Olive oil
Olive oil bottle.
Fat composition
Saturated fats	Palmitic acid: 7. Saturated fat is Fat that consists of Triglycerides containing only saturated Fatty acids Explanation Fat that occurs Palmitic acid,CH3(CH214COOH or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is one of the most common saturated Fatty acids found in animals 5–20. 0 % Stearic acid: 0. Stearic acid (first syllable rhymes with either bear or gear) ( IUPAC Systematic name: octadecanoic acid) is a saturated 5–5. 0 % Arachidic acid: <0. Arachidic acid, also called eicosanoic acid, is a saturated Fatty acid found in Peanut oil 8% Behenic acid: <0. Behenic acid, also docosanoic acid, is a normal Carboxylic acid, a Fatty acid with formula C22H43COOH 3% Myristic acid: <0. Myristic acid, also called tetradecanoic acid, is a common saturated Fatty acid with the molecular formula CH3(CH212COOH 1% Lignoceric acid: <1. Lignoceric acid, also tetracosanoic acid, is a Saturated Fatty acid with formula C23H47COOH 0%
Unsaturated fats	yes
Monounsaturated fats	Oleic acid: 55. An unsaturated fat is a Fat or Fatty acid in which there are one or more Double bonds in the fatty acid chain For discussion how dietary fats affect cardiovascular health see Diet and heart disease. Oleic acid is a Monounsaturated omega-9 Fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable sources 0–83. 0% Palmitoleic acid: 0. Palmitoleic acid, or ( Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid is an omega-7 monounsaturated Fatty acid that is a common constituent of the Glycerides 3–3. 5%
Polyunsaturated fats	Linoleic acid: 3. In nutrition polyunsaturated fat is an abbreviation of polyunsaturated Fatty acid. Linoleic acid (LA is an unsaturated Omega-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid 5–21. 0 % Linolenic acid: <1. 5%
Properties
Food energy per 100g	3700 kJ (890 kcal)
Melting point	−6. Food energy is the amount of Energy in food that is available through Digestion. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 0 °C (21 °F)
Boiling point	300 °C (570 °F)
Smoke point	190 °C (375 °F) (virgin) 210 °C (410 °F) (refined)
Specific gravity at 20 °C	0. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The smoke point refers to the temperature at which a cooking fat or oil begins to break down Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the Density of a given solid or liquid substance to the density of water at a specific temperature and pressure typically 9150–0. 9180 (@ 15. 5 °C)
Viscosity at 20 °C	84 cP
Refractive index	1. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. The poise (symbol P pwɑːz is the unit of dynamic Viscosity in the Centimetre gram second system of units. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium 4677–1. 4705 (virgin and refined) 1. 4680–1. 4707 (pomace)
Iodine value	75–94 (virgin and refined) 75–92 (pomace)
Acid value	maximum: 6. The iodine value (or "iodine adsorption value" or "iodine number" or "iodine index" in Chemistry is the mass of Iodine in grams that In Chemistry, acid value (or "neutralization number" or "acid number" or "acidity" is the mass of Potassium hydroxide (KOH in 6 (refined and pomace) 0. 6 (extra-virgin)
Saponification value	184–196 (virgin and refined) 182–193 (pomace)
Peroxide value	20 (virgin) 10 (refined and pomace)

Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive (Olea europaea; family Oleaceae along with lilacs, jasmine and ash trees), a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin. Saponification value (or "saponification number" also referred to as "sap" in short represents the number of milligrams of Potassium hydroxide or The Olive is the Fruit of the Olive tree (Olea europaea and is a major component of the Agriculture and Gastronomy of many countries The Oleaceae, or olive family, is a Plant family containing 24 extant genera and around 600 Species of Mesophytic The unrelated but somewhat similar-looking Chinaberry ( Melia azedarach) is sometimes called "lilac" too Jasmine or Jessamine ( Jasminum) (from Persian yasmin, ie "gift from God" via Arabic) is a Genus of Shrubs An ash can be any of four different tree genera from four very distinct families; most commonly in a combined form (e The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. It is commonly used in cooking, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps. Cooking is the process of preparing Food by applying Heat, selecting measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy An oil lamp is a simple vessel used to produce light continuously for a period of time from a fuel source

Contents 1 Market 2 Regulation 2.1 Industrial grades 2.2 Retail grades in IOOC member nations 2.3 Label wording 2.4 Retail grades in the United States 3 Global consumption 3.1 Global market 4 Extraction 5 Constituents 6 Human health 7 Medicinal use 8 History 8.1 Eastern Mediterranean 8.2 Religious use 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links

Market

Over 750 million olive trees are cultivated worldwide, about 95% of those are in the Mediterranean region. The Olive ( Olea europaea) is a Species of small Tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Most of global production comes from Southern Europe, North Africa and Middle East. Of the European production, 93% comes from Greece, Italy, Spain, and Turkey (countries are sorted by annual production). Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Spain's production alone accounts for 40% to 45% of world production, which was 2. 6 million metric tons in 2002^[1]. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. In 2006 Turkey accounted for over 5% of world production, this figure is similar to the province of Jaen production alone, in Spain, well known as the biggest olive groves in the world. Jaén (جيان: Jayyān is a city in south-central Spain, the name is probably derived from the Arabic word Jayyan (crossroads of caravans ^[2].

