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For other uses, see Open access (disambiguation).

Open access (OA) is free, immediate, permanent, full-text, online access, for any user, web-wide, to digital scientific and scholarly material,[1] primarily research articles published in peer-reviewed journals. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work research or Ideas to the scrutiny of others who are OA means that any individual user, anywhere, who has access to the Internet, may link, read, download, store, print-off, use, and data-mine the digital content of that article. An OA article usually has limited copyright and licensing restrictions.

The first major international statement on open access[2] was the Budapest Open Access Initiative in February 2002[3]. The Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI was a conference convened by the Open Society Institute on December 1-2 2001 This provided a definition of open access, and has a growing list of signatories[4]. Two further statements followed: the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing[5] in June 2003 and the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities in October 2003. The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities is a major international statement on Open access / access to knowledge.

OA has since become the subject of much discussion amongst researchers, academics, librarians, university administrators, funding agencies, government officials, commercial publishers, and society publishers. Usually a researcher or scientific researcher is someone who is professionally engaged in Scientific research, technological research or Engineering research A librarian is an information Professional trained in Library and information science, which is the organization and management of information services or materials A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Research funding is a term generally covering any funding for scientific Research, in the areas of both "hard" Science and Technology and Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view A learned society is an Organization that exists to promote an Academic discipline or group of disciplines Although there is substantial (though not universal) agreement on the concept of OA itself, there is considerable debate and discussion about the economics of funding peer review in open access publishing, and the reliability and economic effects of self-archiving. Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work research or Ideas to the scrutiny of others who are Open access publishing is the publication of material in such a way that it is available to all potential users without financial or other barriers Self-archiving involves depositing a free copy of a digital document on the World Wide Web in order to provide Open access to it

There are two main currents in the open access movement:

  1. In OA self-archiving (also known as the "green" road to OA [6] [7]), authors publish in a subscription journal, but in addition make their articles freely accessible online, usually by depositing them in either an institutional repository[8] (such as the Okayama University Digital Information Repository[9]) or in a central repository[10] (such as PubMed Central). Self-archiving involves depositing a free copy of a digital document on the World Wide Web in order to provide Open access to it The subscription business model is a Business model where a customer must pay a subscription price to have access to the product/service An Institutional Repository is an online locus for collecting preserving and disseminating -- in Digital form -- the Intellectual output of an Institution A repository is a place where Data or specimens are stored and maintained for future retrieval is a national university in Japan. The main campus is located in Tsushima-Naka Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture. PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text Scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences The deposit can be in the form of a peer-reviewed postprint or a non-peer-reviewed preprint. A postprint is a digital draft of a Research Journal article after it has been Peer reviewed A draft before peer review is called a Preprint A preprint is a draft of a Scientific paper that has not yet been published in a Peer-reviewed Scientific journal. OA self-archiving was first formally proposed in 1994[11] [12] by Stevan Harnad. Professor Stevan Harnad (Hernád István Hesslein István is a cognitive scientist who was born in Budapest, Hungary. However, self-archiving was already being done by computer scientists in their local FTP archives in the '80s[13], later harvested into Citeseer. CiteSeer is a public search engine and Digital library for scientific and academic papers High-energy physicists have been self-archiving centrally in arXiv since 1991. The arXiv ( pronounced " Archive " as if the "X" were the Greek letter Chi, χ is an Archive for electronic
  2. In OA publishing (also known as the "gold" road to OA [14]) authors publish in open access journals that make their articles freely accessible online immediately upon publication. Open access publishing is the publication of material in such a way that it is available to all potential users without financial or other barriers Open access journals are Scholarly journals that are available to the reader "without financial or other barrier other than access to the internet itself Examples of OA publishers[15] are BioMed Central and the Public Library of Science. BioMed Central ( BMC) is a UK -based for-profit scientific publisher specialising in Open access publication The Public Library of Science (PLoS is a nonprofit open-access scientific publishing project aimed at creating a library of Open access journals and other Scientific

There are about 20-25,000 peer-reviewed journals in all[16] across all disciplines, countries and languages. About 10 - 15% of them are OA journals, as indexed by the Directory of Open Access Journals (gold OA). The Directory of Open Access Journals ( DOAJ) lists Open access journals that is scientific and scholarly journals that meet high quality standards Of the more than 10,000 peer-reviewed non-OA journals indexed in the Romeo directory of publisher policies[17] (which includes most of the journals indexed by Thomson/ISI[18]), over 90% endorse some form of author self-archiving (green OA): 62% endorse self-archiving the author's final peer-reviewed draft or "postprint," 29% the pre-refereeing "preprint. "[19]

