Open source software (OSS) began as a marketing campaign for free software. Free software or software libre is Software that can be used studied and modified without restriction and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified ^[1] OSS can be defined as computer software for which the human-readable source code is made available under a copyright license (or arrangement such as the public domain) that meets the Open Source Definition. In Computer science, source code (commonly just source or code) is any sequence of statements or declarations written in some Human-readable Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for The verb license or grant license means to give permission The noun license is the document demonstrating that permission The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The Open Source Definition is used by the Open Source Initiative to determine whether or not a software license can be considered open source. This permits users to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form. It is often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open source software is the most prominent example of open source development and often compared to user generated content. Open source is a development methodology which offers practical accessibility to a product's source (goods and knowledge User generated content ( UGC, often hyphenated also known as Consumer Generated Media ( CGM) or User created Content ( UCC) refers ^[2]

Contents 1 History 2 Philosophy 3 Licensing 4 Open source versus closed source 5 Open source software versus free software 6 Open source versus source-available 7 Pros and cons of open source software 8 Development tools 9 Projects and organizations 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Further reading 11.2 Legal and economic aspects 12 External links

History

Main article: Open source movement

The free software movement was launched in 1983. The Open Source Initiative is an organization dedicated to promoting Open-source software. The free software movement (also known as open source movement, free and open source software movement and abbreviated FSM OSM or FOSSM) is a relatively In 1998, a group of individuals advocated that the term free software be replaced by open source software (OSS) as an expression which is less ambiguous and more comfortable for the corporate world. Free software or software libre is Software that can be used studied and modified without restriction and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified ^[3] Software developers may want to publish their software with an open source license, so that anybody may also develop the same software or understand how it works. An open source license is a copyright License for Computer software that makes the source code available under terms that allow for modification and redistribution Open source software generally allows anyone to make a new version of the software, port it to new operating systems and processor architectures, share it with others or market it. The aim of open source is to let the product be more understandable, modifiable, duplicatable,reliable or simply accessible, while it is still marketable.

The Open Source Definition, notably, presents an open source philosophy, and further defines a boundary on the usage, modification and redistribution of open source software. The Open Source Definition is used by the Open Source Initiative to determine whether or not a software license can be considered open source. Software licenses grant rights to users which would otherwise be prohibited by copyright. A software license (or software licence in commonwealth usage is a Legal instrument governing the usage or redistribution of copyright protected software Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for These include rights on usage, modification and redistribution. Several open source software licenses have qualified within the boundary of the Open Source Definition. The most prominent example is the popular GNU General Public License (GPL). While open source presents a way to broadly make the sources of a product publicly accessible, the open source licenses allow the authors to fine tune such access.

The "open source" label came out of a strategy session held in Palo Alto in reaction to Netscape's January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator (as Mozilla). Palo Alto (ˌpæloʊˈæltoʊ from Spanish: palo: "stick" and alto: "high" i Netscape Communications (formerly known as Netscape Communications Corporation and commonly known as Netscape) is an American computer services company Netscape Navigator and Netscape are the names for the proprietary Web browser popular in the 1990s and the Flagship product of the Netscape Mozilla was the official public original name of Mozilla Application Suite by the Mozilla Foundation, currently known as SeaMonkey suite. A group of individuals at the session included Todd Anderson, Larry Augustin, John Hall, Sam Ockman, Christine Peterson and Eric S. Raymond. Eric Steven Raymond (born December 4 1957 often referred to as ESR, is a Computer programmer, author and Open source software advocate They used the opportunity before the release of Navigator's source code to clarify a potential confusion caused by the ambiguity of the word "free" in English. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The 'open source' movement is generally thought to have begun with this strategy session. Many people, nevertheless, claimed that the birth of the Internet, since 1969, started the open source movement, while others do not distinguish between open source and free software movements. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

The Free Software Foundation (FSF), started in 1985, intended the word 'free' to mean "free as in free speech" and not "free as in free beer" with emphasis on the positive freedom to distribute rather than a negative freedom from cost. The Free Software Foundation ( FSF) is a Non-profit corporation founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the Free software movement Since a great deal of free software already was (and still is) free of charge, such free software became associated with zero cost, which seemed anti-commercial.

