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Old Church Slavonic also known as Old Bulgarian[1][2][3][4] or Old Macedonian[5][6][7] in some contexts, was the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavic dialect of the Thessalonica region by the 9th century Byzantine Greek[8] missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius, who used it for translation of the Bible and other texts from Greek and for some of their own writings. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Byzantine Greeks or Byzantines or Romaioi, is a conventional term used by modern historians to refer to the medieval Greek or Hellenized citizens Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly It played a great role in the history of Slavic languages and evolved into Church Slavonic, which is still used as a liturgical language by some Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Churches of the Slavic peoples. Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox A sacred language, or liturgical language, is a Language that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See
Contents |
History
The language was standardized for the mission of the two apostles to Great Moravia in 863 (see Glagolitic alphabet for details). Great Moravia (see Name section was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe from the 9th century to the early 10th century Events By Place Europe Constantine I succeeds as king of Scotland (or 862 The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. For that purpose, Cyril and his brother Methodius first codified Old Church Slavonic from the Southern Slavic dialect spoken in the neighbourhood (hinterland) of their city Thessalonica, in the region of Macedonia (Ѳессалонїка; in Old Church Slavonic, Словѣньскъ), in the Byzantine Empire. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia
As part of the preparation for the mission, in 862/863, the Glagolitic alphabet was created and the most important prayers and liturgical books, including the Aprakos Evangeliar (a Gospel Book lectionary containing only feast-day and Sunday readings), the Psalter, and Acts of the Apostles, were translated. Events By Place Asia Rurik gains control of Novgorod. Fan Chuo finishes his Manchu ( Book Events By Place Europe Constantine I succeeds as king of Scotland (or 862 The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. A liturgical book is a book published by the authority of a Church, that contains the text and directions for the Liturgy of its official Religious services The Gospel Book, or Book of the Gospels ( Greek:, Evangélion) is a Codex or bound volume containing one or more of the four Gospels A Lectionary is a book or listing that contains a collection of Scripture readings appointed for Christian or Judaic worship on a given day or occasion A Psalter is a volume containing the Book of Psalms and which often contains other devotional material The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. (The Gospels were also translated early, but it is unclear whether Sts. Cyril or Methodius had a hand in this). The language and the alphabet were taught at the Great Moravian Academy (Veľkomoravské učilište) and were used for government and religious documents and books between 863 and 885. Events By Place Europe Constantine I succeeds as king of Scotland (or 862 Events By Place Europe The Vikings besiege Paris. Godfrith the Sea King is killed in Lobith. The texts written during this phase contain characteristics of the Slavic vernaculars in Great Moravia. Great Moravia (see Name section was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe from the 9th century to the early 10th century
In 885, the use of the Old Church Slavonic in Great Moravia was prohibited by the Pope in favour of Latin. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Students of the two apostles, who were expelled from Great Moravia in 886, brought the Glagolitic alphabet and the Old Church Slavonic language to the Bulgarian Empire. For the processors see 80886 - 8th generation x86 like Opteron and Core 2. It was taught at two Bulgarian academies - in Preslav (capital 893-972) and Ohrid (capital 991/997-1015). The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Preslav Literary School (Pliska Literary School was the first literary school in the medieval Bulgarian Empire. This article refers to the year 893 The number 893 can also refer to Japanese traditional organized crime groups Yakuza. 972 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Europe Otto II marries Theophanu, Byzantine The Ohrid Literary School was one of the two major medieval Bulgarian cultural centres along with the Preslav Literary School ( Pliska Literary School) This article documents the year AD 991 Events By Place Europe Battle of Maldon: The Anglo-Saxons are defeated Events By Place Europe First documented reference to the City of Gdańsk. The Cyrillic alphabet was developed shortly afterwards in the Preslav Literary School and replaced the Glagolitic one. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Preslav Literary School (Pliska Literary School was the first literary school in the medieval Bulgarian Empire. The texts written during this era contain characteristics of the vernacular of Bulgaria. There are some linguistic differences between texts written in the two academies.
Thereupon the language, in its Bulgarian recensions, spread to other South-Eastern and Eastern European Slavic territories, most notably to Croatia, Serbia, Bohemia, Lesser Poland, and the Russian principalities. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Lesser Poland (also "Little Poland" Polish: Małopolska, Latin: Polonia Minor) is one of the historical regions of Poland Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The texts written in each country contain characteristics of the local Slavic vernacular.
