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The One-China policy (traditional Chinese: 一個中國; simplified Chinese: 一个中国; pinyin: yī gè Zhōngguó) is a principle that there is one China and that mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan are all part of that China. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The acceptance or rejection of this principle is a major factor in relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC), which governs mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau, and the Republic of China (ROC), which governs Taiwan, Pescadores, Kinmen, and Matsu. History Before 1949 See also Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

The One-China policy is held adamantly by the PRC, which equates China with the PRC. It requires all countries seeking diplomatic relations with it to acknowledge its version of the policy and refrain from maintaining relations with the ROC. The acknowledgement that there is only one China (though not limited to the PRC in definition) is also a prerequisite the PRC has set for negotiations with the ROC government. The 1992 Consensus or Consensus of 1992 ( is a term describing the outcome of a meeting in 1992 between the representatives of the People's Republic of China in

The ROC's position towards the policy is significantly more divided. Legally speaking, the ROC continues to maintain its version of the "One China" principle by officially claiming sovereignty over mainland China, but these claims are no longer actively pursued. The Pan-Blue Coalition parties are more accepting of the One-China policy, but they do not equate China with the PRC; former Kuomintang (KMT) chairman Ma Ying-jeou, for example, stated in 2006 that "One China is the Republic of China". The Pan-Blue Coalition ( or Pan-Blue Force ( is a Political alliance in the Republic of China (Taiwan consisting of the Kuomintang NOTICE*************** The Pan-Green Coalition parties are more hostile to the policy, as they view Taiwan as a country separate from China. The Pan-Green Coalition ( or Pan-Green Camp, is currently an informal Political alliance in the Republic of China (Taiwan consisting of the

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Legislative claims of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China

Both the ROC government and PRC government have taken official legal steps to delegitimize the other's status as national governments. The ROC in recent years has been less strident about denying the legitimacy of the PRC, but continues to have laws left over from earlier years.

People's Republic of China(PRC)

Article 2:
There is only one China in the world. The Anti-Secession Law ( is a Law of the People's Republic of China. Both the mainland and Taiwan belong to one China. China's sovereignty and territorial integrity brook no division. Safeguarding China's sovereignty and territorial integrity is the common obligation of all Chinese people, the Taiwan compatriots included.
Taiwan is part of China. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The state shall never allow the "Taiwan independence" secessionist forces to make Taiwan secede from China under any name or by any means. Taiwan independence ( Pe̍h-oē-jī: Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng abbreviated to 台獨 Táidú Tâi-to̍k is a "
Article 5: Upholding the principle of one China is the basis of peaceful reunification of the country.
To reunify the country through peaceful means best serves the fundamental interests of the compatriots on both sides of the Taiwan Straits. The state shall do its utmost with maximum sincerity to achieve a peaceful reunification.
After the country is reunified peacefully, Taiwan may practice systems different from those on the mainland and enjoy a high degree of autonomy.

Republic of China (ROC)

Interpretations of the One-China policy

One interpretation, which was adopted during the Cold War, is that either the People's Republic of China or the Republic of China is the sole rightful government of all China and that the other government is illegitimate. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National While much of the western bloc maintained relations with the ROC until the 1970s under this policy, much of the eastern bloc maintained relations with the PRC. The Western Bloc during the Cold War refers to the powers allied with the United States and NATO against the Soviet Union and the Warsaw During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were While the government of the ROC considered itself the remaining holdout of the legitimate government of a country overrun by what it thought of as Communist rebels, the PRC claimed to have succeeded the ROC in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Though the ROC no longer portrays itself as the sole legitimate government of China, the position of the PRC remained unchanged until the early 2000s, when the PRC began to soften its position on this issue to promote Chinese reunification. There is also a specific Chinese reunification of 1928. Chinese reunification ( is a goal of Chinese nationalism that refers to

The revised position of the PRC was made clear in the Anti-Secession Law of 2005, which although stating that there is one China whose sovereignty is indivisible, does not explicitly identify this China with the PRC. The Anti-Secession Law ( is a Law of the People's Republic of China. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Beijing has made no major statements after 2004 which identify one China with the PRC and has shifted its definition of one China slightly to encompass a concept called the consensus of 1992 which is that there is one China which includes both the Mainland and Taiwan but that different people have different interpretations of what that One China is. The 1992 Consensus or Consensus of 1992 ( is a term describing the outcome of a meeting in 1992 between the representatives of the People's Republic of China in