The Open Source Initiative (OSI) was formed in February 1998 by Eric S. The Open Source Initiative is an organization dedicated to promoting Open-source software. Raymond and Bruce Perens. Bruce Perens is a Computer programmer and advocate in the Open source community. With at least 20 years of evidence from case histories of closed development versus open development already provided by the Internet, the OSI presented the 'open source' case to commercial businesses, like Netscape. The OSI hoped that the usage of the label "open source," a term suggested by Peterson of the Foresight Institute at the strategy session, would eliminate ambiguity, particularly for individuals who perceive "free software" as anti-commercial. The Foresight Nanotech Institute (formerly Foresight Institute) is a Palo Alto California -based Nonprofit organization for increasing awareness about the They sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to register "open source" as a service mark for the OSI, but that attempt was impractical by trademark standards. In some countries notably the United States, a Trademark used to identify a service rather than a product is called a service mark or servicemark A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual Meanwhile, thanks to the presentation of Raymond's paper to the upper management at Netscape (Raymond only discovered when he read the Press Release, and was called by Netscape CEO Jim Barksdale's PA later in the day), Netscape released its Navigator source code as open source, with favorable results.

Philosophy

In his 1997 essay The Cathedral and the Bazaar,^[4] open source evangelist Eric S. Raymond suggests a model for developing OSS known as the Bazaar model. The Cathedral and the Bazaar (abbreviated CatB) is an essay by Eric S Open-source advocacy is the practice of attempting to increase the awareness and improve the perception of Open-source software. Eric Steven Raymond (born December 4 1957 often referred to as ESR, is a Computer programmer, author and Open source software advocate Raymond likens the development of software by traditional methodologies to building a cathedral, "carefully crafted by individual wizards or small bands of mages working in splendid isolation". ^[4] He suggests that all software should be developed using the bazaar style, which he described as "a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches. "

In the Cathedral model, development takes place in a centralized way. Roles are clearly defined. Roles include people dedicated to designing (the architects), people responsible for managing the project, and people responsible for implementation. Traditional software engineering follows the Cathedral model. Fred P. Brooks in his book The Mythical Man-Month advocates this sort of model. Frederick Phillips Brooks Jr (born April 19, 1931) is a Software engineer and Computer scientist, best-known for managing the development The Mythical Man-Month Essays on Software Engineering is a book on Software Project management by Fred Brooks, whose central theme is that He goes further to say that in order to preserve the architectural integrity of a system, the system design should be done by as few architects as possible.

The Bazaar model, however, is different. In this model, roles are not clearly defined. Gregorio Robles^[5] suggests that software developed using the Bazaar model should exhibit the following patterns:

Users should be treated as co-developers

The users are treated like co-developers and so they should have access to the source code of the software. Furthermore users are encouraged to submit additions to the software, code fixes for the software, bug reports, documentation etc. Having more co-developers increases the rate at which the software evolves. Linus's law states that, "Given enough eyeballs all bugs are shallow. Linus's Law can refer to two different notions both named after Linus Torvalds. " This means that if many users view the source code they will eventually find all bugs and suggest how to fix them. Note that some users have advanced programming skills, and furthermore, each user's machine provides an additional testing environment. This new testing environment offers that ability to find and fix a new bug.

Early releases

The first version of the software should be released as early as possible so as to increase one's chances of finding co-developers early.

Frequent integration

New code should be integrated as often as possible so as to avoid the overhead of fixing a large number of bugs at the end of the project life cycle. Some open source projects have nightly builds where integration is done automatically on a daily basis.

Several versions

There should be at least two versions of the software. There should be a buggier version with more features and a more stable version with fewer features. The buggy version (also called the development version) is for users who want the immediate use of the latest features, and are willing to accept the risk of using code that is not yet thoroughly tested. The users can then act as co-developers, reporting bugs and providing bug fixes. The stable version offers the users fewer bugs and fewer features.

High modularization

The general structure of the software should be modular allowing for parallel development.

Dynamic decision making structure

There is a need for a decision making structure, whether formal or informal, that makes strategic decisions depending on changing user requirements and other factors. Cf. Extreme programming. Extreme Programming (or XP) is a Software engineering methodology (and a form of Agile software development) Proponents of Extreme Programming and agile

Most well known OSS products follow the Bazaar model as suggested by Eric Raymond. These include projects such as Linux, Netscape, Apache, the GNU Compiler Collection, and Perl to mention a few. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks Netscape Communications (formerly known as Netscape Communications Corporation and commonly known as Netscape) is an American computer services company The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of Compilers produced for various Programming languages by the GNU Project NOTES FOR EDITORS "Perl" is not an acronym (read the "Name" section below

Licensing

Main article: Open source license

Open source licenses define the privileges and restrictions a licensor must follow in order to use, modify or redistribute the open source software. An open source license is a copyright License for Computer software that makes the source code available under terms that allow for modification and redistribution Open source software includes software with source code in the public domain and software distributed under an open source license. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

Examples of open source licenses include Apache License, BSD license, GNU General Public License, GNU Lesser General Public License, MIT License, Eclipse Public License and Mozilla Public License. BSD licenses represent a family of Permissive free software licences. The GNU Lesser General Public License (formerly the GNU Library General Public License) or LGPL is a Free software license published by the Free Software The MIT License is a Free software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT used by the MIT X Consortium. The Eclipse Public License ( EPL) is an Open source software license used by the Eclipse Foundation for its software. The Mozilla Public License (MPL is a free and Open source Software license.

The proliferation of open source licenses is one of the few negative aspects of the open source movement because it is often difficult to understand the legal implications of the differences between licenses.

Open source versus closed source

Main article: Comparison of open source and closed source

The debate over open source vs. Open source (or Free software) and Closed source (or Proprietary software) are two approaches to the development control and closed source (alternatively called proprietary software) is sometimes heated. Proprietary software is Computer software on which the producer has set restrictions on use private modification copying, or republishing. Proprietary software is Computer software on which the producer has set restrictions on use private modification copying, or republishing.

One source of conflict is related to economics: Making money through traditional methods, such as sale of the use of individual copies and patent royalty payment (generally called licensing), is more difficult and in many ways against the very concept of open source software.

Some closed-source advocates see open source software as damaging to the market of commercial software. This is one of the many reasons, as mentioned above, that the term free software was replaced with open source — because many company executives could not believe in a product that did not participate economically in a free-market or mixed-market economy. In addition, if something goes wrong there is the difficult question of who is liable.

The counter to this argument is the use of open source software to fuel the market for a separate product or service. For example:

• Providing support and installation services; similar to IT Security groups, Linux Distributions, and Systems companies.
• Using the software as a stepping stone to sell a higher-end product or service; e. g. , OpenOffice.org vs. OpenOfficeorg ( OOo or OOo) is a free Cross-platform office application suite available for a number of different computer StarOffice. StarOffice is Sun Microsystems ' proprietary Office suite software package.
• Cost avoidance / cost sharing: many developers need a product, so it makes sense to share development costs (X Window System and the Apache web server)

Another major argument is software defects and security: This is an argument that applies to all open products not just open source software.

Since Open Source software is open, all of the defects and security flaws are easily found. Closed-source advocates argue that this makes it easier for a malicious person to discover security flaws. Further, that there is no incentive for an open-source product to be patched. Open-source advocates argue that this makes it easier also for a patch to be found and that the closed-source argument is security through obscurity, which this form of security will eventually fail, often without anyone knowing of the failure. In Cryptography and Computer security, security through obscurity (sometimes security by obscurity) is a controversial principle in Security engineering Further, that just because there is not an immediate financial incentive to patch a product, does not mean there is not any incentive to patch a product. Further, if the patch is that significant to the user, having the source code, the user can technically patch the problem themselves. These arguments are hard to prove. However, most studies show that open-source software does have a higher flaw discovery, quicker flaw discovery, and quicker turn around on patches.