Contents

Authors and researchers

The main reason authors make their articles openly accessible is to maximize their research impact. The impact factor, often abbreviated IF, is a measure of the Citations to science and social science journals. A study in 2001 first reported an Open Access citation impact advantage[20], and a growing number of studies [21] have confirmed, with varying degrees of methodological rigor, that an open access article is more likely to be used and cited than one behind subscription barriers. Citation is the process of acknowledging or citing the author year title and locus of publication (journal book or other of a source used in a published work [22] For example, a 2006 study in PLoS Biology found that articles published as immediate open access in the PNAS were three times more likely to be cited than non-open access papers, and were also cited more than PNAS articles that were only self-archived[23]. PLoS Biology is an American Scientific journal covering the full spectrum of the biological sciences that began operation on October 13, The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United

Scholars are paid by research funders and/or their universities to do research; the published article is the report of the work they have done, rather than an item for commercial gain. The more the article is used, cited, applied and built upon, the better for research as well as for the researcher's career. [24] [25]

Authors who wish to make their work openly accessible have two options. One is to publish in an open access journal. An open access journal may or may not charge a processing fee; open access publishing does not necessarily mean that the author has to pay. Traditionally, many academic journals levied page charges, long before open access became a possibility. When OA journals do charge processing fees, it is the author's employer or research funder who typically pays the fee, not the individual author, and many journals will waive the fee in cases of financial hardship, or for authors in less-developed countries.

The other option is author self-archiving. To find out if a publisher or journal has given its green light to author self-archiving, the author can check the Publisher Copyright Policies and Self-Archiving list[26] on the SHERPA (organisation) RoMEO web site. SHERPA ( Securing a Hybrid Environment for Research Preservation and Access) is a project team originally set up in 2002 to run and manage the SHERPA Project To find out by journal, the author can check the EPrints Romeo site[27], which is built on an interpretation of the SHERPA/RoMEO dataset. There is a self-archiving FAQ. [28] A wiki designed to help faculty understand and start doing self-archiving has also been set up by Ari Friedman. A wiki is a page or collection of Web pages designed to enable anyone who accesses it to contribute or modify content using a simplified Markup language. [29] Extensive details and links can also be found in the Open Access Archivangelism blog[30] and the Eprints Open Access site. [31]

The idea of open content is related to open access. Open content, a Neologism coined by analogy with " Open source " describes any kind of Creative work published in a format that explicitly allows However, open content is usually defined to include the general permission to modify a given work. Open access refers only to free and unrestricted availability without any further implications. In scientific publishing it is usual to keep an article's content static and to associate it with a fixed author.

While open access is currently focused on scholarly research articles, any content creator who wishes to can share work openly, and decide how to make their content available. Scientific literature comprises scientific Publications that report original empirical and theoretical work in the natural and Social sciences Creative Commons provides a number of licenses with which authors may easily indicate which uses are allowed. Creative Commons (CC is a Non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share

Users

For the most part, the direct users of research articles are other researchers. Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to. One of the great beneficiaries of open access may be users in developing countries, where there are currently some universities with no journal subscriptions at all - although schemes exist for providing subscription-only scientific publications to those affiliated to institutions in developing countries at little or no cost. Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects A journal (through French from late Latin diurnalis, daily has several related meanings a daily record of events or business a private [32]. All researchers benefit from OA as no library can afford to subscribe to every scientific journal and most can only afford a small fraction of them, this is known as the serials crisis". For a broader class of publications which include scientific journals see Academic journal. The term serials crisis has become common shorthand for the runaway cost increases of many scholarly journals. [33]

Open access extends the reach of research beyond its immediate academic circle. An OA article can be read by anyone - a professional in the field, a researcher in another field, a journalist, a politician or civil servant, or an interested hobbyist. This article is about people called professionals For the Movie, see The Professional or Leon. Usually a researcher or scientific researcher is someone who is professionally engaged in Scientific research, technological research or Engineering research A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis A hobby is a spare-time Recreational pursuit Etymology A Hobby horse is a wooden or Wickerwork toy made to be Indeed, a 2008 study revealed that mental health professionals are roughly twice as likely to read a relevant article if it is freely available. [34]