One interpretation of one China is that there exists only three geographical regions of China, which was split into two Chinese governments by the Chinese Civil War. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National This is largely the position of current supporters of Chinese reunification in Mainland China who believe that this "one China" should eventually reunite under a single government. There is also a specific Chinese reunification of 1928. Chinese reunification ( is a goal of Chinese nationalism that refers to Starting in 2005, this position has become close enough to the positions of the PRC to allow for high-level dialogue between the Communist Party of China and the Pan-Blue Coalition of Taiwan. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the The Pan-Blue Coalition ( or Pan-Blue Force ( is a Political alliance in the Republic of China (Taiwan consisting of the Kuomintang

One-China policy of the Republic of China

In the Republic of China, all major parties reject the interpretation that the People's Republic of China is the One China that includes Taiwan; however, they differ on the interpretation of the One China principle. The Pan-Blue Coalition parties, consisting of the Kuomintang, the People's First Party, and the New Party, accept the One-China policy, but they do not equate China with the PRC; rather, they accept that the ROC and PRC will each equate itself with "One China" while agreeing that there is only "One China". The Pan-Blue Coalition ( or Pan-Blue Force ( is a Political alliance in the Republic of China (Taiwan consisting of the Kuomintang The New Party (新黨 Xīn Dăng formerly the Chinese New Party (CNP 中華新黨 Zhōnghúa Xīn Dăng is a Centre-right Political party In particular, former Kuomintang chairman Ma Ying-Jeou stated in 2006 that "One China is the Republic of China". NOTICE*************** Before democratization in the 1980s and 1990s, the authoritarian Kuomintang government actively claimed that the ROC is the only legitimate "One China" while the PRC is illegitimate; these claims are no longer actively pursued.

The Pan-Green Coalition parties, consisting of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and the Taiwan Solidarity Union, are more hostile to the policy, as they view Taiwan as a country separate from China. The Pan-Green Coalition ( or Pan-Green Camp, is currently an informal Political alliance in the Republic of China (Taiwan consisting of the The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP ( Taiwanese: Bîn-chú-chìn-pō͘-tóng Traditional Chinese: zh-Hant 民主進步黨 Simplified Chinese: zh-Hans The Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU ( Traditional Chinese: 臺灣團結聯盟 Pinyin: Táiwān Tuánjié Liánméng is a Political party in the Republic The former President of the Republic of China, Chen Shui-bian of the DPP, regards acceptance of the "One China" principle as capitulation to the PRC, and prefers to view it as nothing more than a topic for discussion, in opposition to the PRC's insistence that the "One China" policy is a prerequisite for any negotiation. The President of the Republic of China ( is the Head of state of the Republic of China (ROC (commonly known as Taiwan since the 1970s Chen Shui-bian ( born October 12, 1950) is a Taiwanese politician and former President of the Republic of China.

Legally speaking, the Republic of China continues to maintain its version of the "One China" principle by officially (but no longer actively) claiming sovereignty over all of its territory before 1949, including Mongolia. All countries maintaining official ties with Taipei recognize the ROC as the sole and legitimate government of all of China. There are several recent examples of this policy. For example, when the Vatican held a state funeral for Pope John Paul II, the President of the Republic of China, Chen Shui-bian, attended the funeral as simply, the President of China. The Vatican does not recognize Communist China (PRC). Also, when President Chen visited Panama on a state visit, he was also welcomed and named as the President of China.

One-China policy and diplomatic relations

The One-China Principle is also a requirement for any political entity to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. The PRC has traditionally attempted to get nations to recognize that "the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government of all of China. . . and Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of the People's Republic of China. " However, many nations are unwilling to make this particular statement and there was often a protracted effort to find language regarding one China that is acceptable to both sides. Some countries use terms like "acknowledge", "understand", "take note of", while others explicitly use the term "support" or "recognize" for Beijing's position on the status of Taiwan.