Open source software versus free software

Main article: Alternative terms for free software

Critics have said that the term “open source” fosters an ambiguity of a different kind such that it confuses the mere availability of the source with the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute it. Alternative terms for free software have been a controversial issue among Free software users from the late 1990s onwards Developers have used the alternative terms Free/open source Software (FOSS), or Free/Libre/open source Software (FLOSS), consequently, to describe open source software which is also free software. Alternative terms for free software have been a controversial issue among Free software users from the late 1990s onwards

The term “Open Source” was originally intended to be trademarkable; however, the term was deemed too descriptive, so no trademark exists. ^[6] The OSI would prefer that people treat Open Source as if it were a trademark, and use it only to describe software licensed under an OSI approved license. ^[7] .

There have been instances where software vendors have labeled proprietary software as “open source” because it interfaces with popular OSS (such as Linux). Proprietary software is Computer software on which the producer has set restrictions on use private modification copying, or republishing. Open source advocates consider this to be both confusing and incorrect. OSI Certified is a trademark licensed only to people who are distributing software licensed under a license listed on the Open Source Initiative's list. The Open Source Initiative is an organization dedicated to promoting Open-source software. ^[8]

Open source software and free software are different terms for software which comes with certain rights, or freedoms, for the user. They describe two approaches and philosophies towards free software. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Open source and free software (or software libre) both describe software which is free from onerous licensing restrictions. It may be used, copied, studied, modified and redistributed without restriction. Free software is not the same as freeware, software available at zero price. Freeware is computer Software that is available for use at no cost or for an optional fee

The definition of open source software was written to be almost identical to the free software definition. The Free Software Definition, written by Richard Stallman and published by Free Software Foundation (FSF defines Free software - free in the "free ^[9] There are very few cases of software that is free software but is not open source software, and vice versa. The difference in the terms is where they place the emphasis. “Free software” is defined in terms of giving the user freedom. This reflects the goal of the free software movement. The free software movement (also known as open source movement, free and open source software movement and abbreviated FSM OSM or FOSSM) is a relatively “Open source” highlights that the source code is viewable to all and proponents of the term usually emphasize the quality of the software and how this is caused by the development models which are possible and popular among free and open source software projects.

Free software licenses are not written exclusively by the FSF. The FSF and the OSI both list licenses which meet their respective definitions of free software. open source software and free software share an almost identical set of licenses. One exception is an early version of the Apple Public Source License, which was accepted by the OSI but rejected by the FSF because it did not allow private modified versions; this restriction was removed in later version of the license. The Apple Public Source License is the open source and Free software license under which Apple 's Darwin Operating system was released There are now new versions that are approved by both the OSI and the FSF.

The Open Source Initiative believes that more people will be convinced by the experience of freedom. The FSF believes that more people will be convinced by the concept of freedom. The FSF believes that knowledge of the concept is an essential requirement,^[10][9] insists on the use of the term free,^[10][9] and separates itself from the open source movement. ^[10][9] The Open Source Initiative believes that free has three meanings: free as in beer, free as in freedom, and free as in unsellable. The problem with the term “open source” is it says nothing about the freedom to modify and redistribute, so it is used by people who think that source access without freedom is a sufficient definition. This possibility for misuse is the case for most of the licences that make up Microsoft's “shared source” initiative. Shared Source is Microsoft 's framework for sharing Computer program Source code with third parties

Open source versus source-available

Although the OSI definition of "open source software" is widely accepted, a small number of people and organizations use the term to refer to software where the source is available for viewing, but which may not legally be modified or redistributed. Such software is more often referred to as source-available, or as shared source, a term coined by Microsoft in opposition to open source. Shared Source is Microsoft 's framework for sharing Computer program Source code with third parties