For anyone interested in exploring the world of scholarly research, a good place to start is the Directory of Open Access Journals, although the DOAJ is incomplete, due to the processing time for verifying journal quality and open access policies. Scholarly method &mdash or as it is more commonly called scholarship &mdash is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as The Directory of Open Access Journals ( DOAJ) lists Open access journals that is scientific and scholarly journals that meet high quality standards Here, you can browse a number of peer-reviewed, fully open access scientific journals, or search for articles in many of the journals. Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work research or Ideas to the scrutiny of others who are Open J-Gate [35] is another index of articles published in English language OA journals, which launched in 2006. Open J-Gate claims to be the "world's biggest open access English language journals portal" Out of 4,300 + journals indexed by Open J-Gate, more than half, over 2,000 are peer-reviewed. Open access articles can also often be found with a web search, using any general search engine or those specialized for the scholarly/scientific literature, such as OAIster,[36] citebase,[37] citeseer,[38] scirus,[39], ScientificCommons. OAIster is a project of the Digital Library Production Service of the University of Michigan University Library. org,[6] and Google Scholar. [40] Results may include preprints that have not yet been peer reviewed, or gray literature that will remain unreviewed. A preprint is a draft of a Scientific paper that has not yet been published in a Peer-reviewed Scientific journal. Gray literature is a term used variably by the Intelligence community, librarians and medical and research professionals to refer to a body of materials that cannot be found

Research funders and universities

Research funding agencies and universities want to ensure that the research they fund and support in various ways has the greatest possible research impact.

Research funders are beginning to expect open access to the research they support. Seventeen of them (including 5 of the 7 UK Research Councils[41] ) have already adopted Green OA self-archiving mandates, and four more (including two in the US) have proposed to adopt mandates[42]. Self-archiving involves depositing a free copy of a digital document on the World Wide Web in order to provide Open access to it

Canada's Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council,[43] which made a commitment to open access in October 2004 has not yet adopted or proposed a mandate but the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) proposed a mandate in 2006 and adopted it in September 2007[44], the first North American public research funder to do so.

The new U. S. National Institutes of Health's Public Access Policy will take effect in April 2008 and states that "all articles arising from NIH funds must be submitted to PubMed Central upon acceptance for publication"[45] It stipulates self-archiving in PubMed Central rather than in the author's own institutional repository, which some consider a strength and others a weakness. "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text Scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences An Institutional Repository is an online locus for collecting preserving and disseminating -- in Digital form -- the Intellectual output of an Institution

The Wellcome Trust's Position Statement in Support of Open and Unrestricted Access to Published Research from 2006 requires that "outputs from all Wellcome Trust-funded grants must be made freely available via PubMed Central (PMC) - or UK PubMed Central once established - as soon as possible, and in any event no later than six months after publication". The Wellcome Trust was established in 1936 as an independent charity funding research to improve human and animal health [46] It "will provide grantholders with additional funding, through their institutions, to cover open access charges, where appropriate, in order to meet the Trust's requirements. [47]

In March, 2006, The Howard Hughes Foundation announced its agreement with the publisher Elsevier, to pay a negotiated rate for 6-month embargoed access to all articles from scientists supported from that foundation in all Elsevier titles, including Cell Press. Events in March American Red Cross Month Fire Prevention month ( The Philippines) Women's History Month ( United Elsevier, the world's largest Publisher of Medical and Scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group [7].

A growing number of universities are providing institutional repositories in which their researchers can deposit their published articles. An Institutional Repository is an online locus for collecting preserving and disseminating -- in Digital form -- the Intellectual output of an Institution Eleven individual universities and 3 departments have already adapted self-archiving mandates and 2 further multi-university mandates (in Europe and Brazil) have been proposed. Eprints maintains a Registry of OA Repository Material Archiving Policies (ROARMAP). EPrints is an open source software package for building Open access repositories that are compliant with the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting [48]

In May 2005, 16 major Dutch universities cooperatively launched DAREnet, the Digital Academic Repositories, making over 47,000 research papers available to anyone with internet access. The repository now holds in excess of 69,000 articles [8].

In April 2006, the European Commission "Study on the Economic and Technical Evolution of the Scientific Publication Markets in Europe" recommended:

In May 2006, the US Federal Research Public Access Act (FRPAA) was proposed toward improving the NIH Public Access Policy. Besides points about making open access mandatory, to which the NIH complied in 2008, it argues to extend self-archiving to the full spectrum of major US-funded research. In addition, the FRPAA would no longer stipulate that the self-archiving must be central: the deposit can now be in the author's own Institutional Repository (IR). To somewhat improve on the EC's (and FRPAA's) allowable embargo (of up to 6 months), EURAB has slightly updated the mandate: all articles must be deposited immediately upon acceptance: the allowable delay applies only to the time when access to the deposit must be made Open Access rather than to the time when it must be deposited. This is intended to permit individual users to use an eprint request "email eprint" button found on some archives to send a semi-automatic email message to the author requesting an individual eprint during the embargo period: This is not yet Open Access, but in the view of at least some advocates it provides for some needs during any embargo, and might help hasten the demise of embargoes altogether, while facilitating the adoption of self-archiving mandates by funders and universities.

Public and advocacy

Open access to scholarly research is important to the public for a number of reasons. One of the arguments for public access to the scholarly literature is that most of it is paid for by taxpayers, who have a right to access the results of what they have funded. This is the reason for the creation of advocacy groups such as The Alliance for Taxpayer Access in the US. [49] For example, people might wish to read the scholarly literature when they or a family member have an illness. Many people also have serious hobbies; e. g. there are so many serious amateur astronomers in the world, that if a comet were on a collision course with the earth, it would probably be one of these amateurs who would find it and raise the alert.

Even those who do not read scholarly articles benefit indirectly from open access. For example, patients benefit when their doctor and other health care professionals have access to the latest research. As argued by open access advocates, open access speeds research progress, productivity, and knowledge translation [9]. Every researcher in the world can read an article, not just those whose library can afford to subscribe to the particular journal in which it appears. Faster discoveries benefit everyone. High school and junior college students can gain the information literacy skills critical for the knowledge age. Critics of the various open access initiatives point out that there is little evidence that a significant amount of scientific literature is currently unavailable to those who would benefit from it. While no library has subscriptions to every journal that might be of benefit, virtually all published research can be acquired via interlibrary loan.

Due to the benefits of open access, many governments are considering whether to mandate open access to publicly funded research. However, some organizations representing publishers, such as the DC Principles group in the United States, feel that such mandates are an unwarranted governmental intrusion in the publishing marketplace. Lobbying on both sides is fierce, both for pro-OA and contra-OA.

In developing nations, open access archiving and publishing acquires a unique importance. Scientists, health care professionals, and institutions in developing nations often do not have the capital necessary to access scholarly literature, although schemes exist to give them access for little or no cost. Among the most important is HINARI,[50] the Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative, sponsored by the World Health Organization. HINARI is the H ealth I nter' N' etwork A ccess to R esearch I nitiative

Many open access projects involve international collaboration. For example the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO),[51] is a comprehensive approach to full open access journal publishing, involving a number of Latin American countries. Bioline International, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to helping publishers in developing countries is a collaboration of people in the UK, Canada, and Brazil; the Bioline International Software is used around the world. Research Papers in Economics (RePEc), is a collaborative effort of over 100 volunteers in 45 countries. Research Papers in Economics (RePEc is a collaborative effort of hundreds of Volunteers in 57 countries to enhance the dissemination of Research in Economics The Public Knowledge Project in Canada developed the open source publishing software Open Journal Systems (OJS), which is now in use around the world, for example by the African Journals Online[52] group, and one of the most active development groups is Portuguese. The Public Knowledge Project is a non-profit research initiative of the Faculty of Education at the University of British Columbia, the Canadian Centre for Studies in Publishing Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Open source is a development methodology which offers practical accessibility to a product's source (goods and knowledge Open Journal Systems (OJS is Open source software for the management of peer-review journals created by the Public Knowledge Project, released under the

Libraries and librarians

Many librarians have been vocal and active advocates of open access. A librarian is an information Professional trained in Library and information science, which is the organization and management of information services or materials These librarians believe that open access promises to remove both the price barriers and the permission barriers that undermine library efforts to provide access to the journal literature. [53]. Many library associations have either signed major open access declarations, or created their own. For example, the Canadian Library Association endorsed a Resolution on Open Access in June 2005. The Canadian Library Association (CLA is a national predominately English-language association which represents 57000 Library workers across the country [54] Librarians also educate faculty, administrators, and others about the benefits of open access. For example, the Association of College and Research Libraries of the American Library Association has developed a Scholarly Communications Toolkit. The American Library Association ( ALA) is a group based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally The American Library Association ( ALA) is a group based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally [55] The Association of Research Libraries has documented the need for increased access to scholarly information, and was a leading founder of the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC). The Association of Research Libraries is an Organization of the leading Research libraries in North America. The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition is an international alliance of academic and research libraries developed by the Association of Research Libraries in [56]

At most universities, the library houses the institutional repository, which provides free access to scholarly work of the university's faculty. Some open access advocates believe that institutional repositories will play a very important role in responding to open access mandates from funders[57]. The Canadian Association of Research Libraries has a program[58] to develop institutional repositories at all Canadian university libraries.