Much later, local redactions of Old Church Slavonic were created for ecclesiastical and administrative use, and are collectively known as Church Slavonic – Bulgarian: църковнославянски език (ts'rkovnoslavyanski ezik); Macedonian: црковнословенски јазик (crkovnoslovenski jazik); Serbian: црквенословенски језик / crkvenoslovenski jezik; Russian: церковнославя́нский язы́к (tserkovnoslavyánskiy yazík) – but these terms are often confused. Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages
Church Slavonic maintained a prestige status, particularly in Russia, for many centuries—among Slavs in the East it had a status analogous to that of the Latin language in western Europe, but had the advantage of being substantially less divergent from the vernacular tongues of average parishioners. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality Some Orthodox churches, such as the Russian Orthodox Church, Bulgarian Orthodox Church and Serbian Orthodox Church, as well as several Greek Catholic churches, still use Church Slavonic in their services and chants today. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure The Bulgarian Orthodox Church (Българска православна църква Bălgarska pravoslavna cărkva) is an Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church The Serbian Orthodox Church ( Serbian: Српска Православна Црква / Srpska Pravoslavna Crkva; СПЦ / SPC) or the This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See
Script
Initially Old Church Slavonic was written with the Glagolitic alphabet, but later Glagolitic was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by [9] Only in Croatia was the local variant of the Glagolitic alphabet preserved. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between See Early Cyrillic alphabet for a detailed description of the script and information about the sounds it originally expressed. The original Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century to write the Old Church Slavonic Liturgical
Basis and local influences
Old Church Slavonic is evidenced by a relatively small body of manuscripts, most of which were written in Bulgaria during the late 10th and the early 11th centuries. A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way The language has a Southern Slavic basis with an admixture of Western Slavic features inherited during the mission of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius to Great Moravia (863 - 885). Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Great Moravia (see Name section was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe from the 9th century to the early 10th century Events By Place Europe Constantine I succeeds as king of Scotland (or 862 Events By Place Europe The Vikings besiege Paris. Godfrith the Sea King is killed in Lobith. The only well-preserved manuscript of Moravian recension, the Kiev Folia, is characterised by the replacement of some Southern Slavic phonetic and lexical features with Western Slavic ones. Manuscripts written in the medieval Bulgarian tsardom have, on the other hand, few Western Slavic features.
Old Church Slavonic is valuable to historical linguists since it preserves archaic features believed to have once been common to all Slavic languages. Some of these features are:
- The nasal vowels */ẽ/ and /õ/
- Supershort /i/ and /u/.
- Open articulation of the yat vowel.
- [ɲ] and [ʎ] from Proto-Slavic *nj and *lj
- Proto-Slavic declension system based on stem-endings (so-called o-stems, jo-stems, a-stems and ja-stems)
- aorists, the imperfect, Proto-Slavic paradigms for participles etc. were still used
The Southern Slavic nature of the language is evident from the following variations:
- Phonetic:
- /ra/, la/ from metathesis of Proto-Slavic *or, *ol
- /s/ from the Proto-Slavic *x before *ąi
- /tsv/ and /dzv/ from the Proto-Slavic *kv', *gv'
- morphosyntactic
- use of the dative possessive case in personal pronouns and nouns: рѫка ти; отъпоуштенье грѣхомъ; descriptive future tense using the verb хотѣти (to want); use of the comparative form мьнии (smaller) to denote "younger".
- use of suffixed demonstrative pronouns (тъ, та, то). In Bulgarian and Macedonian these developed into suffixed definite articles.