The name "Chinese Taipei" is the only acceptable name in most international arenas since "Taiwan" suggests that Taiwan is a separate country and "Republic of China" suggests that there are two Chinas, and thus both violate the One-China Principle. Chinese Taipei is the designated name used by the Republic of China (ROC, commonly known as Taiwan, to participate in some International The term Two Chinas (traditional Chinese 兩個中國 simplified Chinese 两个中国 pinyin liǎng gè Zhōngguó currently refers to the two states with " China " Most countries that recognize Beijing circumvent the diplomatic language by establishing "Trade Offices" that represents their interests on Taiwanese soil, while the ROC government represents its interests abroad with TECRO, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office. A Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office ( TECRO) sometimes known as a Taipei Economic and Cultural Office ( TECO) or a Taipei Representative The United States (and any other nation having diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China) does not have formal diplomatic relations with Taiwan. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Instead, external relations are handled via nominally private organizations such as the American Institute in Taiwan or the Canadian Trade Office in Taipei. The American Institute in Taiwan ( AIT) serves as the representative office of the United States in Taiwan. The Canadian Trade Office in Taipei (CTOT is Canada 's representation in the Republic of China (Taiwan

In the case of the United States, the One-China policy was first stated in the Shanghai Communiqué of 1972: "the United States acknowledges that Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is a part of China. The Joint Communique of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, also known as the Shanghai Communiqué (1972 was an important diplomatic document Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States does not challenge that position. " Thus, the United States's One-China Policy is subtly different from the One China Principle that China imposes on the rest of the world in that Washington has not expressed an explicitly immutable statement regarding whether it believes Taiwan is independent or not. Instead, Washington simply states that they understand China's claims that the country claims Taiwan as its own. In fact, many scholars agree that US One-China Policy was not intended to please the Chinese government, but as a way for Washington to conduct international relations in the region, which Beijing fails to state.

When President Jimmy Carter in 1979 broke off relations with Taiwan in order to establish relations with the PRC, Congress responded by passing the Taiwan Relations Act, which while maintaining relations, stopped short of full recognition of the ROC. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The Taiwan Relations Act is an act of the United States Congress passed in 1979 after the establishment of relations with the People's Republic of In 1982 President Ronald Reagan also saw that the Six Assurances were adopted, the sixth being that the United States would not formally recognize Chinese sovereignty over Taiwan. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) The Six Assurances are guidelines used in conducting relations between the United States of America and the Republic of China (Taiwan Still, United States policy has remained ambiguous. During the House International Relations Committee on April 21 of 2004, the Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, James A. Kelly, was asked by Rep. The US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, also known as the House Foreign Affairs Committee, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives James Andrew Kelly was Assistant US Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (2001-2005 Grace Napolitano (D-CA) whether America’s commitment to Taiwan’s democracy conflicted with the so-called One-China Policy. Governor of Arizona Graciela Flores Napolitano (born December 4 1936) an American politician has been a Democratic member of the He admitted the difficulty on defining the U. S. 's position: "I didn’t really define it, and I’m not sure I very easily could define it. " He added, "I can tell you what it is not. It is not the One-China principle that Beijing suggests. " [1]

For any country who wants to establish diplomatic relationship with mainland China, it must first discontinue any formal relationship with Taiwan by the request of the Chinese mainland government. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction In order to compete for other countries' recognition, each other gives money to those remaining few small countries. The Chinese government has accused the ROC government of monetary diplomacy. Several small African and Caribbean countries have established and discontinued diplomatic relationship with both sides several times in exchange for huge financial support from each side.

Of the 192 members of the United Nations, only Bhutan has chosen to recognize neither the People's Republic of China nor the Republic of China. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Kingdom of Bhutan (buːˈtɑːn is a Landlocked nation in South Asia. All remaining governments have recognized one or the other, recognizing that government as the sole legitimate government of all China.