In olive oil-producing countries, the local production is generally considered the finest. In North America, Italian and Spanish olive oils are the best-known, and top-quality extra-virgin oils from Italy, Spain and Greece are sold at high prices, often in "prestige" packaging.

Greece devotes 60% of its cultivated land to olive growing. It is the world's top producer of black olives and boasts more varieties of olives than any other country. The Olive ( Olea europaea) is a Species of small Tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Greece holds third place in world olive production with more than 132 million trees, which produce approximately 350,000 tons of olive oil annually, of which 82% is extra-virgin[1] (see below for an explanation of terms). About half of the annual Greek olive oil production is exported, but only some 5% of this quantity reflects the origin of the bottled product. Greek exports primarily target European Union (EU) countries, the main recipient being Italy, which receives about three-quarters of total exports. Olives are grown for oil in mainland Greece, with Peloponnese being the source of 65% of Greek production, as well as in Crete, the Aegean Islands and Ionian Islands. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The Aegean Islands (Νησιά Αιγαίου Nisiá Aigaíou; Ege Adaları are a group of Islands in the Aegean Sea, with mainland Greece This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia.

The EU regulates the use of different protected designation of origin labels for olive oils in accordance with EU law. Among the many different olive varieties or cultivars used in Italy are Frantoio, Leccino Pendolino, and Moraiolo. The Olive ( Olea europaea) is a Species of small Tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern In Spain the most important varieties are the Picual, Alberquina, Hojiblanca, and Manzanillo de Jaén. Jaén (جيان: Jayyān is a city in south-central Spain, the name is probably derived from the Arabic word Jayyan (crossroads of caravans In Greece : Koroneiki. In France : Picholine. In California : Mission. In Portugal : Galega. The oil from the varieties vary in flavour and stability (shelf life).

Demand for olive oil has soared in the United States. In 1994, exports to the US totaled 28. 95 million gallons, a 215% increase from 1984. The US is Italy's biggest customer, absorbing 22% of total Italian production of 131. 6 million gallons in 1994. Despite shrinkage in production, Italian exports of olive oil rose by 19. 2% from 1994 to 1995. A large share of the imports went from the EU, especially Spain.

Regulation

The International Olive Oil Council (IOOC) is an intergovernmental organization based in Madrid, Spain, with 23 member states. International Organization is a peer-reviewed Academic journal that covers the entire field of International affairs. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. It promotes olive oil around the world by tracking production, defining quality standards, and monitoring authenticity. More than 85% of the world's olives are grown in IOOC member nations. ^[3] The United States is not a member of the IOOC, and the US Department of Agriculture does not legally recognize its classifications (such as extra-virgin olive oil). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The USDA uses a different system, which it defined in 1948 before the IOOC existed. The California Olive Oil Council, a private trade group, is petitioning the USDA to adopt IOOC rules. ^[4]

The IOOC officially governs 95% of international production and holds great influence over the rest. IOOC terminology is precise, but it can lead to confusion between the words that describe production and the words used on retail labels. Olive oil is classified by how it was produced, by its chemistry, and by its flavor. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties All production begins by transforming the olive fruit into olive paste. This paste is then malaxed to allow the microscopic oil droplets to concentrate. Malaxation, a stage in the process of Olive oil extraction, is the action of slowly churning or mixing milled Olives in a specially designed mixer for 20 to 40 minutes The oil is extracted by means of pressure (traditional method) or centrifugation (modern method). A centrifuge is a piece of equipment generally driven by a motor that puts an object in Rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis After extraction the remnant solid substance, called pomace, still contains a small quantity of oil. Pomace (pronounced /PUHM-is/ is the solid remains of Grapes Olives or other Fruit after pressing for juice or oil

According to an article by Tom Mueller in the August 13, 2007 Issue of the The New Yorker, regulation is extremely lax and corrupt. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Mueller states that major Italian shippers routinely adulterate olive oil and that only about 40% of olive oil sold as "extra virgin" actually meets requirements. ^[5] In some cases, colza oil with added color and flavor has been labeled and sold as olive oil. Colza oil is a non-drying Oil obtained from the seeds of Brassica campestris, var ^[6] This extensive fraud prompted the Italian government, in 2007, to mandate a new labeling law for companies selling olive oil, under which every bottle of Italian olive oil would have to declare the farm and press on which it was produced, as well as display a precise breakdown of the oils used, for blended oils. ^[7] In February 2008, however, EU officials took issue with the new law, stating that under EU rules such labeling should be voluntary rather than compulsory. ^[8] Under EU rules, olive oil may be sold as Italian even if it only contains a small amount of Italian oil. ^[7]