Old Church Slavonic has some extra features in common with Bulgarian:
- Open articulation of the Yat vowel (Ѣ); still preserved in the Bulgarian dialects of the Rhodope mountains;
- The existence of /ʃt/ and /ʒd/ as reflexes of Proto-Slavic *tj and *dj or *gt and *kt before front vowels. italics. IPA is used to make sure that old Cyrillic is displayed properly The Rhodopes (Родопи Rodopi, usually used with a definite article Родопите Rodopite, sometimes also called Родопа Rodopa or Родопа A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward
- Use of possessive dative for personal pronouns and nouns, as in братъ ми, рѫка ти, отъпоущенье грѣхом, храмъ молитвѣ, etc
- Descriptive future tense with the auxiliary verb хотѣти, for example хощѫ писати
| Proto-Slavic | OCS | Bulg. | Czech | Maced. | Pol. | Rus. | Slovak | Sloven. | Serb. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *dʲ | ʒd | ʒd | z | ɟ | dz | ʑ | dz | j | dʑ |
| *tʲ | ʃt | ʃt | ts | c | ts | tɕ | ts | tʃ | tɕ |
| *gt/kt | ʃt | ʃt | ts | c | ts | tɕ | ts | tʃ | tɕ |
Eastern Bulgarian recension
The Eastern Bulgarian recension is the oldest recension of the Old Church Slavonic language, which flourished with the rise of the First Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Simeon I. The First Bulgarian Empire (Първo Българско царство Părvo Bălgarsko Tsarstvo) was a Medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 Simeon (also Symeon) I the Great (Симеон I Велики transliterated Simeon I Veliki; simɛˈɔn ˈpɤrvi vɛˈliki ruled over Bulgaria The main literary centre of this recension was the Preslav Literary School, one of the two main literary schools of the First Bulgarian Empire along with the Ohrid Literary School. The Preslav Literary School (Pliska Literary School was the first literary school in the medieval Bulgarian Empire. The First Bulgarian Empire (Първo Българско царство Părvo Bălgarsko Tsarstvo) was a Medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 The Ohrid Literary School was one of the two major medieval Bulgarian cultural centres along with the Preslav Literary School ( Pliska Literary School) The existence of two major literary centres in the Empire led to the development of two recensions in the period from the ninth to the eleventh centuries. Thus:
- The Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets were used concurrently
- In some documents the original supershort vowels ъ and ь merged with one letter taking the place of the other
- In Western Bulgarian recensions ъ was sometimes substituted with о
- In Eastern Bulgarian recensions the original ascending reflex (рь, ль) of syllabic /r/ and /r/ was sometimes metathesized to ьр, ьл; or a combination of the ordering was used
- The central vowel ы merged with ъi
- Sometimes the use of letter <Ѕ> (/dz/) was merged with that of <З> (/z/)
- verb forms naricajǫ, naricaješi were substituted or alternated with naričǫ, naričeši
- Use of words with proto-Bulgar origin, such as кумиръ, капище, чрьтогъ, блъванъ, etc. The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a seminomadic people probably of Turkic descent originally from Central Asia,
Macedonian (Western Bulgarian) recension
The Macedonian[10][11][12][13](Western Bulgarian)[14][15]recension is one of the oldest recensions of Old Church Slavonic and thrived in the period between the 10th and 14th centuries. The main literary centre of this recension was the Ohrid Literary School, one of the two main literary centres of the First Bulgarian Empire whose most prominent member, and most likely founder, was Saint Clement of Ohrid. The Ohrid Literary School was one of the two major medieval Bulgarian cultural centres along with the Preslav Literary School ( Pliska Literary School) The First Bulgarian Empire (Първo Българско царство Părvo Bălgarsko Tsarstvo) was a Medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 Saint Clement of Ohrid (Свети Климент Охридски sve'ti 'kliment 'oxridski (ca This recension is represented by the Codex Zographensis and Marianus, among others. The Codex Zographensis (Зографско евангелие andЗографское евангелие is an Illuminated manuscript Gospel Book that The Codex Marianus (Мариинско евангелие Мариинское евангелие is a Glagolitic fourfold Gospel Book that is (along As this recension grew and thrived, several other literary centers emerged, among which most notable is the Lesnovo Literary School of the Lesnovo Monastery. Lesnovo may refer to Lesnovo is a Village in Bulgaria,near Sofia. The main features of this recension are the following:
- Continuous usage of the Glagolithic alphabet instead of the Cyrillic alphabet;
- A feature called "mixing (confusion) of the nasals" so that /ɔ̃/ became [ɛ̃] after /rʲ lʲ nʲ/, and in a cluster of a labial consonant and /lʲ/. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by /ɛ̃/ became [ɔ̃] after sibilant consonants and /j/.
- Wide use of the soft consonant clusters /ʃt/ and /ʒd/; in the later stages, these developed into the modern Macedonian phonems /c/ /ɟ/
- Strict distinction in the articulation of the yers and their vocalisation in strong position (ъ → /o/ and ь → /o/) or deletion in weak position;
- Confusion of /ɛ̃/ with yat and yat with /e/;
- Denasalization in the latter stages: /ɛ̃/ → /e/ and /ɔ̃/ → /a/, ѹ, ъ;
- Wider usage and retainment of the phoneme /dz/ (which in all Slavic languages but Macedonian has daffricated to /z/);
Moravian recension
While in the Prague fragments the only Moravian influence is replacing /ʃt/ with /ts/ and /ʒd/ with /z/, the recension evidenced by the Kiev Folia is characterised by the following features:
- Confusion between the letters Big yus (Ѫ) and Uk (ѹ) occurs once in the Kiev Folia, when the expected form въсѹдъ is spelled въсѫдъ
- /ts/ from Proto-Slavic *tj, use of /dz/ from *dj, /ʃtʃ/ *skj
- use of the words mьša, cirky, papežь, prěfacija, klepati, piskati etc. Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages.