An increasing number of libraries provide hosting services for open access journals. A recent survey by the Association of Research Libraries [59] found that 65% of surveyed libraries either are involved in journal publishing, or are planning to become involved in the very near future.

Criticism

Main articles: open access journal and self-archiving


Opposition to open access has largely been from commercial journal publishers, whose business model depends upon providing access to research only to those who will pay for journal subscriptions. Open access journals are Scholarly journals that are available to the reader "without financial or other barrier other than access to the internet itself Self-archiving involves depositing a free copy of a digital document on the World Wide Web in order to provide Open access to it A business model is a term used for a broad range of informal and formal descriptions that are used by enterprises to represent various aspects of its business including its purpose offerings The Partnership for Research Integrity in Science and Medicine (PRISM), a lobbying organization formed by the Association of American Publishers (AAP), is at the forefront of this opposition. The Association of American Publishers (AAP is the national trade association of the American book publishing industry [10] PRISM and AAP have lobbied against the increasing trend amongst funding organizations to require open publication, describing it as "government interference" and a threat to peer review. Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process of subjecting an author's scholarly work research or Ideas to the scrutiny of others who are [11]

There are those who think that open access is unnecessary or even harmful. It can be argued that there is no need for those outside major academic institutions to have access to primary publications, at least in some fields. [60]

Early history of the open access movement

The beginnings of the scholarly journal were a way of expanding access to scholarly findings. More recently, many individuals anticipated the open access concept even before the technology made it possible. One early proponent was the physicist Leó Szilárd. Leó Szilárd (Szilárd Leó February 11, 1898 – May 30, 1964) was an Hungarian - American Physicist who To help stem the flood of low-quality publications, he jokingly suggested in the 1940s that at the beginning of his career each scientist should be issued with 100 vouchers to pay for his papers. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices Closer to our own day, but still ahead of its time, was Common Knowledge. Common knowledge is what "everybody knows" usually with reference to the Community in which the term is used This was an attempt to share information for the good of all, the brainchild of Brower Murphy, formerly of The Library Corporation. Both Brower and Common Knowledge are recognised in the Library Microcomputer Hall of Fame. [61]

The modern open access movement springs from the potential unleashed by the electronic medium, and by the world wide web. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. It is now possible to publish a scholarly article and also make it instantly accessible anywhere in the world where there are computers and internet connections. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The fixed cost of producing the article is separable from the minimal marginal cost of the online distribution.

These new possibilities emerged at a time when the traditional, print-based scholarly journals system was in a crisis. The number of journals and articles produced has been increasing at a steady rate; however the average cost per journal has been rising at a rate far above inflation for decades, and budgets at academic libraries have remained fairly static. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time The result was decreased access - ironically, just when technology has made almost unlimited access a very real possibility, for the first time. Libraries and librarians have played an important part in the open access movement, initially by alerting faculty and administrators to the serials crisis. A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution A librarian is an information Professional trained in Library and information science, which is the organization and management of information services or materials The Association of Research Libraries developed the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC), in 1997, an alliance of academic and research libraries and other organizations, to address the crisis and develop and promote alternatives, such as open access. The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition is an international alliance of academic and research libraries developed by the Association of Research Libraries in Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar

The first online-only, free-access journals (eventually to be called "open access journals") began appearing in the late 1980's. Among them was Bryn Mawr Classical Review[62], Postmodern Culture[63] and Psycoloquy[64].