One-China policy and cross-strait relations

The acknowledgement of the One China Principle is also a prerequisite by the People's Republic of China government for any cross-strait dialogue be held with groups from Taiwan. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The PRC's One-China policy rejects formulas which call for "two Chinas" or "one China, one Taiwan" and has stated that efforts to divide the sovereignty of China could be met with military force. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking

The PRC has explicitly stated that it is flexible about the meaning "one China," and that "one China" may not necessarily be synonymous with the PRC, and has offered to talk with parties on Taiwan and the government on Taiwan on the basis of the Consensus of 1992 which states that there is one China, but that there are different interpretations of that one China. The 1992 Consensus or Consensus of 1992 ( is a term describing the outcome of a meeting in 1992 between the representatives of the People's Republic of China in For example, in Premier Zhu Rongji's statements prior to the 2000 Presidential Election in Taiwan, he stated that as long as any ruling power in Taiwan accepts the One China Principle, they can negotiate and discuss anything freely. Zhū Róngjī (born 1 October 1928) is a prominent Chinese politician who served as the Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991 before serving as Vice-Premier However, the One-China Principle would apparently require that Taiwan formally give up any possibility of Taiwan independence, and would preclude any "one nation, two states" formula similar to ones used in German Ostpolitik or in Korean reunification. Taiwan independence ( Pe̍h-oē-jī: Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng abbreviated to 台獨 Táidú Tâi-to̍k is a Ostpolitik ( German for Eastern Politics) describes the politics of the "Change Through Rapprochement" principle &mdash as verbalized by Egon Bahr Korean reunification is a possible future Reunification of North Korea and South Korea under a single government The current Taiwan President Chen Shui-bian has repeatedly rejected the demands to accept the One China Principle and instead called for talks to discuss One China itself.

One China was the formulation held by the ROC government before the 1990s, but it was asserted that the one China was the Republic of China rather than PRC. However, in 1991, President Lee Teng-hui indicated that he would not challenge the right of the Communist authorities to rule the mainland. Lee Teng-hui ( POJ: Lí Teng-hui born 15 January 1923 is a Politician of Taiwan. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction This is a significant point in the history of Cross Straits relations in that the ROC no longer claims administrative authority over mainland China. Henceforth, the issue is no longer who rules all of China, but who claims legitimacy over Taiwan and the surrounding islands. Over the course of the 1990s, President Lee appeared to drift away from the One-China formulation, leading many to believe that he was actually sympathetic to Taiwan independence. Taiwan independence ( Pe̍h-oē-jī: Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng abbreviated to 台獨 Táidú Tâi-to̍k is a In 1999, Lee proposed a Special state-to-state relations for mainland China-Taiwan relations which was received angrily by Beijing, which ended semi-official dialogue. In an interview with the German press Deutsche Welle in 1999 Lee Teng-hui, the President of the Republic of China on Taiwan, stated that “Since the

After the election of Chen Shui-bian in 2000, the policy of the ROC government was to propose negotiations without preconditions. Chen Shui-bian ( born October 12, 1950) is a Taiwanese politician and former President of the Republic of China. While Chen did not explicitly reject Lee's two states theory, he did not explicitly endorse it either. Throughout 2001, there were unsuccessful attempts to find an acceptable formula for both sides, such as agreeing to "abide by the 1992 consensus. " President Chen, after assuming the Democratic Progressive Party chairmanship in July 2002, moved to a somewhat less ambiguous policy, and stated in early August 2002 that "it is clear that both sides of the straits are separate countries. The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP ( Taiwanese: Bîn-chú-chìn-pō͘-tóng Traditional Chinese: zh-Hant 民主進步黨 Simplified Chinese: zh-Hans " This statement was strongly criticized by opposition pan-blue coalition parties on Taiwan, which support a One-China Principle, but oppose defining this "One China" as the PRC. The Pan-Blue Coalition ( or Pan-Blue Force ( is a Political alliance in the Republic of China (Taiwan consisting of the Kuomintang