In March 2008, 400 Italian police officers conducted "Operation Golden Oil," arresting 23 and confiscating 85 farms after an investigation revealed a large-scale scheme to relabel oils from other Mediterranean nations as Italian. ^[9] In April 2008 another operation impounded seven olive oil plants and arrested 40 people in nine provinces of northern and southern Italy for adding chlorophyll to sunflower and soybean oil, and selling it as extra virgin olive oil, both in Italy and abroad. Chlorophyll is a green Pigment found in most Plants Algae and Cyanobacteria. Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil expressed from Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) seeds 25,000 liters of the fake oil was seized and prevented from being exported. ^[10]

Industrial grades

The several oils extracted from the olive fruit can be classified as:

• Virgin means the oil was produced by the use of physical means and no chemical treatment. The term virgin oil referring to production is different from Virgin Oil on a retail label (see next section).
• Refined means that the oil has been chemically treated to neutralize strong tastes (characterized as defects) and neutralize the acid content (free fatty acids). In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which Refined oil is commonly regarded as lower quality than virgin oil; the retail labels extra-virgin olive oil and virgin olive oil cannot contain any refined oil.
• Pomace olive oil means oil extracted from the pomace using chemical solvents—mostly hexane—and by heat. Hexane is an Alkane Hydrocarbon with the Chemical formula CH3(CH24CH3 or C6H14

Quantitative analysis can determine the oil's acidity, defined as the percent, measured by weight, of free oleic acid it contains. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which Oleic acid is a Monounsaturated omega-9 Fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable sources This is a measure of the oil's chemical degradation; as the oil degrades, more fatty acids are freed from the glycerides, increasing the level of free acidity and thereby increasing rancidity. Glycerides, more correctly known as acylglycerols, are Esters formed from Glycerol and Fatty acids Glycerol has three Hydroxyl Rancidification is the decomposition of Fats Oils and other Lipids by Hydrolysis or Oxidation, or both Another measure of the oil's chemical degradation is the organic peroxide level, which measures the degree to which the oil is oxidized, another cause of rancidity. Organic peroxides are Organic compounds containing the Peroxide Functional group (ROOR' Rancidification is the decomposition of Fats Oils and other Lipids by Hydrolysis or Oxidation, or both

In order to classify it by taste, olive oil is subjectively judged by a panel of professional tasters in a blind taste test. In marketing a blind taste test is often used as a tool for companies to compare their Brand to another brand This is also called its organoleptic quality.

Retail grades in IOOC member nations

As IOOC standards are complex, the labels in stores (except in the U. S. ) clearly show an oil's grade:

• Extra-virgin olive oil comes from cold pressing of the olives, contains no more than 0. 8% acidity, and is judged to have a superior taste. There can be no refined oil in extra-virgin olive oil.
• Virgin olive oil has an acidity less than 2%, and judged to have a good taste. There can be no refined oil in virgin olive oil.
• Pure olive oil. Oils labeled as Pure olive oil or Olive oil are usually a blend of refined olive oil and one of the above two categories of virgin olive oil.
• Olive oil is a blend of virgin oil and refined oil, containing no more than 1. 5% acidity. It commonly lacks a strong flavor.
• Olive-pomace oil is a blend of refined pomace olive oil and possibly some virgin oil. It is fit for consumption, but it may not be called olive oil. Olive-pomace oil is rarely found in a grocery store; it is often used for certain kinds of cooking in restaurants.
• Lampante oil is olive oil not used for consumption; lampante comes from olive oil's ancient use as fuel in oil-burning lamps. Lampante oil is mostly used in the industrial market.

Label wording

Olive oil vendors choose the wording on their labels very carefully.

• "100% Pure Olive Oil" is often the lowest quality available in a retail store: better grades would have "virgin" on the label.
• "Made from refined olive oils" suggests that the essence was captured, but in fact means that the taste and acidity were chemically produced.
• "Light olive oil" actually means refined olive oil, not a lower fat content. All olive oil has 120 calories per tablespoon (34 J/ml). This article is about the unit of energy For its use in Nutrition and Food labelling regulations, see the article on Food energy. The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity
• "From hand-picked olives" may indicate that the oil is of better quality, since producers harvesting olives by mechanical methods are inclined to leave olives to over-ripen in order to increase yield.
• "First cold press" means that the oil in bottles with this label is the first oil that came from the first press of the olives. The word cold is important because if heat is used, the olive oil's chemistry is changed. It should be noted that extra-virgin olive oil is cold pressed, but not necessarily the first oils.
• "Bottled in Italy" or "Packed in Italy" does not necessarily mean that the olive oil originated in Italy. Back or side labels indicate the origin of the olive oil which is often a mixture of oils from several nations^[11].