The first free scientific online archive was arXiv. org, started in 1991, initially a preprint service for physicists, initiated by Paul Ginsparg. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Paul Ginsparg (1956- is a Physicist widely known for his development of the ArXiv Self-archiving has become the norm in physics, with some sub-areas of physics, such as high-energy physics, having a 100% self-archiving rate. The prior existence of a "preprint culture" in high-energy physics is one major reason why arXiv has been successful. [65] arXiv now includes papers from related disciplines, such as computer science and mathematics, but computer scientists mostly self-archive on their own websites and have been doing so for even longer than physicists. (Citeseer is a computer science archive that harvests, Google-style, from distributed computer science websites and institutional repositories and contains almost twice as many papers as arxiv. CiteSeer is a public search engine and Digital library for scientific and academic papers Google Inc is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online An Institutional Repository is an online locus for collecting preserving and disseminating -- in Digital form -- the Intellectual output of an Institution ) arXiv now includes postprints as well as preprints. [66] The two major physics publishers (American Physical Society and Institute of Physics Publishing have reported that arXiv has had no effect on journal subscriptions in physics; even though the articles are freely available, usually before publication, physicists value their journals and continue to support them. The American Physical Society was founded in 1899 and is the World 's second largest organization of physicists behind the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. The Institute of Physics (IOP is the UK and Ireland 's main professional body for Physicists It was founded as the Physical Society [67]) [68]

The inventors of the Internet and the Web -- computer scientists -- had been self-archiving on their own FTP sites and then their websites since even earlier than the physicists, as was revealed when Citeseer began harvesting their papers in the late 1990s. An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method form device or other useful means The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. CiteSeer is a public search engine and Digital library for scientific and academic papers The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 The 1994 "Subversive Proposal"[69] was to extend self-archiving to all other disciplines; from it arose CogPrints (1997) and eventually the OAI-compliant generic GNU Eprints.org software in 2000. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) The "Subversive Proposal" was an Internet posting by Stevan Harnad on June 27 1994 calling on all authors of "esoteric" writings -- written only for research Self-archiving involves depositing a free copy of a digital document on the World Wide Web in order to provide Open access to it CogPrints is an electronic archive in which authors can self-archive papers in any area of Cognitive Science, including Psychology, Neuroscience, and Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The Open Archives Initiative (OAI is an attempt to build a "low-barrier Interoperability framework" for archives ( institutional repositories) containing GNU ( pronounced) is a computer Operating system composed entirely of Free software. The free GNU Eprintsorg software first released in 2000, is the first and most widely used software for creating Open Archives Initiative (OAI-compliant 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. [70]

In 1997, the U. S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) made Medline, the most comprehensive index to medical literature on the planet, freely available in the form of PubMed. The United States National Library of Medicine ( NLM) operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest Medical library. MEDLINE ( Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online is a literature database of life sciences and biomedical information PubMed is a free search engine for accessing the MEDLINE database of citations and abstracts of biomedical research articles Usage of this database increased a hundredfold when it became free, strongly suggesting that prior limits on usage were impacted by lack of access. While indexes are not the main focus of the open access movement, free Medline is important in that it opened up a whole new form of use of scientific literature - by the public, not just professionals. Scientific literature comprises scientific Publications that report original empirical and theoretical work in the natural and Social sciences

In 1998, the American Scientist Open Access Forum [71] was launched (and first called the "September98 Forum"). The Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR)[72],one of the first Open Access journals in medicine, was created in 1998, publishing its first issue in 1999.

In 1999, Harold Varmus of the NIH proposed a journal called E-biomed, intended as an open access electronic publishing platform combining a preprint server with peer-reviewed articles. Harold Elliot Varmus (born December 18, 1939) is an American Nobel prize winning scientist "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. A preprint is a draft of a Scientific paper that has not yet been published in a Peer-reviewed Scientific journal. E-biomed later saw light in a revised form[73] as PubMed Central, a postprint archive. PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text Scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences A postprint is a digital draft of a Research Journal article after it has been Peer reviewed A draft before peer review is called a Preprint

It was also in 1999 that the Open Archives Initiative and its OAI-PMH protocol for metadata harvesting was launched in order to make online archives interoperable. The Open Archives Initiative (OAI is an attempt to build a "low-barrier Interoperability framework" for archives ( institutional repositories) containing OAI-PMH ( Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is a protocol developed by the Open Archives Initiative.

In 2000, BioMed Central, a for-profit open access publisher, was launched by the then Current Science Group (the founder of the Current Opinion series, and now known as the Science Navigation Group) [74]. BioMed Central ( BMC) is a UK -based for-profit scientific publisher specialising in Open access publication In some ways, BioMed Central resembles Harold Varmus' original E-biomed proposal more closely than does PubMed Central [75]. Harold Elliot Varmus (born December 18, 1939) is an American Nobel prize winning scientist PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text Scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences BioMed Central now publishes over 170 journals [76].

In 2001, 34,000 scholars around the world signed "An Open Letter to Scientific Publishers",[77] calling for "the establishment of an online public library that would provide the full contents of the published record of research and scholarly discourse in medicine and the life sciences in a freely accessible, fully searchable, interlinked form". Scientists signing the letter also pledged not to publish in or peer-review for non-open access journals. This led to the establishment of the Public Library of Science, an advocacy organization. The Public Library of Science (PLoS is a nonprofit open-access scientific publishing project aimed at creating a library of Open access journals and other Scientific However, most scientists continued to publish and review for non-open access journals. PLoS decided to become an open access publisher aiming to compete at the high quality end of the scientific spectrum with commercial publishers and other open access journals, which were beginning to flourish [78]. Critics have argued that, equipped with a $10 million grant, PLoS competes with smaller OA journals for the best submissions and runs danger to destroy what it originally wanted to foster [79].

In 2002, the Open Society Institute launched the Budapest Open Access Initiative. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Open Society Institute (OSI a private operating and grantmaking foundation aims to shape public policy to promote democratic Governance, The Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI was a conference convened by the Open Society Institute on December 1-2 2001 In 2003, the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities was drafted and the World Summit on the Information Society included open access in its Declaration of Principles and Plan of Action. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities is a major international statement on Open access / access to knowledge. The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS was a pair of United Nations -sponsored conferences about Information, Communication and in broad terms

The idea of mandating self-archiving was mooted at least as early as 1998. [80] Since 2003[81] efforts have been focused on open access mandating by the funders of research: governments,[82] research funding agencies,[83] and universities. [84] These efforts have been fought by the publishing industry[85]. However, many countries, funders, universities and other organizations have now either made commitments to open access, or are in the process of reviewing their policies and procedures, with a view to opening up access to results of the research they are responsible for.

For more on the history of open access, see Peter Suber's "Timeline of the Open Access Movement",[86]. Peter Suber (born November 8, 1951) is the creator of the Game Nomic and a leading voice in the Open access movement One of the many librarians who have been leaders in the self-archiving approach to open access is Hélène Bosc; her work can be found in her "15-year retrospective". A librarian is an information Professional trained in Library and information science, which is the organization and management of information services or materials [87] Richard Poynder, a freelance journalist, contributes to a blog on open access, "Open and Shut?". A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of He has written a series of interviews with a few of the leaders of the open access movement.

Bibliography of empirical studies on open access

(See also the Bibliography of Findings on the Open Access Impact Advantage)