Michael Tiemann, president of OSI, had criticized^[11] companies such as SugarCRM for promoting their software as "open source" when in fact it did not have an OSI-approved license. Michael Tiemann is Vice President of Open Source Affairs at Red Hat Inc as well as President of the Open Source Initiative. In Computing, the software-solution vendor SugarCRM produces the Sugar Customer Relationship Management (CRM system In SugarCRM's case, it was because the software is so-called "badgeware"^[12] since it specified a "badge" that must be displayed in the user interface (SugarCRM has since switched to GPLv3^[13]). In Computing, the software-solution vendor SugarCRM produces the Sugar Customer Relationship Management (CRM system The Common Public Attribution License ("CPAL" is a Free software license approved by the Open Source Initiative in 2007 In Computing, the software-solution vendor SugarCRM produces the Sugar Customer Relationship Management (CRM system Another example is Scilab, which calls itself "the open source platform for numerical computation"^[14] but has a license^[15] that forbids commercial redistribution of modified versions. Scilab is a numerical computational package developed since 1990 by researchers from the INRIA and the École nationale des ponts et chaussées (ENPC Because OSI does not have a registered trademark for the term "open source", its legal ability to prevent such usage of the term is limited, but Tiemann advocates using public opinion from OSI, customers, and community members to pressure such organizations to change their license or to use a different term. A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual

Other software that has source code available, but which is not open source, includes the pine email client, and the Microsoft Windows Operating System. This article is about the tree For other uses of the term "pine" see Pine (disambiguation. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft.

Pros and cons of open source software

Software experts and researchers on open source software have identified several advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage for business is that open source is a good way for business to achieve greater penetration of the market. Companies that offer open source software are able to establish an industry standard and, thus, gain competitive advantage. It has also helped build developer loyalty as developers feel empowered and have a sense of ownership of the end product^[16]. Moreover less costs of marketing and logistical services are needed for OSS. It also helps companies to keep abreast of all technology developments. It is a good tool to promote a companies’ image, including its commercial products^[17]. The OSS development approach has helped produce reliable, high quality software quickly and inexpensively. Besides, it offers the potential for a more flexible technology and quicker innovation. It is said to be more reliable since it typically has thousands of independent programmers testing and fixing bugs of the software. It is flexible because modular systems allow programmers to build custom interfaces, or add new abilities to it and it is innovative since open source programs are the product of collaboration among a large number of different programmers. The mix of divergent perspectives, corporate objectives, and personal goals speeds up innovation^[18]. Moreover free software can be developed in accord with purely technical requirements it does not require to think about commercial pressure that often degrade the quality of the software. Commercial pressures make traditional software developer pay more attention to customers requirements than to security requirements, since such features are somewhat invisible to the customer^[19].

It is sometimes said that the open source development process may not be well defined and the stages in the development process, such as system testing and documentation may be ignored. However this is only true for small (mostly single programmer) projects. Larger, successful projects do define and enforce at least some rules as they need them to make the team work possible. ^[20][21] In the most complex projects these rules may be as strict as reviewing even minor change by two independent developers. ^[22]

Not all OSS initiatives have been successful, for example, SourceXchange and Eazel^[23]. Software experts and researchers, who are not convinced by open source’s ability to produce quality systems, identify the unclear process, the late defect discovery and the lack of any empirical evidence as the most important problems (collected data concerning productivity and quality)^[24]. It is also difficult to design a commercially sound business model around the open source paradigm. Consequently, only technical requirements may be satisfied and not the ones of the market^[25]. In terms of security, open source may allow hackers to know about the weaknesses or loopholes of the software more easily than closed-source software. It is depended of control mechanisms in order to create effective performance of autonomous agents who participate in virtual organizations^[26].

Development tools

In OSS development the participants, who are mostly volunteers, are distributed amongst different geographic regions so there is need for tools to aid participants to collaborate in source code development. Often these tools are also available as OSS.

Revision control systems such as Concurrent Versions System (CVS) and later Subversion (svn) are examples of tools that help centrally manage the source code files and the changes to those files for a software project. Revision control (also known as version control (system (VCS, source control or (source code management (SCM) is the management of multiple revisions In the field of Software development, the Concurrent Versions System ( CVS) also known as the Concurrent Versioning System, provides a Version Subversion ( SVN) is a version control system initiated in 2000 by CollabNet Inc

