Citizendia

One country, two systems
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese:一國兩制
Simplified Chinese:一国两制
Cantonese Jyutping:jat1 gwok3 loeng5 zai3
Portuguese name
Portuguese:Um país, dois sistemas

"One country, two systems" is an idea originally proposed by Deng Xiaoping during the early 1980s, then Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC), for the reunification of China. Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a Romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer Paramount Leader ( literally "the highest leader of the country" in modern Chinese Political science, unofficially refers to the political leader of the Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES There is also a specific Chinese reunification of 1928. Chinese reunification ( is a goal of Chinese nationalism that refers to He suggested that there will be only one China, but areas such as Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan can have their own capitalist economic and political systems, while the rest of China uses the "socialist" system. The One-China policy ( is a principle that there is one China and that Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan are all part of Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where This article is about the term itself and its relationships For its implementation and effects see Economy of the People's Republic of China and Chinese economic Under the suggestion, Taiwan can continue to have its own political party, military, economic and financial affairs, including commercial and cultural agreements with foreign countries, but will only enjoy "certain rights" in foreign affairs. [1]

Contents

Hong Kong and Macau

In 1984, Deng Xiaoping proposed to apply the principle to Hong Kong in the negotiation talks with the British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher over the future of Hong Kong when the lease of the New Territories (including New Kowloon) of Hong Kong to the United Kingdom was to expire in 1997. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 New Territories, abbreviated to NT or NT, is a region in Hong Kong excluding Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and Stonecutters Island New Kowloon is an area in Kowloon, Hong Kong, bounded in the south by Boundary Street, and in the north by the ranges of the Lion Rock, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The same principle was proposed in the talks with Portugal over Macau. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics.

The principle is that upon reunification, despite the practice of "socialism" in mainland China, both Hong Kong and Macau which were often regarded as colonies of the UK and Portugal respectively, can retain their established system under a high degree of autonomy for at least fifty years after reunification to a very large extent. This article is about the term itself and its relationships For its implementation and effects see Economy of the People's Republic of China and Chinese economic Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. What will happen after 2047 and 2049 (50 years after the return of Hong Kong and Macao, respectively) is never stated in any written documents, although some hold the belief that the "One Country, Two Systems" principle will be abolished by that time, and Hong Kong, along with Macau, will be integrated into Mainland China's "socialist" system, either voluntarily or involuntarily. 2047 ( MMXLVII) will be a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. 2049 ( MMXLIX) will be a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

Hong Kong Basic Law Article 5 reads:
“The socialist system and policies shall not be practised in the HKSAR, and the previous capitalist system and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years. "[2][3]”

The establishment of these regions, called special administrative regions (SARs), is authorized by Article 31 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, which states that the State may establish SARs when necessary, and that the systems to be instituted in them shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People's Congress in light of the specific conditions. A Special Administrative Region ( SAR) is a high autonomous administrative division of the People's Republic of China. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China ( is the highest law within the People's Republic of China. A similar term is "National Congress" which is a less common translation of People's Political Consultative Conference.

The SARs of Hong Kong and Macau were formally established on July 1, 1997 and December 20, 1999 respectively, immediately after the People's Republic of China (PRC) assumed the sovereignty over the respective regions. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

Framework

The two SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are responsible for their domestic affairs, including, but not limited to, the judiciary and courts of last resort, immigration and customs, public finance, currencies and extradition. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State The Court of Final Appeal ( is the court with the final adjudication power on the laws of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Customs is an Authority or agency in a Country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs duties and for controlling the flow of goods Public finance is a field of economics concerned with paying for collective or governmental activities and with the administration and design of those activities A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal Diplomatic relations and national defense of the two SARs are, however, the responsibility of the Central People's Government in Beijing. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states The Central People's Government is the Central government of the People's Republic of China in Beijing.

Hong Kong continues using English common law. English law is the legal system of England and Wales, and is the basis of Common law legal systems used in most Commonwealth countriesand the Macau continues using the Portuguese civil law system. Civil law or Romano-Germanic law or Continental law is the predominant system of law in the world.

Implementation

In Hong Kong, the system has been implemented through the Basic Law of Hong Kong, which serves as the "mini-constitution" of the region, and consistent with the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, or simply Hong Kong Basic Law, serves as the Constitutional document The Sino-British Joint Declaration, formally known as the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Similar arrangements are in place with Macau. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Under the respective basic laws, the SARs have a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. They formulate their own monetary and financial policies, maintain their own currencies, formulate their own policies on education, culture, sports, social welfare system, etc. within the framework of the basic laws.