- preservation of the consonant cluster /dl/ (e. g. modlitvami)
- use of the ending –ъmь instead of –omь in the masculine singular instrumental, use of the pronoun čьso
Later recensions (Church Slavonic)
Later use of the language in a number of medieval Slavic states resulted in the adjustment of Old Church Slavonic to the local vernacular, though a number of Southern Slavic, Moravian or Bulgarian features were also preserved. The instrumental case (also called the eighth case) is a Grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Some of the significant later recensions of Old Church Slavonic (referred to as Church Slavonic) in the present time are: Slovenian, Croatian, Serbian, Russian. Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending
Croatian recension
The Croatian recension of Old Church Slavonic is one of the earliest known today. It only used the Glagolitic alphabet. The nasal sounds /õ/ and /ẽ/ had been substituted with [o] and [u] and a variety of reflections of the proto-Slavic *tj and *dj emerged.
Russian recension
The Russian recension was developed after the 10th century on the basis of the earlier Bulgarian recensions, from which it differed slightly. Its main features are:
- substitution of the nasal sound /õ/ with [u]
- merging of letters ě and ja[16]
Serbian recension
The Serbian recension was at first written in the Glagolitic alphabet, but later switched to the Cyrillic alphabet. It appeared in the 12th century on the basis of the East-Bulgarian recensions:
- nasal vowels /õ/ and /ẽ/ were replaced with [u] and [е]
- use of diacritical signs by the Resava recension
- use of letters i, y, ě for the sound /i/ by the Bosnian recension
Authors
The history of Old Church Slavonic writing includes a northern tradition begun by the mission to Great Moravia, including a short mission in the Balaton principality, and a Bulgarian tradition begun by some of the missionaries who relocated to Bulgaria after the expulsion from Great Moravia. Historically and geographically the Region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna; Cyrillic: Босна lies mainly in the Dinaric Alps, ranging Great Moravia (see Name section was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe from the 9th century to the early 10th century The Balaton Principality (also called Pannonia, Lower Pannonia, Pannonian Principality, Transdanubian Principality or Slavic Pannonian State The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian
Old Church Slavonic's first writings, translations of Christian liturgical and Biblical texts, were produced by Byzantine missionaries Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, mostly during their mission to Great Moravia. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Great Moravia (see Name section was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe from the 9th century to the early 10th century
The most important authors in Old Church Slavonic after the death of Methodius and the dissolution of the Great Moravian academy were Clement of Ohrid (active also in Great Moravia), Constantine of Preslav, Chernorizetz Hrabar and John Exarch, all of whom worked in medieval Bulgaria at the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century. Saint Clement of Ohrid (Свети Климент Охридски sve'ti 'kliment 'oxridski (ca Constantine of Preslav (Константин Преславски was a medieval Bulgarian scholar writer and translator one of the most important men of letters working at Chernorizets Hrabar (Чръноризьць Храбръ Черноризец Храбър was a monk scholar and writer in medieval Bulgaria who worked at the Preslav John Exarch ( John the Exarch, also transcribed Joan Exarch, Joan Ekzarh; Йоан Екзарх was a medieval Bulgarian scholar writer and The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The Second Book of Enoch was only preserved in Old Church Slavonic, although the original most certainly had been Greek or even Hebrew or Aramaic. The Second Book of Enoch (usually abbreviated 2 Enoch, and otherwise variously known as Slavonic Enoch or The Secrets of Enoch) is a pseudepigraphic Aramaic is a Semitic language with
Nomenclature
The original name of the language in the Old Church Slavonic texts was simply Slavic (словѣньскыи ѩзыкъ, slověnĭskyj językŭ),[17] derived from the word for Slavs (словѣне, slověne), the self-designation of the compilers of the texts. This name is preserved in the modern names of the Slovak and Slovene languages. The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language The language is sometimes called Old Slavic, which may be confused with the distinct Proto-Slavic language. Proto-Slavic is the Proto-language from which Slavic languages later emerged The commonly accepted terms in modern English-language Slavic studies are Old Church Slavonic and Old Church Slavic.