Utilities that automate testing, compiling and bug reporting help preserve stability and support of software projects that have numerous developers but no managers, quality controller or technical support. Building systems that report compilation errors among different platforms include Tinderbox. Tinderbox is a Software suite that provides Continuous integration capability Commonly used bugtrackers include Bugzilla and GNATS. Bug report redirects here To report bugs with the MediaWiki software that powers Wikipedia see WikipediaBug reports. Bugzilla is a Web -based general-purpose Bugtracker tool originally developed and used by the Mozilla project and licensed under the GNATS is the GNU project 's bug-tracking software GNATS is Free software, distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

Tools such as mailing lists, IRC, and instant messaging provide means of Internet communications between developers. A mailing list is a collection of names and addresses used by an individual or an organization to send material to multiple recipients The Web is also a core feature of all of the above systems. Some sites centralize all the features of these tools as a software development management system, including GNU Savannah, SourceForge, and BountySource. GNU Savannah is a project of the Free Software Foundation, which serves as a collaborative software development management system for Free Software projects SourceForgenet is a Source code repository. It acts as a centralized location for software developers to control and manage open source software development BountySource is a collaborative project management service for use by any Open-source software with an OSI -approved license

Projects and organizations

• Apache Software Foundation
• Audacity
• Blender -- 3d animation
• CodePlex
• Debian
• Drupal -- Content Management System
• Eclipse Foundation
• Fedora Project
• FreeBSD
• Freedesktop.org
• Free Software Foundation
• FUSE ESB, FUSE Message Broker, FUSE Services Framework and FUSE Mediation Router - Supported versions of Apache projects
• GIMP -- Image Editing similar to photoshop
• GNU
• Inkscape -- Vector tool similar to illustrator
• Java
• JBoss
• Joomla! -- Content Management System
• KnowledgeTree -- Document Management for Teams and Small to Medium-sized Organizations
• LibreSource
• Linux
• Macaulay2 -- algebraic geometry and commutative algebra
• Miranda IM -- multiprotocol IM
• Mozilla Foundation
• MySQL
• NetBSD
• OpenBSD
• Open-Xchange
• Open Market For Internet Content Accessibility
• OpenOffice.org -- Word processor, spreadsheet, presentation tool, database, equation editor
• OpenSees -- open system for earthquake engineering simulation
• OpenSuse
• Open Solutions Alliance
• Open Source Development Labs
• Open Source Initiative
• Open Source Geospatial Foundation
• PHP -- Hypertext preprocessor
• Povray -- Ray Tracer
• Python
• Restore -- RESTORE is an open source project for heterogeneous system backup and restore. Audacity is a Digital audio editor application Audacity is Cross-platform, using the WxWidgets software library to provide a similar Graphical Blender is a free 3D graphics application It can be used for modeling, UV unwrapping texturing rigging, water simulations CodePlex is an Open source (but not only open project hosting Website from Microsoft. Debian ( pronounced) is a computer Operating system composed entirely of Free and open source software. Drupal (ˈdɹuːpʰəl is a free and Open source modular framework and Content management system (CMS written in the programming language The Eclipse Foundation is a not-for-profit member supported corporation that hosts the Open-source Eclipse Projects and helps cultivate both an open source community The Fedora Project is the community responsible for producing the Fedora Operating system, along with a variety of other projects FreeBSD is a Unix-like free Operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD branch through The Free Software Foundation ( FSF) is a Non-profit corporation founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the Free software movement FUSE ESB is an enterprise version of Apache ServiceMix that is tested certified and supported FUSE Message Broker is an enterprise version of Apache ActiveMQ that is tested certified and supported FUSE Services Framework is an enterprise version of Apache CXF that is tested certified and supported FUSE Mediation Router is an enterprise version of Apache Camel that is tested certified and supported The GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP, is a free Raster graphics editor used to process digital graphics and photographs GNU ( pronounced) is a computer Operating system composed entirely of Free software. Inkscape is a free and Open source Vector graphics editor application JBoss Application Server (or JBoss AS) is a Free software / open source Java EE -based Application server. Joomla! is a free open source Content management system for publishing content on the World Wide Web and Intranets The system includes KnowledgeTree is a commercial Open source Document management system LibreSource is a versatile collaborative platform Open Source modular and highly customizable LibreSource is adapted to collaborative software development (forge Groupware Linux is an operating system kernel used by a family of Unix-like Operating systems These are popularly termed Linux operating systems and Macaulay is a Computer algebra system for doing Polynomial computations particularly Gröbner basis calculations Miranda IM is a minimalist Open source Multiprotocol instant messaging application, designed for Microsoft Windows. The Mozilla Foundation is a Non-profit organization that exists to support and provide leadership for the Open source Mozilla project MySQL is a Relational database management system (RDBMS which has more than 11 million installations NetBSD is a freely redistributable Open source version of the Unix -derivative Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD Computer Operating OpenBSD is a Unix-like computer Operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD a Unix derivative developed at the Open-Xchange Server is a Messaging and collaboration solution combining common Free software Open Market For Internet Content Accessibility - OMFICA is a Non-profit organization with the mission to develop Competitive market for OpenOfficeorg ( OOo or OOo) is a free Cross-platform office application suite available for a number of different computer OpenSees, the Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation is an Object-oriented, Open source software framework created at the NSF-sponsored Pacific Earthquake SUSE Linux distributions openSUSE, (ˌoʊpɛnˈsuːzə is a general purpose Operating system developed by the OpenSUSE Project. The Open Solutions Alliance (OSA is a nonprofit vendor-neutral consortium dedicated to driving adoption of comprehensive open business solutions Open Source Development Labs ( OSDL) was a Non-profit organization supported by a global Consortium tasked to "accelerate the deployment of Linux The Open Source Initiative is an organization dedicated to promoting Open-source software. The Open Source Geospatial Foundation ( OSGeo) is a non-profit Non-governmental organization whose mission is to support and promote the collaborative development PHP is a computer Scripting language. Originally designed for producing Dynamic web pages it has evolved to include a Command line interface capability The Persistence of Vision Raytracer, or POV-Ray, is a Ray tracing program available for a variety of computer platforms Python is a general-purpose High-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes programmer productivity and code readability
• SAGE -- Magma computer algebra system
• Scribus -- Desktop publishing similar to pagemaker
• SourceForge -- Repository of open source software
• Subversion (software) -- version control
• Synfig -- 2d vector graphic and animation
• TYPO3 -- Enterprise Level Content Management System
• ubuntu
• Zenoss
• Zimbra