Retail grades in the United States

The United States is not a member of the IOOC and therefore the retail grades listed above have no legal meaning in the United States; terms such as "extra virgin" may be used liberally. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), which controls this aspect of labeling, currently lists four grades of olive oil: "Fancy", "Choice", "Standard", and "Substandard", also called Grade A through D, respectively. ^[12] These were established in 1948. The grades are based on acidity, absence of defects, odor and flavor.

Global consumption

Greece has by far the heaviest per capita consumption of olive oil worldwide, over 26 boxes per year; Spain and Italy, around 14 L; Tunisia, Portugal and Syria, around 8 L. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Northern Europe and North America consume far less, around 0. Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland 7 L, but the consumption of olive oil outside its home territory has been rising steadily.

Price is an important factor on olive oil consumption in the world commodity market. In 1997, global production rose by 47%, which replenished low stocks, lowered prices, and increased consumption by 27%. Overall, world consumption trends are up by 2. 5%. Production trends are also up due to expanded plantings of olives in Europe, Latin America, the USA, and Australia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Global market

The main producing and consuming countries are:

Country	Production (2005[13])	Consumption (2005[13])	Annual Per Capita Consumption (kg)[14]
Spain	36%	20%	13. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. 62
Tunisia	32%	25%	11. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. 1
Italy	25%	30%	12. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest 35
Greece	18%	9%	23. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία 7
Turkey	5%	2%	1. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches 2
Syria	4%	3%	6
Morocco	3%	2%	1. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa 8
Portugal	1%	2%	7. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. 1
United States	0%	8%	0. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 56
France	0%	4%	1. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. 34
Lebanon	0%	3%	1. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية 18

Extraction

Main article: Olive oil extraction

The most traditional way of making olive oil is by grinding olives. Olive oil extraction is the process of extracting the oil present in the olive Drupes for food use Green olives produce bitter oil, and overly ripened olives produce rancid oil, so care is taken to make sure the olives are perfectly ripened. First the olives are ground into an olive paste using large millstones. The olive paste generally stays under the stones for 30–40 minutes. The oil collected during this part of the process is called virgin oil. After grinding, the olive paste is spread on fibre disks, which are stacked on top of each other, then placed into the press. Pressure is then applied onto the disk to further separate the oil from the paste. This second step produces a lower grade of oil.

Constituents

Olive oil is composed mainly of oleic acid and palmitic acid and other fatty acids, along with traces of squalene (up to 0. Oleic acid is a Monounsaturated omega-9 Fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable sources Palmitic acid,CH3(CH214COOH or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is one of the most common saturated Fatty acids found in animals In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which Squalene is a natural Organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from Shark liver oil, though there are botanic sources as well including 7%) and sterols (about 0. Sterols, or steroid alcohols are a subgroup of Steroids with a Hydroxyl group at the 3-position of the A-ring 2% phytosterol and tocosterols). Phytosterols (also called plant sterols) are a group of steroid alcohols, Phytochemicals naturally occurring in Plants. The composition varies by cultivar, region, altitude, time of harvest, and extraction process.

Olive oil contains a group of related natural products with potent antioxidant properties which give extra-virgin unprocessed olive oil its bitter and pungent taste and which are esters of tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, including oleocanthal and oleuropein. A natural product is a Chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism - found in nature that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least Tyrosol is a Phenolic Antioxidant present in a variety of natural sources Hydroxytyrosol is a Phytochemical with Antioxidant properties Oleocanthal is a natural Organic compound isolated from extra virgin Olive oil. Oleuropein is a chemical compound found in Olive leaf from the Olive tree (and leaves of privet together with other closely related compounds such as 10-hydroxyoleuropein ^[15]

Human health

Olive oil Nutritional value per 100 g (3. 5 oz)
Energy 890 kcal   3700 kJ
Carbohydrates     0 g Fat 100 g - saturated  14 g - monounsaturated  73 g   - polyunsaturated  11 g     - omega-3 fat <1. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Saturated fat is Fat that consists of Triglycerides containing only saturated Fatty acids Explanation Fat that occurs For discussion how dietary fats affect cardiovascular health see Diet and heart disease. In nutrition polyunsaturated fat is an abbreviation of polyunsaturated Fatty acid. n −3 fatty acids (popularly referred to as ω−3 fatty acids or omega-3 fatty acids) are a family of unsaturated Fatty acids that 5 g     - omega-6 fat 3. n −6 fatty acids (popularly referred to as ω−6 fatty acids or omega-6 fatty acids) are a family of unsaturated Fatty acids 5-21g   Protein 0 g Vitamin E  14 mg 93% Vitamin K  62 μg 59%
100 g olive oil is 109 ml Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl See also Tocopherol, Tocotrienol Vitamin E is the collective name for a set of 8 related Tocopherols and Tocotrienols which are fat-soluble Vitamin K (K from "Koagulations-Vitamin" in German Danish Swedish and Norwegian denotes a group of Lipophilic, Hydrophobic Vitamins that Reference Daily Intake (or Recommended Daily Intake ( RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient which was considered (at the time they were defined to be sufficient

Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that a higher proportion of monounsaturated fats in the diet is linked with a reduction in the risk of coronary heart disease. For discussion how dietary fats affect cardiovascular health see Diet and heart disease. Coronary disease (or coronary heart disease) refers to the failure of Coronary circulation to supply adequate circulation to Cardiac muscle and surrounding ^[16] This is significant because olive oil is considerably rich in monounsaturated fats, most notably oleic acid. Oleic acid is a Monounsaturated omega-9 Fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable sources

In the United States, producers of olive oil may place the following health claim on product labels:

Limited and not conclusive scientific evidence suggests that eating about two tablespoons (23 grams) of olive oil daily may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease due to the monounsaturated fat in olive oil. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A tablespoon is a type of Spoon used for serving Measure of volume It is also a measure of Volume used in cooking To achieve this possible benefit, olive oil is to replace a similar amount of saturated fat and not increase the total number of calories you eat in a day. Saturated fat is Fat that consists of Triglycerides containing only saturated Fatty acids Explanation Fat that occurs ^[17]

This decision was announced November 1, 2004, by the Food and Drug Administration after application was made to the FDA by producers. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Similar labels are permitted for foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids such as walnuts. n −3 fatty acids (popularly referred to as ω−3 fatty acids or omega-3 fatty acids) are a family of unsaturated Fatty acids that Walnuts (genus Juglans) are Plants in the family Juglandaceae. ^[18]

There is a large body of clinical data to show that consumption of olive oil can provide heart health benefits such as favourable effects on cholesterol regulation and LDL cholesterol oxidation, and that it exerts antiinflamatory, antithrombotic, antihypertensive as well as vasodilatory effects both in animals and in humans. Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian Low-density lipoprotein ( LDL) is a type of Lipoprotein that transports Cholesterol and Triglycerides from the Liver to peripheral Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state ^[19]

But some clinical evidence suggests that it is olive oil's phenolic content, rather than its fatty acid profile, that is responsible for at least some of its cardioprotective benefits. In Organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of Chemical compounds consisting of a Hydroxyl group (- For example, a clinical trial published in 2005 compared the effects of different types of olive oil on arterial elasticity. Test subjects were given a serving of 60 grams of white bread and 40 milliliters of olive oil each morning for two consecutive days. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. The study was conducted in two stages. During the first stage, the subjects received polyphenol-rich oil (extra virgin oil contains the highest amount of polyphenol antioxidants). Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants characterized by the presence of more than one Phenol unit or building block per molecule A polyphenol antioxidant is a type of Antioxidant containing a Polyphenolic substructure During the second phase, they received oil with only one fifth the phenolic content. The elasticity of the arterial walls of each subject was measured using a pressure sleeve and a Doppler laser. The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift) named after Christian Doppler, is the change in Frequency and Wavelength of a Wave for A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. It was discovered that after the subjects had consumed olive oil high in polyphenol antioxidants, they exhibited increased arterial elasticity, while after the consumption of olive oil containing fewer polyphenols, they displayed no significant change in arterial elasticity. It is theorized that, in the long term, increased elasticity of arterial walls reduces vascular stress and consequentially the risk of two common causes of death—heart attacks and stroke. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain This could, at least in part, explain the lower incidence of both diseases in regions where olive oil and olives are consumed on a daily basis.

In addition to the internal health benefits of olive oil, topical application is quite popular with fans of natural health remedies. Extra Virgin Olive Oil is the preferred grade for moisturizing the skin, especially when used in the Oil Cleansing Method (OCM). OCM is a method of cleansing and moisturizing the face with a mixture of extra virgin olive oil, castor oil (or another suitable carrier oil) and a select blend of essential oils.