Old Bulgarian (ѩӡыкъ блъгарьскъ) is also widely used[18] and is the only designation used by Bulgarian linguistics, as it corresponds to what they consider to be the earliest form of written Bulgarian, followed by Middle Bulgarian (Church Slavonic language) and New Bulgarian (the modern Bulgarian language). Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group The designation Old Bulgarian (German: Altbulgarisch) was introduced in the 19th century by August Schleicher, Martin Hattala and Leopold Geitler who noted the similarities between the first literary Slavic works and the modern Bulgarian language. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar August Schleicher ( February 19, 1821 – December 6, 1868) was a German linguist born in Meiningen ( Duchy Martin Hattala (born 1821 Trstená, died 1903 Prague) was a Slovak pedagogue Roman Catholic theologian and linguist For similar reasons Russian linguist Aleksandr Vostokov used the term Slav-Bulgarian. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov ( Russian: Александр Христофорович Востоков 27 March 1781 - 20 February
Similarly, Old Macedonian is used occasionally in Western scholarship[19][20][21] for many of the same reasons, but also in a geographical sense.
Modern Slavic nomenclature
Here are some of the names used by speakers of modern Slavic languages:
- Belarusian: старажытнаславянская мова (staražytnasłavianskaja mova), ‘Old Slavic’
- Bosnian: staro (crkveno) slavenski, ‘Old (Church) Slavic’
- Bulgarian: старобългарски (starobălgarski), ‘Old Bulgarian’
- Czech: staroslověnština, ‘Old Slavic’
- Croatian: staro (crkveno) slavenski, ‘Old (Church) Slavic’
- Macedonian: старословенски (staroslovenski), ‘Old Slavic’
- Polish: staro-cerkiewno-słowiański, ‘Old Church Slavic’
- Russian: старославянский язык (staroslavjánskij jazýk), ‘Old Slavic’
- Serbian: старо (црквено) словенски (staro(crkveno)slovenski), ‘Old (Church) Slavic’
- Slovak: (staro) slovienčina, ‘(Old) Slavic’
- Slovene: stara cerkvena slovanščina, ‘Old Church Slavic’
- Ukrainian: старослов’янська мова (staroslovjans'ka mova), ‘Old Slavic’
References
- ^ "On the relationship of old Church Slavonic to the written language of early Rus'" Horace G. The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Lunt; Russian Linguistics, Volume 11, Numbers 2-3 / January, 1987
- ^ Schenker, Alexander (1995). The Dawn of Slavic. Yale University Press, p. 185-186, 189-190.
- ^ Lunt, Horace. Old Church Slavonic Grammar. Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 3-4.
- ^ Wien, Lysaght (1983). Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian)-Middle Greek-Modern English dictionary. Verlag Bruder Hollinek.
- ^ R. E. Asher, J. M. Y. Simpson. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, p. 429
- ^ Dmitrij Cizevskij. Comparative History of Slavic Literatures, Vanderbilt University Press, (2000) p. 26
- ^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, p. 374
- ^ Dmitrij Cizevskij. Comparative History of Slavic Literatures, Vanderbilt University Press (2000) p. 27
- ^ Horace Gray Lunt, Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Berlin-New York (2001) p. 15
- ^ Henry R. Cooper. Slavic Scriptures: The Formation of the Church Slavonic Version of the Holy Bible, pg. 86
- ^ Roomsch-Katholieke Universiteit, et al. Polata Knigopisnaja: An Information Bulletin Devoted to the Study of Early Slavic Books, Texts and Literatures, pg. 70
- ^ Roman Jakobson, P Weinrich. Slavic languages: Distribution of Slavic languages in present day Europe, pg. 7
- ^ Yuriy Sherekh, George Y. Shevekov. A prehistory of Slavic: the historical phonology of common Slavic
- ^ USC Parsed Corpus of Old South Slavic. www-rcf. usc. edu. Retrieved on 2008-06-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Kodeks - Codex Zographensis (German). kodeks. uni-bamberg. de. Retrieved on 2008-06-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Paul Cubberley Russian: A Linguistic IntroductionCambridge University Press (2002), p. 44
- ^ Nandris, Grigore (1959). Old Church Slavonic Grammar, p. 2 (London: University of London Athlone Press).
- ^ Ziffer, Giorgio - On the Historicity of Old Church Slavonic UDK 811.163.1(091)
- ^ R. E. Asher, J. M. Y. Simpson. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, pg. 429
- ^ Dmitrij Cizevskij. Comparative History of Slavic Literatures, pg. 26
- ^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, pg. 374
See also
External links
- Old Church Slavonic Wikipedia
- Old Church Slavonic Online, a comprehensive tutorial at the A. Proto-Slavic is the Proto-language from which Slavic languages later emerged Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox The Slavonic-Serbian language (славяносербскій / slavjanoserbskij or словенскій slovenskij; славеносрпски / slavenosrpski Richard Diebold Center for Indo-European Language and Culture, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
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