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This article is about the geographical area. For the Somali clan, see Ogaden (clan). See also Somali clan The Ogaden ( Ogaadeen, أوجادين is one of the Somali clans and the largest Darod subclan
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ONLF flag

Ogaden (pronounced and often spelled Ogadēn) is the international name of the Somali Regional State in Ethiopia. Somali ( Gobolka Soomaalida) is the eastern-most of the nine ethnic divisions ( kililoch) of Ethiopia. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The inhabitants are predominantly ethnic Somali and Muslim. Somalis ( Soomaaliyeed, الصوماليون are an ethnic group located in the Horn of Africa, also known as the Somali Peninsula. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The title "Somali Galbeed", which means "Western Somalia," is often preferred by some clans.

The region, which is around 400,000 square kilometres, borders Djibouti, Kenya, and Somalia. Djibouti ( جيبوتي Jībūtī, Somali: Jabuuti) officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known [1] Important towns include Degehabur (Dhagaxbuur in Somali), Gode (Godey), Jijiga (Jigjiga), Kebri Dahar (Qabridahare), Shilavo (Shilaabo) and Werder (Wardheer). Degehabur ( Dhagaxbuur) is a town in the eastern part Gode ( Godey) is a city in the Ethiopian part of the Ogaden. Located in the Gode Zone of the Somali Region, the city has a latitude Jijiga ( Jigjiga) is a city in eastern Ethiopia Kebri Dahar ( Qabridahare) is a town in the eastern part of Ethiopia known as the Ogaden. Shilavo ( Shilaabo; also spelled "Scilave" Werder ( Wardheer) is a town in eastern Ethiopia


Contents

History

Map of Ethiopia highlighting the Somali Region.
Map of Ethiopia highlighting the Somali Region. Somali ( Gobolka Soomaalida) is the eastern-most of the nine ethnic divisions ( kililoch) of Ethiopia.

Ogaden was part of the Muslim Ifat Sultanate in the 13th & beginning of the 14th centuries. Ifat may refer to Ifat Sultanate The sultante's borders extened to the Shoa - Addis Ababa area. Then the region was part of the Adal kingdom from late 14th to the last quarter of the 19th centuries. There was an ongoing conflict between the Adal kingdom and the Christian Kingdom of Abyssinia throughout this time. During the first half of the 16th century, most Abyssinian territory came under the rule of Adal, when Imam Ahmed Gurey, the leader of Adal's Army, took control. Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (c 1506 - February 21, 1543) ("the Conqueror" was an Imam and General of Adal [2]


The region was conquered by Menelik II during the last quarter of the 19th century, and its boundary with British Somalialand was fixed by treaty in June, 1897. Emperor Menelik II GCB, GCMG, ( Ge'ez ምኒልክ baptized as Sahle Maryam ( August 17, 1844 &ndash December 12 The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar British Somaliland was a British Protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa. [3]

In practice, Ethiopia exerted little administrative control east of Jijiga until 1934 when an Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission attempted to demarcate the treaty boundary. This boundary is still disputed. [4]

Following their conquest of Italian East Africa, the British sought to unify the Ogaden with British Somaliland and the former Italian Somaliland, to form Greater Somalia. Italian East Africa ( Italian: Africa Orientale Italiana, or AOI was a short-lived (1936-1941 Italian Colony in Africa consisting of British Somaliland was a British Protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa. Italian Somalia (also known as Italian Somaliland) was a colony of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia) from the 1880s until 1942 in the territory Greater Somalia refers to those regions in the Horn of Africa in which ethnic Somalis are and have historically represented the predominant population [5] Ethiopia unsuccessfully pleaded before the London Conference of the Allied Powers to gain the Ogaden and Eritrea in 1945, but their persistent negotiations and pressure from the USA eventually persuaded the British in 1948 to abandon all of the Ogaden except for the northeastern part (called the Haud), and a corridor (called the Reserved Area) stretching from the Haud to French Somaliland (modern Djibouti). Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Haud (or Hawd) is a region of thorn-bush and grasslands in the Horn of Africa, which includes the northeastern part of the Ogaden territory of Ethiopia Djibouti ( جيبوتي Jībūtī, Somali: Jabuuti) officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the The British ceded these last parts to Ethiopia in 1954. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) [6]

In the late 1970s, internal unrest in the Ogaden Region resumed. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. The Western Somalia Liberation Front, spurred by Muktal Dahir, used guerrilla tactics to resist Ethiopian rule. Ethiopia and Somalia fought the Ogaden War over control of this region and its peoples. The Ogaden War was a conventional conflict between Somalia and Ethiopia in 1977 and 1978 over the Ogaden region of Ethiopia During the Somali invasion of the Ogaden, many civilians were killed and development works were destroyed. Daniel Kendie describes the consequences of the invasion:

"thousands of defenseless people were killed, and thousands were uprooted and made destitute. It observed that development projects worth millions of dollars in the eastern and southern parts of the country were destroyed. Schools, hospitals, bridges, farms, power plants, water supply systems, industrial plants, and even UN financed settlement projects for nomads were not spared. Whole villages and towns were razed to the ground. " [7]

In 2007, the Ethiopian Army launched a military crackdown in Ogaden. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The 2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden (called also Ethiopia's Dirty War by several media was a campaign involving the Ethiopian Army on the offensive The main rebel group is the Ogaden National Liberation Front under its Chairman Mohamed O. The Ogaden National Liberation Front ( ONLF) (ኦጋደን፡ ብሔራዊ፡፡ነጽነት፡ግንባር( Somali: Jabhadda Wadaniga Xoreynta Ogaadeenya Osman, which is fighting to liberate the Ogaden from what they see as Ethiopian occupation. The Somalis who inhabit Ogaden claim that the Ethiopian military kill civilians, and destroy the livelihood of many of the ethnic Somalis. Numerous international rights organizations accuse the Ethiopian regime of committing abuses and crimes that "violate laws of war"[8] as a recent report by the Human Rights Watch indicates. Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. The ONLF attacked a Chinese Oil company in Ogaden in April, 2007 killing 65 Ethiopians and 9 Chinese workers. [9] According to a US House of Representatives committee, the Ethiopian troops have killed people, tortured civilians and committed crimes against the nomads in the region. [10] In late 2007 and early 2008, VOA reported that 200 civilians had been killed by the ONLF. [11]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Gebru Tareke, "The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited," in Board of Trustees, Boston University, The International Journal of African Historical Studies. The Ogaden Basin is an area of Ethiopia that may hold significant reserves of Crude oil and Natural gas. Boston University African Studies Center, 2000, p. 636.
  2. ^ A History of the Ogaden (Western Somali) Struggle for Self - Determination, first edition(London:Mohamed Abdi , 2007), ps. 4-12.
  3. ^ Bahru Zewde, A History of Modern Ethiopia (London: James Currey, 1991), p. 113.
  4. ^ Lewis, Modern History, p. 61
  5. ^ Bahru Zewde, p. 180.
  6. ^ Bahru Zewde, p. 181.
  7. ^ result of Somalia invasion of Ogaden
  8. ^ Ethiopia: Crackdown in East Punishes Civilians (Human Rights Watch, 4-7-2007)
  9. ^ Connors, Will (2007-09-05). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Why We Don't Hear About the Conflict in the Ogaden: When an American reporter started digging, he was forced out of Ethiopia.. Slate.
  10. ^ US Committee on Foreign Affairs on ONLF
  11. ^ 200 civilians reportedly killed by ONLF

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