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Prussian
(Prūsiskai Bilā, Prūsiskan)
Spoken in: Prussia 
Region: Europe
Language extinction: Late 17th/Early 18th century
Language family: Indo-European
 Baltic
  Western
   Prussian
Language codes
ISO 639-1: pg
ISO 639-2: prg
ISO 639-3: prg
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Prussian is an extinct Baltic language, once spoken by the inhabitants of the area that later became East Prussia (now north-eastern Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia) prior to the German colonization of the area which began in the 13th century. The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic "Prussians" redirects here "Prussians" may also refer to citizens of the former German state of Prussia. Prussia is a historical region in Central Europe extending from the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea to the Masurian Lake District. East Prussia (Ostpreußen; Rytų Prūsija or Rytprūsiai; Prusy Wschodnie Восточная Пруссия or Vostochnaya Prussiya) refers to the main part Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Kaliningrad Oblast (Калинингра́дская о́бласть Kaliningradskaya oblast; informally called Yantarny kray (ru Янта́рный край meaning Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending This article covers the medieval eastward migrations of Germans In Old Prussian itself, the language was called “Prūsiskan” (Prussian) or “Prūsiskai Bilā” (the Prussian language). A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them A few experimental communities involved in reviving a reconstructed form of the language now exist in Lithuania, Poland, and other countries. Language revitalization is the attempt by interested parties including individuals cultural or community groups governments or political authorities to recover the spoken use of a Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland

The Æsti, mentioned by Tacitus in his Germania, may have been a people who spoke Old Prussian. The Aesti (or Aestii) were a people described by the Roman historian Tacitus in his treatise Germania (ca Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. The Germania ( Latin title De Origine et situ Germanorum, English for the Origin and Situation of the Germans) written by Gaius However, Tacitus describes them as being just like the Suebi (a group of Germanic peoples) but with a more Britannic-like (Celtic) language. The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family.

Old Prussian was closely related to the other extinct Western Baltic languages, Curonian and Sudovian. The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic The term Curonian language (Kurisch kuršu valoda kuršių kalba may refer to two different but related Baltic languages. Sudovian (otherwise known as Jatvingian or Yotvingian) is an extinct western Baltic language in Northeastern Europe. It is more distantly related to the surviving Eastern Baltic languages, Lithuanian and Latvian, and to the Slavic languages. The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. Latvian language (latviešu valoda is the official state language of Latvia. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages Compare the Prussian word zemē[1], the Latvian zeme, the Lithuanian žemė (as well as the Russian земля (zeml'á) and the Polish ziemia), meaning "earth" (soil).

In addition to the German colonists, groups of people from Poland[2][3], Lithuania, France, Scotland[4], England[5] and Austria found refuge in Prussia during the Protestant Reformation and thereafter. This article covers the medieval eastward migrations of Germans Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Such immigration caused a slow decline in the use of Old Prussian, as the Prussians adopted the languages of the others, particularly German, the language of the German government of Prussia. "Prussians" redirects here "Prussians" may also refer to citizens of the former German state of Prussia. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Old Prussian probably ceased to be spoken around the beginning of the 18th century. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The regional dialect of Low German spoken in Prussia, Low Prussian, preserved a number of Prussian words, such as kurp, from the Old Prussian kurpi, for shoe (in contrast to the standard German Schuh). Low German or Low Saxon (in Germany: Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch; in Netherlands: Nedersaksisch or Nederduuts Low Prussian (Niederpreußisch sometimes known simply as Prussian ( Preußisch) is a Dialect of East Low German that developed in East A shoe is an item of Footwear. Shoes may vary from a simple Flip-flop to a complex Boot.