The One China policy became an issue during the 2004 ROC Presidential election. The Election for the 11th-term President and Vice-President of the Republic of China (第十一任中華民國總統、副總統選舉 the third direct presidential election in Taiwan's Chen Shui-bian abandoned his earlier ambiguity and publicly rejected the One-China Principle claiming it would imply that Taiwan is part of the PRC. His opponent Lien Chan publicly supported a policy of "one China, different interpretations," as done in 1992. Lien Chan ( POJ: Liân Chùn (born August 27, 1936, in Xi'an China) is a Politician in Taiwan. At the end of the 2004 election, Lien Chan and his running mate, James Soong, later announced that they would not put ultimate unification as the goal for their cross-strait policy and would not exclude the possibility of an independent Taiwan in the future. Lien Chan ( POJ: Liân Chùn (born August 27, 1936, in Xi'an China) is a Politician in Taiwan. James Chu-yu Soong ( born March 16, 1942) is a Politician in the Republic of China on Taiwan. President Chen admits that he leans towards independence, but his main position is opposition to adopting the One China policy since it prevents Taiwanese people from being able to decide upon their own future. This point is reinforced by the most recent interview with the Washington Post in which Chen states, "We should not exclude independence as one of the options nor should we exclude unification as a possible choice. Similarly, we should not make Taiwan independence the only choice, nor should we make unification the only choice. "

In an interview with Time Asia bureau prior to the 2004 presidential elections, Chen used the model of German and European Union as examples of how countries may come together while in the Soviet Union , a country may fragment. He added that as long as the Taiwanese people have the right to vote for unification or independence in a referendum without any external threats, he accepts the results. In Mathematical logic, in particular as applied to Computer science, a unification of two terms is a join (in the lattice sense with respect However, he noted that the current condition (on March 2004) was that Taiwan is a distinctly separate entity from China.

In March 2005, the PRC passed an Anti-Secession Law which authorized the use of force to prevent a "serious incident" that breaks the One China policy, but which at the same time did not identify one China with the People's Republic and offered to pursue political solutions. The Anti-Secession Law ( is a Law of the People's Republic of China. At the same session of the PRC Congress, a large increase in military spending was also passed, leading blue team members to interpret those measures as forcing the ROC to adhere to the One China Policy or else the PRC would attack. Blue Team can represent several things Blue Team, the friendly side in a Wargame / Military simulation, see Red Team

In April and May 2005, Lien Chan and James Soong made separate trips to Mainland China, during which both explicitly supported the Consensus of 1992 and the concept of one China and in which both explicitly stated their parties' opposition to Taiwan independence. Lien Chan ( POJ: Liân Chùn (born August 27, 1936, in Xi'an China) is a Politician in Taiwan. James Chu-yu Soong ( born March 16, 1942) is a Politician in the Republic of China on Taiwan. The 1992 Consensus or Consensus of 1992 ( is a term describing the outcome of a meeting in 1992 between the representatives of the People's Republic of China in The One-China policy ( is a principle that there is one China and that Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan are all part of Taiwan independence ( Pe̍h-oē-jī: Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng abbreviated to 台獨 Táidú Tâi-to̍k is a Although President Chen at one point supported the trips of Lien and Soong for diffusing cross-strait tensions, he also attacked them for working with the "enemy" PRC.

See also

External links


Taiwan independence ( Pe̍h-oē-jī: Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng abbreviated to 台獨 Táidú Tâi-to̍k is a There is also a specific Chinese reunification of 1928. Chinese reunification ( is a goal of Chinese nationalism that refers to The term Two Chinas (traditional Chinese 兩個中國 simplified Chinese 两个中国 pinyin liǎng gè Zhōngguó currently refers to the two states with " China " The controversy regarding the political status of Taiwan hinges on whether Taiwan, including the Pescadores (Penghu should remain effectively independent as territory The first major political party in China was the Kuomintang which has been restricted to Taiwan since 1949 The politics of the People's Republic of China take place in a framework of a single-party socialist republic. Desinicization ( de + sinicization) is a term that describes the act of the elimination of Chinese influence which is the opposite of " Sinicization The Legal question of which legal entity holds De jure sovereignty over the island of Taiwan is a controversial issue The An exclusive mandate is a government's assertion of its legitimate authority over a certain territory part of which another government controls with stable de facto The Republic of Taiwan ( Pe̍h-oē-jī: Tâi-oân Kiōng-hô-kok) is a goal of supporters of Taiwan independence in creating a Taiwanese state unambiguously
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