- This article deals with the Oirat ethnic group. For further treatment of the Turkic Altays, see Altay language, Altai Republic. Altay is a language of the Turkic group of languages It is an official language of Altai Republic, Russia. Altai Republic (Респу́блика Алта́й Altay: Алтай Республика is a federal subject of Russia (a Republic)
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518,500 [1] |
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| Kalmyk |
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| Mongols |
Oirat ("Oirads" or "Oyirads") is the common name of several pastoral nomadic tribes of Mongolian origin whose ancestral home is in the Dzungaria and Amdo regions of western China and also western Mongolia. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Kalmyk (also known as Kalmuck Calmouk Qalmaq Kalmytskii Jazyk Khalmag Volga Oirat Weilate Western Mongol is the Language of the Kalmyks and Oirats Tibetan Buddhism is the body of Buddhist religious doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and certain regions of the Himalayas, including Tengriism ( Tengerism, Tengrianism, Tengrianizm, Tengricilik) was the major belief of the Mongols and Turkic peoples before Atheism Dzungaria is a geographical region in northwest China corresponding to the northern half of Xinjiang. Amdo ( Tibetan: ཨ༌མདོ Chinese transliteration 安多, Pinyin: Ānduō is one of the Although the Oirats originated in the eastern parts of Central Asia, the most prominent group today is located in the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal subject of the Russian Federation, where they are called Kalmyks. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Republic of Kalmykia (Респу́блика Калмы́кия Kalmyk: Хальмг Таңһч is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Kalmyk redirects here for the breed of cattle see Kalmyk (cattle. The Kalmyks migrated from Dzungaria to the southeastern European part of the Russian Federation nearly 400 years ago.
Historically, the Oirats were composed of four major tribes: Choros or Ölöt, Torghut, Dörbet, and Khoshut. The minor tribes include: Khoit, Bayid, Mangit, Zakhachin, and Darkhat.
Contents |
Writing System
- See main articles: Zaya Pandita and Todo Bichig
In the 17th century, Zaya Pandita,[1] a Gelug monk of the Khoshut tribe, devised a new writing system called Todo Bichig (clear script) for use by the Oirat people. Zaya Pandit or Namkhaijantsan (1599 &ndash 1662 was a Buddhist missionary priest and scholar of Oirat origin who is the most prominent Oirat Buddhist scholar The Clear script (Тодо бичиг todo bichig) was created in 1648 by the Oirat Buddhist monk Zaya-pandita Namkhaijamco to write Zaya Pandit or Namkhaijantsan (1599 &ndash 1662 was a Buddhist missionary priest and scholar of Oirat origin who is the most prominent Oirat Buddhist scholar The Gelug or Gelug-pa, also known as the Yellow Hat sect, is a school of Buddhism founded by Tsongkhapa (1357–1419 a Philosopher The Khoshut ( Kalmyk: Хошут are one of the four major tribes of the Oirat people The Clear script (Тодо бичиг todo bichig) was created in 1648 by the Oirat Buddhist monk Zaya-pandita Namkhaijamco to write This system was developed on the basis of the older Mongolian script, but had a more developed system of diacritics to exclude misreading, and reflected some lexic and grammar differences of the Oirat language from Mongolian. The classic vertical Mongolian script (ɣɣul bičig, cyrillic: Монгол бичиг Mongol bichig) was the first of many writing systems created A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation Kalmyk (also known as Kalmuck Calmouk Qalmaq Kalmytskii Jazyk Khalmag Volga Oirat Weilate Western Mongol is the Language of the Kalmyks and Oirats The Mongolian language (mn [[ImageMonggol kelesvg 17px]] Mongɣol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл Mongol khel) is the best-known member of
The Todo Bichig writing system remained in use in Russia until the mid-1920s when it was replaced by a Cyrillic alphabet. It likewise was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in Mongolia in 1941. Some Oirats in China still use Todo Bichig as their primary writing system, as well as Mongolian script.