As stipulated by the basic laws, while the Central People's Government of the PRC is responsible for foreign affairs and defence in relation to the SARs, representatives of the Government of the SARs may participate, as members of delegations of the PRC, in diplomatic negotiations that directly affect the Regions, and in other international organizations or conferences limited to states and affecting the region. For those international organizations and conferences not limited to states, the SARs may participate using the names in the form of "Hong Kong, China". As separate economic entities, both SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are members of the World Trade Organization. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Hong Kong is also one of the member economies of APEC. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders

The basic laws also provide constitutional protection on various fundamental human rights and freedoms. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Specifically, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is given a constitutional status through the basic laws. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a United Nations Treaty based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, created in

Some international observers and human rights organisations have expressed doubts about the future of the relative political freedoms enjoyed in Hong Kong, and about the PRC's pledge to allow a high degree of autonomy in Hong Kong. They considered, for example, that the proposals in Article 23 of the Basic Law in 2003 (which was withdrawn due to mass opposition) might have undermined autonomy. Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 is the basis (parent statute of a Security Law proposed by the Government of Hong Kong.

Nonetheless, the governments of the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong both consider the principle to have been successfully implemented, quoting official reports of both the United Kingdom and the United States. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Republic of China (Taiwan)

This system has also been proposed by the PRC government for Taiwan, but the Republic of China (ROC) government has refused this suggestion. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES (It has also claimed that the system was originally designed for Taiwan. ) Special provisions for the ROC military have also been proposed. The concept of "One country, two systems" tends to be highly unpopular in Taiwan, with polls consistently showing 80% opposition and only about 10% support. [4] All of the major parties in Taiwan, including those that lean toward Chinese reunification have come out strongly against "One country, two systems. There is also a specific Chinese reunification of 1928. Chinese reunification ( is a goal of Chinese nationalism that refers to " Some proposed "One country, two governments" which was obviously opposed by the Chinese communist party, while some proposed the "one country" in "One country, two systems" should be ROC instead of PRC. One of the few Taiwanese who have publicly supported "one country, two systems" is novelist Li Ao. Alternative meaning Li Ao (772-841 Li Ao ( (born April 25, 1935) is a writer social commentator Historian,

Although the "One country, two systems" guarantees that Hong Kong's economic and political systems will not be changed for 50 years after the British handover in 1997, Mainland Affairs Council of the Republic of China (Taiwan) has cited 169 cases in which they claim the PRC has breached the right of the people of Hong Kong to self-rule and severely intervened in the judicial system as well as freedom of speech. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area A political system is a System of Politics and Government. It is usually compared to the Law system, Economic system, Cultural Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The Mainland Affairs Council (MAC ( Traditional chinese: 大陸委員會 Simplified chinese: 大陆委员会 Hanyu pinyin: Dàlù Wěiyuánhuì}} is REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES [5]

Since the accession of Hu Jintao, the PRC has stopped promoting immediate reunification via "one country, two systems" (although it remains official policy) in favor of gradual economic integration and political exchanges. [6] This approach was emphasized during the 2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China. The 2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China, also known as the Third United Front of China (第三次國共合作 were a series of groundbreaking visits by delegations [7] A mention of the "one country, two systems" framework was conspicuously absent in the Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China. The Anti-Secession Law ( is a Law of the People's Republic of China.

Tibet

The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, has expressed interest in using "one country, two systems" for governing Tibet. The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and political leader of the Tibetan people according to Tibetan Buddhism. Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso (born Lhamo Döndrub ( 6 July 1935 in Qinghai) He is the head of the Tibetan government-in-exile He has said that under such a system he would be willing to return to Tibet from exile. A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a country's legitimate government but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power and instead resides in a foreign The government of the People's Republic of China, however, considers this system inapplicable to Tibet because "Tibet is already a part of China" and fears that "one country, two systems" will be used as a gateway to formal Tibetan independence. [8]

See also

References

  1. ^ China. org. cn. "China.org.cn. " One Country, Two Systems. Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.
  2. ^ Luo, Jing. Over A Cup Of Tea: An Introduction To Chinese Life And Culture. [2004] (2004). University Press of America China. ISBN 0761829377
  3. ^ Wong, Yiu-chung. [2004] (2004). One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation. Lexington Books. Hong Kong. ISBN 0739104926.
  4. ^ Most Taiwanese oppose Beijing formula: MAC
  5. ^ Chen vows to safeguard Taiwan sovereignty, rejects China overture. MediaCorp News (June 29, 2006). Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-11-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem.
  6. ^ The Risk of War Over Taiwan is Real. Financial Times (May 1, 2005). Retrieved on July 26, 2006.
  7. ^ Hopes grow as second Taiwan leader visits China (May 13, 2005). Retrieved on July 26, 2006.
  8. ^ Tibet.cn The 14th Dalai Lama’s ‘Middle Way’ ridiculous


Dictionary

one country, two systems

-phrase

  1. Idea for reunification of China where the thought was that it is one country, but that areas like Hong Kong and Taiwan could have separate economic and political systems.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic