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For other uses, see Oneida.
Oneida
Tribal flag
Total population

100,000+
Regions with significant populations
Flag of the United States United States (Wisconsin, New York)
Flag of Canada Canada (Ontario)
Languages
Onyota'aka, English, other Iroquoian dialects
Religions
Kai'hwi'io, Kanoh'hon'io, Kahni'kwi'io, Christianity, Longhouse, Handsome Lake, Other Indigenous Religion
Related ethnic groups
Seneca Nation, Onondaga Nation, Tuscarora Nation, Mohawk Nation, Cayuga Nation, other Iroquoian peoples

The Oneida (Onyota'a:ka or Onayotekaono, meaning the People of the Upright Stone, or standing stone, Thwahrù•nęˀ[1] in Tuscarora) are a Native American/First Nations people and are one of the five founding nations of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area of upstate New York. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Oneida is an Iroquoian language spoken primarily by the Oneida people in the U English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings In Archaeology and Anthropology, a long house or longhouse is a type of long narrow single-room building built by peoples in various parts of the world Handsome Lake or Ganioda'yo ( Θkanyatararí•yau• in Tuscarora) (1735 – 10 August 1815) was a Seneca religious leader The Seneca are a group of indigenous people native to North America. The Onondaga ( Onöñda'gega' or the People of the Hills) are one of the original five constituent nations of the Iroquois ( Haudenosaunee) Confederacy The Tuscarora ("hemp gatherers" are an American Indian tribe with members in New York, Canada, and North Carolina. Mohawk ( Kanienkeh, Kanienkehaka or Kanien’Kahake, meaning "People of the Flint" are an indigenous people of North America The Cayuga nation ( Guyohkohnyo or the People of the Great Swamp) was one of the five original constituents of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois) a confederacy The Iroquoian languages are a Native American Language family. Tuscarora, sometimes called Skarure(h/ʔ, is an Iroquoian language of the Tuscarora people, spoken in southern Ontario, Canada Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse Upstate New York is the region of New York State north of the core of the New York metropolitan area. The Iroquois call themselves Haudenosaunee ("The people of the longhouses") in reference to their communal lifestyle and the construction of their dwellings.

Originally the Oneida inhabited the area that later became central New York, particularly around Oneida Lake and Oneida County. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Oneida Lake is the largest lake entirely within New York (798 square miles Oneida County is a County located in the US state of New York.

Contents

History

American Revolution

The Oneidas, along with the five other tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy, initially maintained a policy of neutrality in the American Revolution. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" This policy allowed the Confederacy increased leverage against both sides in the war, because they could threaten to join one side or the other in the event of any provocation. Neutrality quickly crumbled, however. The preponderance of the Mohawks, Senecas, Cayugas, and Onondagas sided with the loyalists. Mohawk ( Kanienkeh, Kanienkehaka or Kanien’Kahake, meaning "People of the Flint" are an indigenous people of North America The Seneca are a group of indigenous people native to North America. The Cayuga nation ( Guyohkohnyo or the People of the Great Swamp) was one of the five original constituents of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois) a confederacy The Onondaga ( Onöñda'gega' or the People of the Hills) are one of the original five constituent nations of the Iroquois ( Haudenosaunee) Confederacy This article concerns Loyalists in the American Revolution. For information on the role of those Loyalists in Canadian history after their emigration see United Empire For some time, the Oneidas continued advocating neutrality and attempted to restore consensus among the six tribes of the Confederacy. But ultimately the Oneidas, as well, had to choose a side. Because of their closer proximity to rebel communities, most Oneidas favored the colonists (in contrast, the pro-British tribes were located closer to the British stronghold at Fort Niagara). The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 Fort Niagara is a fortification originally built to protect the interests of New France in North America. In addition, the Oneidas were influenced by the Protestant missionary Samuel Kirkland, who had spent several decades among them and through whom they had begun to form stronger cultural links to the colonists. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Rev Samuel Kirkland (1741 &ndash 1808 was a Presbyterian Missionary among the Oneida and Tuscarora people in North America

The Oneidas officially joined the rebel side and contributed in many ways to the war effort. Their warriors were often used as scouts on both offensive campaigns and in detecting enemy operations around Fort Stanwix (also known as Fort Schuyler). Fort Stanwix was a colonial fort whose construction was started on August 26[[ 758]] by British General John Stanwix, at the location of present-day For the fort at Utica NY see Utica New York For the fort at Rome NY see Fort Stanwix Fort Schuyler is a preserved The Oneidas also provided an open line of communication between the rebels and their Iroquois foes. In 1777 at the Battle of Oriskany about fifty Oneida fought alongside the American militia. Background See also [[Battle of Saratoga]] [[Battle of Bennington]] A two-pronged attack known as the Saratoga Campaign of 1777, was launched by the Many Oneidas formed friendships with Philip Schuyler, George Washington, and the Marquis de La Fayette and other prominent rebel leaders. Philip John Schuyler ( November 20[[ 733]] - November 18[[ 804]] was a general in the American Revolution and a United States Senator from George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the These men recognized their contributions during and after the war, and Congress declared, "sooner should a mother forget her children" than we should forget you. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses [2]

Although the tribe had taken the colonists' side, individuals within the Oneida nation possessed the right to make their own choices, and a minority supported the British. As the war progressed and the Oneida position became more dire, this minority grew more numerous. When the important Oneida settlement at Kanonwalohale was destroyed, a large number of Oneidas defected and relocated to Fort Niagara to live under British protection.

1794 Treaty of Canandaigua

After the war they were displaced by retaliatory and other raids. In 1794 they, along with other Haudenosaunee nations, signed the Treaty of Canandaigua with the United States. The Treaty of Canandaigua was signed at Canandaigua, New York on November 11, 1794, by fifty sachems and war chiefs representing the Grand Council They were granted 6 million acres (24,000 km²) of lands, primarily in New York; this was effectively the first Indian reservation in the United States. An Indian reservation is an area of land managed by a Native American Tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau Subsequent treaties and actions by the State of New York drastically reduced this to 32 acres (0. 1 km²). In the 1830s many of the Oneida relocated into Canada and Wisconsin, because of the rising tide of Indian removals. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States to ethnically cleanse Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi

Recent litigation

The Oneida Indian Nation of New York, Oneida Nation of Wisconsin, and the Oneida Nation of the Thames commenced actions to reclaim land that was taken from them without the approval of the United States in 1970 and 1974 in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. The Oneida Indian Nation (OIN is the Oneida tribe that resides in New York and currently owns a number of businesses and tribal land in Verona NY, The Oneida Nation of Wisconsin is an Indian reservation of the Oneida tribe on the west side of the Green Bay Metropolitan area. The Onyota'aka people ( Oneida) reside in a rural area commonly referred to as the "Oneida Settlement" which is about a 20-minute drive from London Ontario The United States District Court for the Northern District of New York serves one of the 94 judicial districts in the United States and one of four in the state of New York In 1998, the United States intervened in the lawsuits on behalf of the plaintiffs in the claim in order for the claim to proceed against New York State in light of its assertion of its immunity from suit under the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Eleventh Amendment ( Amendment XI) of the United States Constitution was passed by the U [3] The Defendants moved for summary judgment based on the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in City of Sherrill v. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Oneida Indian Nation[4] and the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit's decision in Cayuga Indian Nation v. New York[5] on May 21, 2007 Judge Kahn dismissed the Oneida's possessory land claims and allowed the non-possessory claims to proceed. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [6]

More recent litigation has formalized the split between the Oneida tribe that stayed in New York and the Oneida tribe that left to live in Wisconsin. These litigations focused around the Wisconsin Oneida tribe's desire to reacquire lands in their ancestral homelands as a part of the settlement of the aforementioned litigation. An additional part of that proposed settlement is land for a casino of their own in New York, in lieu of a large cash settlement; these proposals are also a part of the ongoing litigation.

Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin

The Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin is a sovereign nation, enjoying the same tribal sovereignty as all recognized Indian tribes in the United States. Tribal sovereignty refers to the inherent authority of indigenous tribes to govern themselves Theirs is a limited sovereignty—the tribes are recognized as "domestic dependent nations" within the United States—but to the degree permitted by that sovereignty, they are an independent nation outside of state law. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself The tribe's sovereignty means the state of Wisconsin is limited in the extent to which it can intervene legally in tribal matters.

With a series of casinos near Green Bay, Wisconsin, the Oneida tribe has, in a manner of only a few decades, gone from being a destitute people to enjoying a fair amount of social prosperity by investing a large portion of their profits back into their community, including a sponsorship of the Green Bay Packers. A casino is in the modern sense of the word a facility that houses and accommodates certain types of Gambling activities Green Bay is a city in and the County seat of Brown County in the U The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay Wisconsin. The means by which the Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin betters its community has raised controversy, as has Indian gaming throughout the country. Indian Gaming enterprises comprise Gambling businesses operated on Indian reservations or tribal land which have limited Sovereignty and therefore the ability

The new wealth generated by the tribe's gaming and other enterprises has enabled the tribe to provide many benefits for the members on the tribal rolls. Oneidas have free dental, medical and optical insurance, and they receive $800 every October. As with all other tribes, the Oneidas define who qualifies to be on those rolls. The Oneidas' requirements are fairly liberal, based entirely on blood quantum: members are those with at least 1/4 Oneida blood. Blood Quantum Laws is an umbrella term that describes legislation enacted to define membership in Native American groups There is no additional requirement of matrilineality, as with the New York Oneidas and other tribes. Matrilineality is a system in which lineage is traced through the mother and maternal ancestors

Many citizens of Green Bay, and many members of the Oneida tribe, have voiced concerns about the long-term detrimental effects a casino could have on the social structure and economy of Green Bay and within the tribe.

Oneida Bands and First Nations today

Notable Oneida

Notes

  1. ^ Rudes, B. Tuscarora English Dictionary Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999
  2. ^ Glathaar, Martin.
  3. ^ http://www.madisoncounty.org/motf/fed128.html
  4. ^ City Of Sherrill V. Oneida Indian Nation Of N. Y
  5. ^ http://www.upstate-citizens.org/USDC-Oneida-SJ-MOL.pdf
  6. ^ http://www.upstate-citizens.org/USDC-Oneida-SJ-Decision.pdf

References

External links



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