See also

• Open access
• Open content for non-programming open source projects. Scribus is a Desktop publishing (DTP application Native versions are available for Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, OS/2, and Microsoft SourceForgenet is a Source code repository. It acts as a centralized location for software developers to control and manage open source software development Subversion ( SVN) is a version control system initiated in 2000 by CollabNet Inc Synfig is a free and open source 2D Vector graphics and Timeline -based computer animation program created by Robert Quattlebaum with additional Ubuntu Kubuntu Edubuntu Xubuntu Gobuntu --> Ubuntu Zenoss (Zenoss Core is an Open source Application, Server and Network management platform based on the Zope application server Zimbra Collaboration Suite ( ZCS) is a Groupware product created by Zimbra Inc Open access ( OA) is free immediate permanent full-text Online access for any user web-wide to digital scientific and scholarly material primarily Open content, a Neologism coined by analogy with " Open source " describes any kind of Creative work published in a format that explicitly allows
• Open Design — the application of open source principles to creating material objects and solutions. Open design is the application of Open source methods to the creation of physical products machines and systems
• Open publishing
• Open source games
• Openness — the philosophical term
• Open source advocacy
• Open source movement
• Open source software security
• List of open source software packages
• Open system
• Open standard
• Open format
• OpenDocument The new OASIS OpenDocument format (ODF) to create an open system for business & public sector documents. Open publishing is a process of creating news or other content that is transparent to the readers Open source video games (also known as open source games or free games) are video games which are Open-source software. Openness is a Philosophy that is being used as the basis of how various groups and organizations operate Open-source advocacy is the practice of attempting to increase the awareness and improve the perception of Open-source software. The Open Source Initiative is an organization dedicated to promoting Open-source software. Definition Open source software security is the measure of assurance or guarantee in the freedom from danger risk etc in an open source software system This is a list of open-source software packages: Computer software licensed under an Open-source license. Open systems are Computer systems that provide some combination of Interoperability, portability, and open software standards (It can also mean An open standard is a Standard that is publicly available and has various rights to use associated with it An open format is a published specification for storing digital data usually maintained by a Standards organization, which basically can be used and implemented by anyone The OpenDocument format (ODF is a File format for electronic office documents such as Spreadsheets Charts presentations and
• Free software
• Free and open source software organizations
• Shared software