History
Oirats share some history, geography, culture and language with the Eastern Mongols and were at various times united under the same leader as a larger Mongol entity — whether that ruler was of Oirat or Mongol descent. The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various Nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Rouran, the Xianbei, the Gökturks Origins of the Mongols Archaeological evidence places early Stone Age human habitation in the southern Gobi between 100000 and 200000 years ago The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol and later more Turko-Islamic in language and culture Khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Ил Хан улс Il Khan uls;) was a Mongol Khanate established in The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai The Timurids, self-designated Gurkānī ( were a Persianate Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; Siberia Khanate is an anachronistic rendering of its actual name Khanate of Sibir, a Tatar Khanate in the later Russian Siberia Dzungar (also Jungar or Zungar; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar) is the collective identity of several Oirat tribes that Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Outer Mongolia (Ar Mongol Manchu: Tulergi Monggo) was the main part of the Bogdo Khanate of Mongolia which proclaimed its independence on 29 December 1911 The Mongolian People's Republic ( Mongolian: Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс (БНМАУ Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol Ard Uls (BNMAU) was a Following the collapse of the Communist regime, Mongolia's first free multi-party elections for a bicameral parliament were held on July 29, 1990. Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol Buryat Republic (Респу́блика Буря́тия Буряад Республика is a federal subject of Russia (a Republic) The Republic of Kalmykia (Респу́блика Калмы́кия Kalmyk: Хальмг Таңһч is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a The Hazāra ( are a Persian-speaking people residing in the central region of Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. Aimak (or Aimaq) is a term designating Persian -speaking Nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes of mixed Iranian and Mongolian stock inhabiting Manchu Era 1620s and -30s Ligden Khan, the last Mongol Great Khan aims to create a new empire by centralizing control over the various Mongol tribes but
The name Oirat may derive from a corruption of the group's original name Dörvn Öörd, meaning "The Allied Four. " Perhaps inspired by the designation Dörvn Öörd, other Mongols at times used the term "Döchin Mongols" for themselves ("Döchin" meaning forty), but there was rarely as great a degree of unity among larger numbers of tribes as among the Oirats.
Comprised of the Khoshut (Хошууд Hošuud), Choros or Ölöt (Өөлд Ööld), Torghut (Торгууд Torguud), and Dörbet (Дөрвөд Dörvöd) tribes, they were dubbed Kalmak or Kalmyk, which means "remnant" or "to remain," by their western Turkic neighbors. The Khoshut ( Kalmyk: Хошут are one of the four major tribes of the Oirat people The Torghut (Torgud are one of the four major sub-tribes of the Oirat people The Dörbet ( Mongolian: Дөрвөд Dörvöd) are one of the four major sub-tribes of the Oirat people A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Various sources also list the Bargut, Buzav, Kerait, and Naiman tribes as comprising part of the Dörvn Öörd; some tribes may have joined the original four only in later years. The Keraits or Kereits (Кэрэйд Kereid; Керей were a cluster of tribes in central Mongolia before the rise of the Mongol Empire. The Naimans, also Naiman Turks or Naiman Mongols, ( Mongolian: naiman, "eight" Найман was a Mongolian name given to a group This name may reflect the Kalmyks' remaining Buddhist rather than converting to Islam; or the Kalmyks' remaining on Altay region when the Turkic people migrated to the West. The Altai Mountains (Алтай Altay; Алтай 阿尔泰山脉 are a Mountain range in central Asia, where Russia,
Early history
One of the earliest mentions of the Oirat people in a historical text can be found in the Secret History of the Mongols, the 13th century chronicle of Genghis Khan's rise to power. Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder In the Secret History, the Oirats are counted among the "forest people" and are said to live under the rule of a shaman-chief known as bäki. In one famous passage the Oirat chief, Quduqa Bäki, uses a yada or "thunder stone" to unleash a powerful storm on Genghis' army. The magical ploy backfires however when an unexpected wind blows the storm back at Quduqa. Although they initially oppose Genghis' rule, the Oirats eventually ally themselves with the khan and distinguish themselves as a loyal and formidable faction of the Mongol war machine.
After the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in Peking, the Oirats reemerged in history as a loose alliance of the four major West Mongolian tribes (Dörben Oirat). The alliance grew to power in the remote region of the Altai Mountains, northwest of the Hami oasis. Gradually they spread eastward, annexing territories then under control by the East Mongols and hoping to reestablish a unified nomadic rule under their banner.
The greatest ruler of the Dörben Oirat was Esen Tayisi who led the Dörben Oirat from 1439 to 1454, during which time he unified Mongolia (both Inner and Outer) under his rule. Esen Tayishi (d 1455 Chinese也先台吉 was a leader of the Oirad Choros tribe in the 15th century In 1449 Esen Tayisi mobilized his cavalry along the Chinese border and invaded the Ming Empire, defeating and destroying the Ming defenses at the Great Wall and the reinforcements sent to intercept his cavalry. In the process, the Zhengtong Emperor was captured at Tumu. First Reign Zhu Qizhen was the son of the Xuande Emperor Zhu Zhanji and his Empress Sun The Tumu Crisis (土木之變 Pinyin: Tŭmù zhī bìan) also called Crisis of Tumubao (土木堡之變 or Battle of Tumu (土木之役 was a frontier conflict The following year, Esen returned the emperor. After claiming the title of khan, to which only lineal descendants of Genghis Khan could claim, Esen was deposed. Shortly afterwards, Oirat power declined.