Jeanne Calment, who holds the record for the longest confirmed lifespan, reportedly attributed her longevity and relatively youthful appearance to olive oil, which she said she poured on all her food and rubbed into her skin. Jeanne Louise Calment (ʒan lwiz kalˈmɑ̃ February 21, 1875  – August 4, 1997) She lived in Arles, France The longest unambiguously documented lifespan of a person is that of Jeanne Calment of France (1875–1997 who died aged 122 years and 164 days ^[20]

However, some of these benefits are disputed. Several scientific studies doubt some of the previously stated positive effects and state several negative effects of olive oil such as impairment of the dilation of the arteries. ^[21]

Medicinal use

Olive oil is unlikely to cause allergic reactions, and as such is used in preparations for lipophilic drug ingredients. Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy. Lipophilicity, fat-liking, refers to the ability of a Chemical compound to dissolve in fats oils lipids and non-polar solvents such as Hexane or It does have demulcent properties, and mild laxative properties, acting as a stool softener. A demulcent (derived from the word "caress" is an agent that forms a soothing film over a Mucous membrane, relieving minor pain and inflammation of the membrane Laxatives (or purgatives) are foods compounds or drugs taken to induce bowel movements or to loosen the stool most often taken to treat Constipation. It is also used at room temperature as an ear wax softener. Earwax, also known by the Medical term cerumen, is a yellowish waxy substance secreted in the Ear canal of Humans and many other Olive oil is also a potent blocker of intestinal contractions, and can be used to treat excessive Borborygmus. Borborygmus (plural borborygmi) (from Greek βορβορυγμός) also known as stomach growling or rumbling is the rumbling Sound

Oleocanthal from olive oil is a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) similar to classical NSAIDs like ibuprofen. Oleocanthal is a natural Organic compound isolated from extra virgin Olive oil. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, usually abbreviated to NSAID s or NAID s, are drugs with Analgesic, Antipyretic and in higher Ibuprofen ( INN) (ˌaɪbjuːˈpɹəʊfɛn (from the now outdated nomenclature i so- bu tyl- pro panoic- phen olic acid is a Non-steroidal It has been suggested that long-term consumption of small quantities of this compound from olive oil may be responsible in part for the low incidence of heart disease associated with a Mediterranean diet. Heart disease is an Umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the Heart. The Mediterranean diet is a modern nutritional recommendation inspired by the traditional dietary patterns of some of the countries of the Mediterranean Basin.

History

Homer called it "liquid gold. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the " In ancient Greece, athletes ritually rubbed it all over their body. Olive oil has been more than mere food to the peoples of the Mediterranean: it has been medicinal, magical, an endless source of fascination and wonder and the fountain of great wealth and power.

Besides food, olive oil has been used for religious rituals, medicines, as a fuel in oil lamps, soap-making, and skin care application. A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy An oil lamp is a simple vessel used to produce light continuously for a period of time from a fuel source SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using The importance and antiquity of olive oil can be seen in the fact that the English word oil derives from c. 1175, olive oil, from Anglo-Fr. and O. N. Fr. olie, from O. Fr. oile (12c. , Mod. Fr. huile), from L. oleum "oil, olive oil" (cf. It. olio), from Gk. elaion "olive tree",^[22] which may have been borrowed through trade networks from the Semitic Phoenician use of el'yon meaning "superior", probably in recognized comparison to other vegetable or animal fats available at the time. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water

The olive tree is native to the Mediterranean basin; wild olives were collected by Neolithic peoples as early as the 8th millennium BC^[23]. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos The wild olive tree has possibly originated in Asia Minor. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black ^[24].

It is not clear when and where olive trees were first domesticated: in Asia Minor in the 6th millennium^[25]; along the Levantine coast stretching from the Sinai Peninsula to modern Turkey in the 4th millennium ^[26]; or somewhere in the Mesopotamian Fertile Crescent in the 3rd millennium. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai ( Coptic: sina; Egyptian Arabic: sina سينا Arabic, sina'a سيناء Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding The Fertile Crescent is a Crescent -shaped region in the Middle East, originally incorporating the Levant and Ancient Mesopotamia, and often ^[27]

A widespread view exists that the first cultivation took place on the island of Crete. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The earliest surviving olive oil amphorae date to 3500 BC (Early Minoan times), though the production of olive is assumed to have started before 4000 BC. An amphora (plural amphorae or amphoras) is a type of Ceramic Vase with two handles and a long neck narrower than the body An alternative view retains that olives were turned into oil by 4500 BC by Canaanites in present-day Israel. Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. ^[28]

Recent genetic studies suggest that species used by modern cultivators descend from multiple wild populations, but a detailed history of domestication is not yet understood. ^[29]

Many ancient presses still exist in the Eastern Mediterranean region, and some dating to the Roman period are still in use today.