References

Further reading

• Lui, K. M. ; Chan, K. C. C. (2008). Software Development Rhythms: Harmonizing Agile Practices for Synergy. John Wiley and Sons. John Wiley & Sons Inc, also referred to as Wiley, is a global Publishing company that markets its products to professionals and consumers students and instructors ISBN 978-0-470-07386-5.  

Legal and economic aspects

• Benkler, Yochai (2002), “Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm." Yale Law Journal 112.3 (Dec 2002): p367(78) (in Adobe pdf format)
• v. Engelhardt, Sebastian (2008). "The Economic Properties of Software", Jena Economic Research Papers, Volume 2 (2008), Number 2008-045 (PDF).  
• Lerner, J. & Tirole, J. (2002): ‘Some simple economics on open source’, Journal Of Industrial Economics 50(2), p 197–234
• Välimäki, Mikko (2005). The Rise of Open Source Licensing: A Challenge to the Use of Intellectual Property in the Software Industry (PDF), Turre Publishing.  
• Polley, Barry (2007-12-11). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office "Open Source Discussion Paper – version 1.0" (PDF). . New Zealand Ministry of Justice Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
• Rossi, M. A. (2006): Decoding the free/open source software puzzle: A survey of theoretical and empirical contributions, in J. Bitzer P. Schröder, eds, ‘The Economics of Open Source Software Development’, p 15–55. (download an online version)

External links

• ComputerWorld article: Does the open-source development model work for business users?
• Anarchism Triumphant: Free Software and the Death of Copyright — Eben Moglen, Professor of Law and History at Columbia University
• source/scb/brief-open source-history.html Brief History of the Open Source Movement
• "the" definition of open source
• European Commission's Open Source Observatory — The EC's IDABC Open Source Observatory is the clearinghouse of information on the use of open source software by public administrations in Europe:
  • The European Parliament's IT department is testing the use of GNU/Linux distribution Ubuntu, OpenOffice, Firefox and other Open Source applications.
• source.html Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source" — Raymond's announcement of the term "open source", 8 February 1998
• Open Source at the Open Directory Project
• Open Source Initiative (OSI) — a list of available licenses
• Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution — an online book containing essays from prominent members of the open source community
• Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source" — a later essay from Richard Stallman
• Free / Open Source Research Community — Many online research papers
• January 2006 TPOSSCON talk: "How OSS Improves Society" Aaron Siego speaks at the 2nd Trans-Pacific Open Source Software Conference in Honolulu, Hawaii. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16 1953 often abbreviated " rms " is an American software freedom activist
• Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS)? Look at the Numbers! - large collection of related quantitative studies
• UK Parliament report on Open Source (PDF)
• "Lessons from Open Source", by Jan Shafer
• Whence The Source: Untangling the Open Source/Free Software Debate, essay on the differences between Free Software and Open Source, by Thomas Scoville
• Degrees of Openness article explaining the different aspects of openness in computer systems, written by Adrien Lamothe, on the O'Reilly Network. Thomas Scoville (b California 1960) American Humorist, Technologist and Author best known for chronicling the rise and
• Open Source Community
• Differences between open source and free software as interpreted by Slackware
• Berry, D M (2004). The Contestation of Code: A Preliminary Investigation into the Discourse of the Free Software and Open Software Movement, Critical Discourse Studies, Volume 1(1).
• EU study on adopting FLOSS
• OSS Watch an advisory service for open source in UK higher and further education
• Decoding Liberation: The Promise of Free and Open Source Software by Samir Chopra and Scott Dexter
• E-996 Peruvian Letters

Slackware is an Operating system created by Patrick Volkerding of Slackware Linux Inc

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic