1959) (called "Bill This plan required seven more divisions than were already in the theater, raising objections from the British. The Joint Chiefs responded with a directive that approved the plan using forces already in the theater or en route to it, and delaying its implementation by sixty days. Elkton III then became Operation Cartwheel.

Cartwheel operations

The Cartwheel plan identified thirteen proposed subordinate operations and set a timetable for their launching. Of the thirteen, Rabaul, Kavieng, and Kolombangara were eventually eliminated as too costly and unnecessary, and ten were actually undertaken. Kavieng is the capital of the Papua New Guinean province of New Ireland and the largest town on the island of the same name Kolombangara is an Island in the New Georgia Islands group of the Solomon Islands.

Woodlark Island (112th Cavalry US)
Kiriwina (158th Regimental Combat Team RCT US)
New Georgia (43rd Infantry Division US) – June 30, 1943
Segi Point, New Georgia (4th Marine Raider Battalion US) – June 21, 1943
Rendova (169th and 172nd RCT's US) – June 30, 1943
Zanana, New Georgia (169th and 172nd RCT's US) – July 5, 1943
Bairoko, New Georgia (4th Marine Raider Battalion US) – July 5, 1943
Arundel Island (172nd RCT, 43rd Infantry Division US) – August 27, 1943
Lae, New Guinea ( 9th and 7th Divisions Australia, 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment US)
Treasury Islands (8th Brigade New Zealand)
Choiseul Island (2nd Marine Parachute Battalion US)
Bougainville (3rd Marine Division US, 37th Infantry Division US)
Saidor, New Guinea and landing at Cape Gloucester, New Britain
Arawe, New Britain (112th Cavalry US) – December 15, 1943
Cape Gloucester (U. During World War II, Operation Chronicle was the Allied invasion of Woodlark and Kiriwina Islands in the South Pacific as part of Operation Cartwheel Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Woodlark Island, known to its inhabitants simply as Woodlark or Muyuw, is an island in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. Kiriwina is the largest of the Trobriand Islands. It is part of the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. New Georgia is the largest Island of the Western Province of the Solomon Islands. The 43d Infantry Division was a formation of the United States Army in World War II. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Rendova Island is an island part of the New Georgia Islands, Solomon Islands, located at. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Arundel Island is an island part of the New Georgia Islands in the Solomon Islands. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In American military history the 25th Infantry Division (nicknamed "Tropic Lightning") is a large military unit associated with operations in the Asia-Pacific region The New Zealand 3rd Division was the main New Zealand Army unit to see action in the Pacific Ocean Areas during World War II. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Salamaua–Lae campaign was a series of actions in the New Guinea campaign of World War II. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lae, the capital of Morobe Province is the second largest city in Papua New Guinea The 9th Division of the Australian Army was formed to serve in World War II, as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (AIF The 7th Division of the Australian Army was formed to serve in World War II, as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF The 503rd Infantry Regiment, formerly the 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR is an airborne unit in the United States military. The Battle of the Treasury Islands was fought from October 25 to November 12, 1943, between Allied and Japanese forces in the Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Treasury Islands ( are a small group of islands a few kilometers to the south of Bougainville and 24 kilometers from the Shortland Islands. The Raid on Choiseul was a small unit engagement that occurred from October 28 to November 3, 1943, during the Solomon Islands campaign. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Choiseul Island is the largest island (2 971 km² of the Choiseul Province, Solomon Islands, at. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 3rd Marine Division is an infantry division in the United States Marine Corps based out of Okinawa, Japan. The 37th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War I and World War II. The Battle of Cape Gloucester was a battle in the Pacific theater of World War II, which took place between late December 1943 and April The Battle of Arawe was a battle during the New Britain Campaign of World War II. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. S. 1st Marine Division US) – December 26, 1943
Saidor (U.S. 32nd Infantry Division US) – January 2, 1944

New Guinea Force, under General Thomas Blamey was assigned responsibility for the eastward thrusts on mainland New Guinea. The 1st Marine Division is the oldest largest (active duty and most decorated division in the United States Marine Corps representing a combat-ready force Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 32nd Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War I and World War II. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Admiralty Islands campaign ( Operation Brewer), was a series of battles in the New Guinea campaign of World War II in which the United States Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 1st Cavalry Division ( "First Team") is a rapidly deployable heavy Armored division of the United States Army with base of operations Emirau Island, also called Emira, is an island in the Bismarck Archipelago located at. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 4th Marine Regiment is an Infantry Regiment of the United States Marine Corps. Field Marshal Sir Thomas Albert Blamey GBE, KCB, CMG, DSO, ED, ( 24 January 1884 – 27 The U. S. Sixth Army, under General Walter Krueger was to take Kiriwina, Woodlark and Cape Gloucester. Walter Krueger ( 26 January 1881 - 20 August 1967) was a German - American Soldier and General in the The Battle of Cape Gloucester was a battle in the Pacific theater of World War II, which took place between late December 1943 and April The land forces would be supported by Allied air units under Lieutenant General George Kenney and naval units under Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender. George Churchill Kenney ( August 6, 1889 - August 9, 1977) was a United States Army Air Forces general during World War II {unreferenced|date=September 2008}} Arthur Schuyler Carpender (October 24 1884-1960 was an American vice admiral during World War II commanding

In the midst of Operation Cartwheel the Joint Chiefs met with U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill at the Quadrant Conference in Quebec in August 1943. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province There the decision was made to bypass and isolate Rabaul rather than attempting to capture the base and attack Kavieng instead. Soon after the decision was made to bypass Kavieng as well. Although initially objected to by MacArthur, the by-passing of Rabaul in favor of its neutralization meant that his Elkton plan had been achieved, and after invading Saidor, MacArthur then moved into his Reno Plan, an advance across the north coast of New Guinea to Mindanao. Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost Island in the Philippines.

The campaign, which stretched into 1944, showed the effectiveness of a strategy which avoided major concentrations of enemy forces and instead aimed at cutting the Japanese lines of communication.


Notes

References

Official histories

Australia

New Zealand

United States

External links

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