Eastern Mediterranean

Over 5,000 years ago oil was being extracted from olives in the Eastern Mediterranean. In the centuries that followed, olive presses became common, from the Atlantic shore of North Africa to Persia and from the Po Valley to the settlements along the Nile. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Po RiverThe Po Valley (Pianura Padana or Val Padana is a major geographical feature of Italy. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River

Olive trees and oil production in the Eastern Mediterranean can be traced to archives of the ancient city-state Ebla (2600–2240 BC), which were located on the outskirts of the Syrian city Aleppo. Ebla ( Arabic: عبيل، إيبلا modern Tell Mardikh, Syria) was an ancient city about 55 km southwest of Aleppo. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية For other meanings see Aleppo (disambiguation. Halab redirects here for other meanings see Halab (disambiguation. Here some dozen documents dated 2400 BC describe lands of the king and the queen. These belonged to a library of clay tablets perfectly preserved by having been baked in the fire that destroyed the palace. A later source is the frequent mentions of oil in Tanakh. See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is

Dynastic Egyptians before 2000 BC imported olive oil from Crete, Syria and Canaan and oil was an important item of commerce and wealth. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. Remains of olive oil have been found in jugs over 4,000 years old in a tomb on the island of Naxos in the Aegean Sea. For the New York prison see The Tombs. A Tomb is a repository for the remains of the dead. Naxos (in Greek, Νάξος) is a Greek island the largest island ( in the Cyclades island group in the Aegean. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Sinuhe, the Egyptian exile who lived in northern Canaan about 1960 BC, wrote of abundant olive trees. The Tale of Sinuhe is a work of Ancient Egyptian literature. It is a narrative set in the aftermath of the death of Pharaoh Amenemhat I, founder ^[30]

Until 1500 BC, the eastern coastal areas of the Mediterranean were most heavily cultivated. Olive trees were certainly cultivated by the Late Minoan period (1500 BC) in Crete, and perhaps as early as the Early Minoan. The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. ^[31] The cultivation of olive trees in Crete became particularly intense in the post-palatial period and played an important role in the island's economy. The Minoans used olive oil in religious ceremonies. The oil became a principal product of the Minoan civilization, where it is thought to have represented wealth. The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. Wealth derives from the old English word "weal" which means "well-being The Minoans put the pulp into settling tanks and, when the oil had risen to the top, drained the water from the bottom. . Olive tree growing reached Iberia and Etruscan cities well before the 8th century BC through trade with the Phoenicians and Carthage, then spread into Southern Gaul by the Celtic tribes during the 7th century BC. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts

The first recorded oil extraction is known from the Hebrew Bible and took place during the Exodus from Egypt, during the 13th century BC. The Exodus ( is the term used for the escape departure and emancipation of the enslaved Israelites freed from Ancient Egypt as described in the Hebrew During this time, the oil was derived through hand-squeezing the berries and stored in special containers under guard of the priests. A commercial mill for non-sacramental use of oil was in use in the tribal Confederation and later the Kingdom of Israel c. The Kingdom of Israel ( ( KJV Israel in Samaria) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy (also often called the 'Kingdom of Israel' 1000 BC. Over 100 olive presses have been found in Tel Miqne (Ekron), where the Biblical Philistines also produced oil. The Philistines ( Hebrew פלשתים plishtim) (see "other uses" below were a people who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan, These presses are estimated to have had output of between 1,000 and 3,000 tons of olive oil per season.

Olive trees were planted in the entire Mediterranean basin during evolution of the Roman republic and empire. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial According to the historian Pliny, Italy had "excellent olive oil at reasonable prices" by the first century AD, "the best in the Mediterranean", he maintained, a claim probably disputed by many ancient olive growers. Thus olive oil was very common in Hellene and Latin cuisine. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. According to legend, the city of Athens obtained its name because Athenians considered olive oil essential, preferring the offering of the goddess Athena (an olive tree) over the offering of Poseidon (a spring of salt water gushing out of a cliff). Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. In Greek mythology, Poseidon ( Greek:; Latin: Neptūnus) was the god of the Sea and as "Earth-Shaker" Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants

The Spartans were the Hellenes who used oil to rub themselves while exercising in the gymnasia. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη The gymnasium in Ancient Greece functioned as a training facility for competitors in public Games It was also a place for socializing and engaging in intellectual The practice served to eroticise and highlight the beauty of the male body. Spartan pederasty, the traditional intimate and pedagogic friendship between a man and a boy a custom held in common with other Dorian tribes is thought to have either From its beginnings early in the seventh century BC, the decorative use of olive oil quickly spread to all of Hellenic city states, together with naked appearance of athletes, and lasted close to a thousand years despite its great expense. ^[32][33]