From the 14th until the middle of the 18th century, the Oirats were often at war with the East Mongols. Illustrative of this history is the Oirat epic song, "The Rout of Mongolian Shulum Ubushi Khong Tayiji," about the war between the Oirats and the first Altan Khan of the Khalkha. An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation Ubasi Khong Tayiji was a 16th-17th century Mongolian prince Khong Tayiji (also spelled Qong Tayiji; in Manchu: Hong Taiji) is a title of the Mongols. The House of Altan Khan (lit Golden Khan belonged to the Right Wing of the Khalkha Mongols.
The Kalmyk Khanate
In the early part of 17th century, the Torghuts, a West Mongolian tribe, began to migrate westwards. They reached the lower Volga region and established a small empire called the Kalmyk Khanate, a large part of which is in the area of present-day Kalmykia. Khanate or Chanat is a Turkic origined word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan. The Republic of Kalmykia (Респу́блика Калмы́кия Kalmyk: Хальмг Таңһч is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a In the process, they became nominal subjects of the Russian Tsar. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation.
Kho Orlök, tayishi of the Torghuts, and Dalai Batur, tayishi of a small group of Derbets, led their people westward at the beginning of the 17th century. By some accounts this move was precipitated by internal divisions or by the Khoshot tribe; other historians believe it more likely the migrating clans were seeking pastureland for their herds, scarce in the Central Asian highlands. Part of the Khoshot and Ölöt tribes would join the migration almost a century later.
The Kalmyk migration had reached as far as the steppes of southeast Europe by 1630. At the time, that area was inhabited by the Nogai Horde. The Nogai Horde was a confederation of Turkic nomads that occupied the Pontic-Caspian steppe from about 1500 until pushed south by the Russians during the 17th century But under pressure from Kalmyk warriors, the Nogai fled to the Crimea and the Kuban River. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым Kuban River (Куба́нь ku'banʲ Adyghe: Псыж Psyzh) is a River in Russia, in the North Caucasus region All other nomadic peoples in the European steppes subsequently became vassals of the Kalmyk Khanate.
The Khoshut Khanate
The Oirats converted to Tibetan Buddhism around 1615, and it was not long before they became involved in the conflict between the Gelug and Karma Kagyu schools. Tibetan Buddhism is the body of Buddhist religious doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and certain regions of the Himalayas, including The Gelug or Gelug-pa, also known as the Yellow Hat sect, is a school of Buddhism founded by Tsongkhapa (1357–1419 a Philosopher Karma Kagyu ( or Kamtsang, is the largest lineage within the Kagyu school one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. At the request of the Gelug school, in 1637, Güshi Khan, the leader of the Khoshuts in Koko Nor, defeated Choghtu Khong Tayiji, the Khalkha prince who supported the Karma Kagyu school, and conquered Amdo (present-day Qinghai). Güshi (or Gushri Khan (1582-1655 a Khoshut-Oirat prince and leader of the Khoshut Mongol tribe who had supplanted the Tumed descendants of Altan Choghtu Khong Tayiji, born Tümengken ( Classical Mongolian: Tümengken čoγtu qong tayiǰi modern Mongolian: mn Цогт Хун Тайж Tsogt Khun Amdo ( Tibetan: ཨ༌མདོ Chinese transliteration 安多, Pinyin: Ānduō is one of the (青海 qīnghǎi is a province of the People's Republic of China, named after Qinghai Lake. The unification of Tibet followed in 1641, with Güshi Khan proclaimed Khan of Tibet by the Fifth Dalai Lama. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, the Great Fifth Dalai Lama (1617 &ndash 1682 was a political and religious leader in seventeenth-century Tibet. The title "Dalai Lama" itself was bestowed upon the third lama of the Gelug tulku lineage by Altan Khan (not to be confused with the Altan Khans of the Khalkha), and means, in Mongolian, "Ocean of Wisdom. The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and political leader of the Tibetan people according to Tibetan Buddhism. A tulku ( also tülku, trulku) is a Tibetan Buddhist Lama who has through Phowa and Siddhi, consciously Altan Khan (1507-1582 Mongolian Алтан хан whose given name was Anda, was the ruler of the Tumed Mongols and de facto ruler of the Right Wing or western The House of Altan Khan (lit Golden Khan belonged to the Right Wing of the Khalkha Mongols. "
Amdo, meanwhile, became home to the Khoshuts. Amdo ( Tibetan: ཨ༌མདོ Chinese transliteration 安多, Pinyin: Ānduō is one of the In 1717, the Dzungars invaded Tibet and killed Lha-bzang Khan (or Khoshut Khan), a great-grandson of Güshi Khan and the fourth Khan of Tibet. Dzungar (also Jungar or Zungar; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar) is the collective identity of several Oirat tribes that Lha-bzang Khan (Tibetanལྷ་པཟང་ (d1717 was the grandson of Güshi Khan and the last Khoshut - Oirat King of Tibet.