The language is called “Old Prussian” to avoid confusion with the German dialects Low Prussian and High Prussian, and the adjective “Prussian”, which also relates to the later German state. Low Prussian (Niederpreußisch sometimes known simply as Prussian ( Preußisch) is a Dialect of East Low German that developed in East High Prussian (Hochpreußisch sometimes known simply as Prussian ( Preußisch) is a Dialect of East Central German that developed in the region The Old Prussian name for the nation, not being Latinized, was Prūsa. This too may be used to delineate the language and the Baltic state from the later German state.

Old Prussian began to be written down in the Latin alphabet in about the 13th century. A small amount of literature in the language survives. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter

Until the 1930s, when the Nazi government began a program of Germanization, and 1945, when the Soviets annexed Prussia and made Old Prussian place-names illegal[6], one could find Old Prussian river and place names in East Prussia, like Tawe, Tawelle, and Tawelninken. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Germanisation (also spelled Germanization) is either the spread of the German language, people and culture either by force or Assimilation The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 East Prussia (Ostpreußen; Rytų Prūsija or Rytprūsiai; Prusy Wschodnie Восточная Пруссия or Vostochnaya Prussiya) refers to the main part

Contents

Monuments

A list of monuments of Old Prussian :

  1. Prussian-language geographical names within the territory of (Baltic) Prussia. The first basic study of these names was by Georg Gerullis, in Die altpreußischen Ortsnamen (The Old Prussian Place-names), written and published with the help of Walter de Gruyter, in 1922.
  2. Prussian personal names. [7]
  3. Separate words found in various historical documents.
  4. Vernacularisms in the former German dialects of East and West Prussia, as well words of Old Curonian origin in Latvian, and West-Baltic vernacularisms in Lithuanian and Belarusian. The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova
  5. The so-called Basel Epigram[8]. It reads: Kayle rekyse. thoneaw labonache thewelyse. Eg. koyte poyte. nykoyte. pe^nega doyte; which may be: Kaīls rikīse! Tu ni jāu laban asei tēwelise, ik kwaitēi pōiti, ni kwaitēi peningā dōiti. (In English: "Hello Sir! You are no longer a nice uncle, if you want to drink but do not want to give a penny!"[9]) This is an inscription of the 14th century, most probably by a Prussian student studying in Prague, found by St. McCluskey in one of folios of the Basel university in 1974.
  6. Various fragmentary texts:
    1. Recorded in several versions by Hieronymus Maletius in Sudovian Nook in the middle of the 16th century, as noted by V. Mažiulis, are
      1. Beigeite beygeyte peckolle - Run, run, devils!
      2. Kails naussen gnigethe - Hello our friend!
      3. Kails poskails ains par antres - (a drinking toast, reconstructed as Kaīls pas kaīls, aīns per āntran, or, in English : A healthy one after a healthy one, one after another!)
      4. Kellewesze perioth, Kellewesze perioth - A carter drives here, a carter drives here!
      5. Ocho moy myle schwante panicke (also recorded as O hoho Moi mile swente Pannike, O ho hu Mey mile swenthe paniko, O mues miles schwante Panick) - Oh my dear holy fire!
    2. an expression from the list of the Vocabulary of friar Simon Grunau, an historian of the German Order: sta nossen rickie, nossen rickie, This (is) our lord, our lord.
  7. A manuscript fragment of the first words of the Pater Noster in Prussian, from the beginning of the 15th century: Towe Nüsze kås esse andangonsün swyntins. The Lord's Prayer, also known as the Our Father or Pater noster, is probably the best-known Prayer in Christianity.
  8. 100 words (in strongly varying versions) of the Vocabulary by Simon Grunau, written ca. 1517–1526; these have been reconstructed into a more unified single system of spelling by V. Mažiulis.
  9. The so-called Elbing Vocabulary, which consists of 802 thematically sorted words and their German equivalents. This manuscript, copied by Peter Holcwesscher from Marienburg on the boundary of the 14th and 15th centuries, was found in 1825 by Fr. Neumann among other manuscripts acquired by him from the heritage of the Elbing merchant A. Grübnau; it was thus dubbed the “Codex Neumannianus”. Again, the words have been reconstructed into a more unified single system of spelling by V. Mažiulis, a scholar and contributor to the revival of the Prussian language.
  10. The three Catechisms[10] printed in the Prussian language in Königsberg in 1545, 1545, and 1561 respectively. The first two consist of only 6 pages text in Prussian — the second one being a correction of the first into another sub-dialect. The third one, however, consists of 132 pages of Prussian text, and is a translation by Abel Will of Martin Luther’s Enchiridion.
  11. An adage of 1583, Dewes does dantes, Dewes does geitka. This is, in all probability, not Prussian — the form does in the second instance corresponds to Lithuanian future tense duos ‘will give’ — however it is included in this list because it is commonly thought of as Prussian. As for trencke, trencke! (Strike! Strike!), it too is in all probability Lithuanian, not Prussian.

Examples of Prussian

Here are several basic Prussian phrases :

Translation Phrase
Prussian [language] Prūsiskan
Hello Kaīls
Good morning Kaīls Anksteīnai
Good-bye Ērdiw
Thank you Dīnka
How much? Kelli?
Yes Jā
No Ni
Where is the bathroom? Kwēi ast Spektāstuba?
(Generic toast) Kaīls pas kaīls aīns per āntran
Do you speak English? Bilāi tū Ēngliskan?

Prussian was a highly inflected language, as can be seen from the declination of the demonstrative pronoun stas, "that". (Note that translators of the Teutonic Order frequently misused stas as an article for the word "the". The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. )

Case Singular, m Singular, f Singular, n Plural, m Plural, f Plural, n
Nominative stas stāi stan stāi stās stai
Genitive stesse stesses stesse stēisan stēisan stēisan
Dative stesmu stessei stesmu or stesmā stēimans stēimans stēimans
Accusative stan stan stan or sta stans stans stans or stas

Prussian also possessed a vocative case, like Latin. In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive The vocative case is the case used for a Noun identifying the person (animal object etc

References

  1. ^ [1].
  2. ^ A Short History of Austria-Hungary and Poland by H. Wickham Steed, et al. [2]

    "For a time, therefore, the Protestants had to be cautious in Poland proper, but they found a sure refuge in Prussia, where Lutheranism was already the established religion, and where the newly erected university of Königsberg became a seminary for Polish ministers and preachers. "

  3. ^ ccel.org Christianity in Poland

    "Albert of Brandenburg, Grand Master of the German Order in Prussia, called as preacher to Konigsberg Johann Briesaman (q. v. ), Luther's follower (1525); and changed the territory of the order into a hereditary grand duchy under Polish protection. From these borderlands the movement penetrated Little Poland which was the nucleus for the extensive kingdom. [. . . ] In the mean time the movement proceeded likewise among the nobles of Great Poland; here the type was Lutheran, instead of Reformed, as in Little Poland. Before the Reformation the Hussite refugees had found asylum here; now the Bohemian and Moravian brethren, soon to be known as the Unity of the Brethren (q. v. ), were expelled from their home countries and, on their way to Prussia (1547), about 400 settled in Posen under the protection of the Gorka, Leszynski, and Ostrorog families. "

  4. ^ Scots in Eastern and Western Prussia, Part III – Documents (3). Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  5. ^ Elbing (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-02-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy
  6. ^ [3] [4] [5].
  7. ^ Reinhold Trautmann, Die altpreußischen Personennamen (The Old Prussian Personal-names). Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen: 1923. Includes the work of Ernst Lewy in 1904.
  8. ^ Basel Epigram.
  9. ^ Basel Epigram.
  10. ^ Prussian Catechisms.

Literature

External links

Dictionary

Old Prussian

-adjective

  1. Of or pertaining to the Old Prussian language or people.

-proper noun

  1. the Baltic language spoken by the people of Prussia prior to their subjugation by the German Order.
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