References

  1. ^ Peter Suber, Open Access Overview (definition, introduction)
  2. ^ Budapest Open Access Initiative
  3. ^ Budapest Open Access Initiative, FAQ
  4. ^ Budapest Open Access Initiative
  5. ^ Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing
  6. ^ [1]
  7. ^ Budapest Open Access Initiative
  8. ^ Browse Research Institutional or Departmental (ROAR)
  9. ^ eprints - Welcome to eprints@OUDIR
  10. ^ Browse Research Cross-Institutional (ROAR)
  11. ^ Association of Research Libraries :: Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing
  12. ^ Poynder On Point: Ten Years After
  13. ^ American-Scientist-Open-Access-Forum: Re: when did the Open Access movement "officially" begin
  14. ^ [2]
  15. ^ Directory of open access journals
  16. ^ ulrichsweb.com(TM) - The Global Source for Periodicals
  17. ^ Journal Policies - Summary Statistics So Far
  18. ^ Web of Knowledge - ISI Web of Knowledge
  19. ^ Journal Policies - Summary Statistics So Far
  20. ^ Online or Invisible? [Steve Lawrence; NEC Research Institute]
  21. ^ Effect of open access on citation impact: a bibliography of studies
  22. ^ Effect of open access on citation impact: a bibliography of studies
  23. ^ PLoS Biology - Citation Advantage of Open Access Articles
  24. ^ Maximising the Return on the UK's Public Investment in Research - Open Access Archivangelism
  25. ^ http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v11p354y1988.pdf
  26. ^ SHERPA/RoMEO - Publisher copyright policies & self-archiving
  27. ^ Journal Policies - Self-Archiving Policy By Journal
  28. ^ Self-Archiving FAQ
  29. ^ [3]
  30. ^ Open Access Archivangelism
  31. ^ Open Access
  32. ^ [4]
  33. ^ Periodicals Price Survey 2005: Choosing Sides - 4/15/2005 - Library Journal
  34. ^ Diffusion of Treatment Research: Does Open Access Matter?
  35. ^ World's biggest Open Access English Language Journals Portal - OPEN J-Gate
  36. ^ OAIster | Home
  37. ^ citebase Search
  38. ^ Computer and Information Science Papers CiteSeer Publications ResearchIndex
  39. ^ Scirus - for scientific information
  40. ^ Google Scholar
  41. ^ Access to Research Outputs
  42. ^ Roarmap
  43. ^ SSHRC/CRSH - Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council / Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines
  44. ^ OA Self-Archiving Policy: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
  45. ^ Public Access Homepage
  46. ^ Update: Open access reminder
  47. ^ Policy
  48. ^ Roarmap
  49. ^ ATA | The Alliance for Taxpayer Access
  50. ^ WHO | Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative
  51. ^ SciELO - Scientific Eletronic Library Online
  52. ^ AJOL - African Journals Online :: African Research, Journals, Medical Research
  53. ^ Peter Suber, "Introduction to Open Access for Librarians"
  54. ^ SPARC-OAForum@arl.org Mailing List Archive
  55. ^ ALA | Scholarly Communication Toolkit
  56. ^ SPARC
  57. ^ How To Integrate University and Funder Open Access Mandates
  58. ^ CARL - Online Resource Portal
  59. ^ [5]
  60. ^ DLIST - Open Access: What Comes Next
  61. ^ WLN: Library Microcomputer Hall of Fame
  62. ^ The Bryn Mawr Classical Review
  63. ^ Project MUSE - Postmodern Culture
  64. ^ Welcome to PsycPrints
  65. ^ [physics/0102004] Predecessors of preprint servers
  66. ^ Self-Archiving FAQ
  67. ^ Institute of Physics - Home of the Institute of Physics
  68. ^ Open access self-archiving: An Introduction - ECS EPrints Repository
  69. ^ Association of Research Libraries :: Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing
  70. ^ D-Lib - In Brief (October 2000)
  71. ^ Archives Of American-Scientist-Open-Access-Forum@Listserver.Sigmaxi.Org
  72. ^ JMIR Home
  73. ^ PubMed Central: An NIH-Operated Site for Electronic Distribution of Life Sciences Research Reports
  74. ^ BioMed Central | about us | Press releases
  75. ^ Interview with Vitek Tracz: Essential for Science
  76. ^ BioMed Central | for authors | Overview
  77. ^ Public Library of Science: Read the Open Letter
  78. ^ PLoS Biology - Why PLoS Became a Publisher
  79. ^ Open-access journal hits rocky times : Article : Nature
  80. ^ American-Scientist-Open-Access-Forum: Re: Savings from Convertin
  81. ^ AMERICAN-SCIENTIST-OPEN-ACCESS-FORUM archives - 2003 (#710)
  82. ^ Recommendations For Uk Open-Access Provision Policy
  83. ^ Access to Research Outputs
  84. ^ Roarmap
  85. ^ PRISM
  86. ^ Peter Suber, Open-Access Timeline (formerly: FOS Timeline)
  87. ^ Communication scientifique et Internet

Further reading

See also

External links

OA discussion lists & forums

Others

The Access to Knowledge ( A2K) movement is a loose collection of Civil society groups Governments and individuals converging on the idea that access to Creative Commons (CC is a Non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share Science Commons (SC is a Creative Commons project for designing strategies and tools for faster more efficient web-enabled Scientific research. The GenBank Sequence database is an Open access, annotated collection of all publicly available Nucleotide sequences and their Protein translations This page contains a partial list of representative major databases and search engines useful in an academic setting for finding and accessing articles in Academic journals or in Open Communication, or Open Access to Communication resources means that anyone on equal conditions with a transparent relation between cost and pricing can get access Open content, a Neologism coined by analogy with " Open source " describes any kind of Creative work published in a format that explicitly allows An open textbook is an openly-licensed Textbook offered online by its author(s Open Data is a philosophy and practice requiring that certain data are freely available to everyone without restrictions from Copyright, Patents or other mechanisms Open source is a development methodology which offers practical accessibility to a product's source (goods and knowledge The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone Public Knowledge is a non-profit Washington DC -based public interest group that is involved in Intellectual property law, competition and PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component SPARC (from Scalable Processor Architecture is a RISC Microprocessor Instruction set architecture originally
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