In 1723 Lobzang Danjin, another descendant of Güshi Khan, defended Amdo against attempts to extend Qing rule into Tibet, but was crushed in the following year. Thus, Amdo fell under the domination of Qing.
The Dzungar Empire
The 17th century saw the rise in power of another Oirat empire in the east, known as the Khanate of Dzungaria, which stretched from the Great Wall of China to present-day eastern Kazakhstan, and from the present-dai northern Kyrgyzstan to southern Siberia. Dzungaria is a geographical region in northwest China corresponding to the northern half of Xinjiang. The Great Wall of China ( or ( is a series of stone and earthen Fortifications in China, built rebuilt and maintained between the 6th century BC and the 16th Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving It was the last Empire of the Great Nomads of Asia. An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that Eurasian Nomads are a large group of peoples of the Eurasian Steppe.
The Qing (or Manchu) conquered China in the mid-17th century and sought to protect its northern border by continuing the divide-and-rule policy their Ming predecessors instituted successfully against the Mongols. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in The Manchu consolidated their rule over the East Mongols of Manchuria. They then persuaded the East Mongols of Inner Mongolia to submit themselves as vassals. Finally, the East Mongols of Outer Mongolia sought the protection of the Manchu against the Dzungars.
Kalmyks
Köke Nuur Mongols
Xinjiang Mongols
Alshaa Mongols
Bordering Gansu and west of Irgay River is called Alshaa, and Mongols moved there are called the Alshaa Mongols. ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.
Törbaih Güüsh Khan’s 4-th son Ayush was to the Khan’s brother Baibagas. Ayush’s eldest son is Baatar Erkh Jonon Khoroli. After the battle between Galdan Boshigt Khan and Ochir Setsen, Khoroli moved to Tsaidam with his 10,000 households. Choros Erdeniin Galdan (1644-1697 was a Choros - Oirat Khan of the Dzungar Khanate Qaidam Basin, also spelt Tsaidam (Chaidamu Pendi 柴达木盆地 Mongolian: Цайдам is an arid Basin in Qinghai, western China 5-th Dalai Lama wanted land for them from the Qing government, thus in 1686, Emperor permitted them to reside in Alshaa. The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and political leader of the Tibetan people according to Tibetan Buddhism. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China
In 1697, Alshaa Mongols were administered to khoshuu and sum units. A khoshuu with eight sums was created, Khoroli was appointed to Beil, Alshaa was thus a zasag-khoshuu. Alshaa was however like an aimag and never administered under a chuulgan.
In 1707, when Khoroli was died, his son Abuu succeeded him. He was in Beijing from his youth ages, served as bodyguard of the Emperor, and a princess (of the Emperor) was given to him, thus making him a Khoshoi Tavnan, i. e. , Emperor’s groom. In 1793, Abuu became Jün Wang.
Ejine Mongols
Mongols lived in the Ejine River was originated from Ravjir, a grandson of Torguud-in Ayush Khan from Ijil (Volga) River.
In 1678, Ravjir with his mother, younger sister and 500 people came to Tibet to pray. While he was going back via Beijing in 1704, Enkh Amgalan Khan (Kangxi Emperor) let him stay there for some years and later organized a khoshuu in a place called Sertei, and made Ravjir the governor.
In 1716, the Emperor sent him to Hami, near the Qing and Dzungar border, for intelligence purposes against Oirats. When Ravjir was died, his eldest son Denzen succeeded him. He was afraid of the Dzungar and wanted Qing government to allow him to move far from the border. He were settled in Dalan Uul – Altan. When Denzen was died in 1740, his son Lubsandarjaa succeeded him and became Beil.
In 1753, they were settled in Ejine River banks and the Ejine River Torguud khoshuu was then formed.
See also
References
- ^ N. Kalmyk redirects here for the breed of cattle see Kalmyk (cattle. Dzungar (also Jungar or Zungar; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar) is the collective identity of several Oirat tribes that The Republic of Kalmykia (Респу́блика Калмы́кия Kalmyk: Хальмг Таңһч is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a Yakhontova, The Mongolian and Oirat Translations of the Sutra of Golden Light, 2006
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