| Old Turkic/Old Uyghur | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Central Asia | |
| Language extinction: | evolved into Uyghur by the 13th century | |
| Language family: | Altaic Turkic Eastern Old Turkic/Old Uyghur |
|
| Writing system: | Orkhon, Brahmi, Aramaic-derived, Arabic | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | – | |
| ISO 639-3: | otk | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family Altaic, according to its proponents is a language family that includes 66 Languages ref> Altaic languages spoken by about 348 million people mostly in and around The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Old Turkic script (also Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script; Turkish: Orhun Yazıtları, 鄂爾渾文字 The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
Old Turkic (also East Old Turkic, Orkhon Turkic, Old Uyghur) is the earliest attested Turkic language, found in inscriptions by the Göktürks and the Uyghurs in ca. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. the 7th to 13th centuries AD. It cannot be considered a direct predecessor of the Uyghur language, but elements of Old Turkic can be traced in Middle Turkic such as Chagatai. Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур The Chagatai language ( جغتای - Jaĝatāy; Uyghur: چاغاتاي Chaghatay; Uzbek: ﭼﯩﻐﻪتاي
Contents |
Differences between Old Turkic and Ottoman Turkish
| Old Turkic |
|---|
| Üze Tenri basmasar, asra yir telinmeser, Türk budun ilingin terürgün kim atardı? |
| Turkey Turkish |
| Üstte Tanrı(Gök) basmadıkça(Çökmedikçe), altta yer delinmedikçe, Türk Milleti(Budunu) ilini töreni kim bozabilir? |
Sources
Sources of Old Turkic are divided into three corpora:
- the 7th to 10th century Orkhon inscriptions in Mongolia and the Yenisey basin (Orkhon Turkic, or Old Turkic proper)
- 9th to 13th century Uyghur manuscripts from Xinjiang (Old Uyghur), in various scripts including Brahmi, the Manichaean, Syriac and Uyghur alphabets, treating religious (Buddhist, Manichaean and Nestorian), legal, literary, folkloric and astrologic material as well as personal correspondence. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Old Turkic script (also Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script; Turkish: Orhun Yazıtları, 鄂爾渾文字 Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk Manichaean script is a sibling of an early form of Pahlavi script, and like Pahlavi is a development from Imperial Aramaic, the official language and script of the The Syriac alphabet is a Writing system used to write the Syriac language from around the 2nd century BC. The Sogdian alphabet was originally used for the Sogdian language, which belongs to the Iranian family Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Manichaeism (in Modern Persian fa-Arab آیین مانی Āyin e Māni; Chinese zh 摩尼教 was one of the major Gnostic Religions originating Nestorius Nestorius (c 386 &ndashc 451) was a pupil of Theodore of Mopsuestia in Antioch in Syria (modern
- 11th century Qarakhanid manuscripts, mostly written in Arabic script (Qarakhanid Turkic). This article refers to the Turkic state Kara-Khanid Khanate (also designated as Qarakhanids The Qarakhanid corpus includes a 6,500 couplet poem, Qutaδγu bilig "Wisdom that brings good fortune", an Arabic-Turkic dictionary and Mahmud al-Kashgari's "Compendium of the Turkic dialects". The Kutadgu Bilig, or Qutadğu Bilig (kuːˈtɑːdɡuː ˈbɪlɪk in English proposed Middle Turkic qʊtaðˈɢʊ bɪˈlɪɡ is a Karakhanid Mahmud ibn Hussayn ibn Muhammad al-Kashgari (محمود بن الحسين بن محمد الكاشغري Kaşgarlı Mahmut Mehmud Qeshqeri born in 1005 in Kashgar was
Phonology
Old Turkic has nine vowel qualities—a, e, ė, i, ï, o, ö, u, ü—distinct only in the first syllable of a word, collapsed into four classes elsewhere—a, e, ï, i.
The consonantal system distinguishes between unvoiced, voiced (with fricative variants) and nasal:
- labial: p, v (β), m;
- dental: t, d (δ), n;
- palatal: č, y, ń;
- velar: k (q, χ), g (γ), ŋ;
- sibilant: s, š, z;
- liquid: r, l.
See also
References
- M. Middle Turkic refers to a phase in the development of the Turkic language family, covering much of the Middle Ages (c The Proto-Turkic language is the proto-language of the family of Turkic languages that predates the separation of the Turkic peoples in the course of the Erdal, Old Turkic, in: The Turkic Languages, eds. L. Johanson & E. A. Csato, Routledge, London (1998), ISBN 0415082005
- M. Erdal, A Grammar of Old Turkic, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 8 Uralic & Central Asia, Brill, Leiden (2004), ISBN 9004102949.
- M. Erdal, Old Turkic word formation: A functional approach to the lexicon, Turcologica, Harassowitz (1991), ISBN 3447030844.
- Talat Tekin, A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, Uralic and Altaic Series Vol. 69, Indiana University Publications, Mouton and Co. (1968). (review: Gerard Clauson, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1969); RoutledgeCurzon (1997), ISBN 0700708693. Sir Gerard Leslie Makins Clauson (1891–1974 was an English civil servant businessman and Orientalist best known for his studies of the Turkish language
- L. Johanson, A History of Turkic, in: The Turkic Languages, eds. L. Johanson & E. A. Csato, Routledge, London (1998), ISBN 0415082005
External links
- Old Turkic (8th century) funerary inscription (W. Schulze)
- VATEC, pre-Islamic Old Turkic electronic corpus at uni-frankfurt. de.
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