Religious use

In Jewish observance, olive oil is the only fuel allowed to be used in the seven-branched Menorah (not a candelabrum since the use of candles was not allowed) in the Mishkan service during the Exodus of the tribes of Israel from Egypt, and later in the permanent Temple in Jerusalem. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Pekiin tabletjpg|thumb|right|151px| Second Temple period stone tablet from a Synagogue in Peki'in, Israel. A candlestick, chamberstick, or single candelabrum is a holder for one or more Candles used for illumination rituals or decorative purposes A candle is a Light source and sometimes a Heat source consisting of a solid block of Fuel and an embedded wick. The Exodus ( is the term used for the escape departure and emancipation of the enslaved Israelites freed from Ancient Egypt as described in the Hebrew For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name It was obtained by using only the first drop from a squeezed olive and was consecrated for use only in the Temple by the priests, which is where the expression pure olive oil originates, stored in special containers. A copy of the Menorah is now used during the holiday of Hanukkah that celebrates the miracle of the last of such containers being found during the re-dedication of the Temple (163 BC), when its contents lasted for far longer then they were expected to, allowing more time for more oil to be made. For the Gregorian dates of Jewish Holidays see Jewish holidays 2000-2050. Hanukkah (חנוכה alt Chanukah) also known as the Festival of Lights, is an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Although candles can be used to light the Hanukkiah, oil containers are preferred, to imitate the original Menorah. Another use of oil in Jewish religion is for anointing the kings of the Kingdom of Israel, originating from King David. Tzidkiyahu was the last anointed King of Israel. Tzidkiyahu (צִדְקִיָּהוּ Şidhqiyyāhû; Greek: ζεδεκιας Zedekias; traditional English Zedekiah) was the last king of One unusual use of olive oil in the Talmud is for bad breath, by creating a water-oil-salt mouthwash. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history

Olive oil also has religious symbolism for healing and strength and to consecration — God's setting a person or place apart for special work. This may be related to its ancient use as a medicinal agent and for cleansing athletes by slathering them in oil then scraping them. The Catholic and Orthodox Churches use olive oil for the Oil of Catechumens (used to bless and strengthen those preparing for Baptism) and Oil of the Sick (used to confer the Sacrament of Anointing of the Sick). Oil of Catechumen is the oil used in some baptisms it is believed to show the strength to turn away from evil temptation and sin Anointing of the Sick is distinguished from other forms of religious Anointing or "unction" (an older term with the same meaning in that it is intended as its name Olive oil mixed with a perfuming agent like balsam is consecrated by bishops as Sacred Chrism, which is used to confer the sacrament of Confirmation (as a symbol of the strengthening of the Holy Spirit), in the rites of Baptism and the ordination of priests and bishops, in the consecration of altars and churches, and, traditionally, in the anointing of monarchs at their coronation. Balsam of Mecca (or balsam of Gilead or balm of Gilead) is a Resinous gum of the tree Commiphora gileadensis (syn Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service usually religious A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Chrism (Greek word literally meaning "an anointing" also called "Myrrh" ( Myron) "Holy Oil" or "Consecrated Oil" is a Consecrated Confirmation is a Rite of initiation in many Christian Churches normally in the form of Laying on of hands and/or Anointing for In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted In a general sense the term Holy Orders refers to those in the Christian religion who have been ordained in Apostolic Succession. A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities An altar is any structure upon which Sacrifices or other offerings are made for religious purposes or some other sacred place where ceremonies take place A coronation is a ceremony marking the investiture of a Monarch with regal power specifically involving the placement of a crown upon his or her head and the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and a number of other religions use olive oil when they need to consecrate an oil for anointings. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known TalkMormon#Latter Day Saint vs Latter-day Saint --> Mormon

Eastern Orthodox Christians still use oil lamps in their churches and home prayer corners. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world A vigil lamp consists of a votive glass containing a half-inch of water and filled the rest with olive oil. The glass has a metal holder that hangs from a bracket on the wall or sits on a table. A cork float with lit a wick floats on the oil. To douse the flame, the float is carefully pressed down into the oil.

In Islam, olive oil is mentioned in the Quranic verse: "God is the light of heavens and earth. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran An example of His light is like a lantern inside which there is a tourch, the tourch is in a glass bulb, the glass bulb is like a bright planet lit by a blessed olive tree, neither Eastern nor Western, its oil almost glows, even without fire touching it, light upon light. A lantern is a Portable Lighting device used to illuminate broad areas " The Qur’an also mentions olives as a sacred plant: "By the fig and the olive, and the Mount of Sinai, and this secure city. "[2] Olive oil is also reported to have been recommended by the Muslim Prophet Muhammad in the following terms: "Consume olive oil and anoint it upon your bodies since it is of the blessed tree. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics " He also stated that it cures 70 diseases.

See also

• Mediterranean diet
• Olive leaf
• Cuisine of the Mediterranean
• Italian cuisine
• Lebanese cuisine
• Greek cuisine
• Palestinian cuisine
• Portuguese cuisine
• Spanish cuisine
• French cuisine
• Turkish cuisine
• Amurca, the byproduct in olive oil extraction, historically used for many purposes
• Olive oil extraction

References

Further reading

• Alan Davidson, The Oxford Companion to Food, Oxford, 1999. ISBN 0-19-211579-0.
• Jean Pagnol, L'Olivier, Aubanel, 1975. ISBN 2-7006-0064-9.
• Mort Rosenblum, Olives: The Life and Lore of a Noble Fruit, North Point Press, 1996. ISBN 0-86547-503-2.

External links

• A video showing the production of olive oil

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